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Crompton LA, McComish SF, Steward TGJ, Whitcomb DJ, Lane JD, Caldwell MA. Human stem cell-derived ventral midbrain astrocytes exhibit a region-specific secretory profile. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad114. [PMID: 37124945 PMCID: PMC10146926 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This scientific commentary refers to 'Human stem cell-derived astrocytes exhibit region-specific heterogeneity in their secretory profiles', by Clarke et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa258) in Brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Crompton
- Correspondence to: Lucy A. Crompton, Department of Applied Sciences, Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, UK, BS16 1QY, UK. E-mail:
| | - Sarah F McComish
- Department of Physiology and Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Tom G J Steward
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Daniel J Whitcomb
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
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Gopurappilly R. Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Neurons as In Vitro Models for Studying Autosomal Recessive Parkinson's Disease (ARPD): PLA2G6 and Other Gene Loci. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1347:115-133. [PMID: 33990932 PMCID: PMC7612166 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative motor disorder which is largely sporadic; however, some familial forms have been identified. Genetic PD can be inherited by autosomal, dominant or recessive mutations. While the dominant mutations mirror the prototype of PD with adult-onset and L-dopa-responsive cases, autosomal recessive PD (ARPD) exhibit atypical phenotypes with additional clinical manifestations. Young-onset PD is also very common with mutations in recessive gene loci. The main genes associated with ARPD are Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1, ATP13A2, FBXO7 and PLA2G6. Calcium dyshomeostasis is a mainstay in all types of PD, be it genetic or sporadic. Intriguingly, calcium imbalances manifesting as altered Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) is suggested in PLA2G6-linked PARK 14 PD. The common pathways underlying ARPD pathology, including mitochondrial abnormalities and autophagic dysfunction, can be investigated ex vivo using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and are discussed here. PD pathophysiology is not faithfully replicated by animal models, and, therefore, nigral dopaminergic neurons generated from iPSC serve as improved human cellular models. With no cure to date and treatments aiming at symptomatic relief, these in vitro models derived through midbrain floor-plate induction provide a platform to understand the molecular and biochemical pathways underlying PD etiology in a patient-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjitha Gopurappilly
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India.
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Stathakos P, Jiménez-Moreno N, Crompton LA, Nistor PA, Badger JL, Barbuti PA, Kerrigan TL, Randall AD, Caldwell MA, Lane JD. A monolayer hiPSC culture system for autophagy/mitophagy studies in human dopaminergic neurons. Autophagy 2020; 17:855-871. [PMID: 32286126 PMCID: PMC8078667 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1739441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy cytoplasmic quality control pathways are required during neural development and are critical for the maintenance of functional neuronal populations in the adult brain. Robust evidence now exists that declining neuronal autophagy pathways contribute to human neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson disease (PD). Reliable and relevant human neuronal model systems are therefore needed to understand the biology of disease-vulnerable neural populations, to decipher the underlying causes of neurodegenerative disease, and to develop assays to test therapeutic interventions in vitro. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) neural model systems can meet this demand: they provide a renewable source of material for differentiation into regional neuronal sub-types for functional assays; they can be expanded to provide a platform for screening, and they can potentially be optimized for transplantation/neurorestorative therapy. So far, however, hiPSC differentiation protocols for the generation of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDANs) – the predominant neuronal sub-type afflicted in PD – have been somewhat restricted by poor efficiency and/or suitability for functional and/or imaging-based in vitro assays. Here, we describe a reliable, monolayer differentiation protocol for the rapid and reproducible production of high numbers of mDANs from hiPSC in a format that is amenable for autophagy/mitophagy research. We characterize these cells with respect to neuronal differentiation and macroautophagy capability and describe qualitative and quantitative assays for the study of autophagy and mitophagy in these important cells. Abbreviations: AA: ascorbic acid; ATG: autophagy-related; BDNF: brain derived neurotrophic factor; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; dbcAMP: dibutyryl cAMP; DAN: dopaminergic neuron; DAPI: 4ʹ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DAPT: N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-sphenylglycine; DLG4/PSD95: discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4; DMEM: Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium; EB: embryoid body; ECAR: extracellular acidification rate; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; FCCP: arbonyl cyanide p-triflouromethoxyphenylhydrazone; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GDNF: glia cell derived neurotrophic factor; hiPSC: human induced pluripotent stem cell; LAMP2A: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A; LT-R: LysoTracker Red; MAP1LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; mDAN: midbrain dopaminergic neuron; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; MT-GR: MitoTracker Green; MT-R: MitoTracker Red; NAS2: normal SNCA2; NEM: neuroprogenitor expansion media; NR4A2/NURR1: nuclear receptor subfamily group A member 2; OA: oligomycin and antimycin A; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; PD: Parkinson disease; SHH: sonic hedgehog signaling molecule; SNCA/α-synuclein: synuclein alpha; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; VTN: vitronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Stathakos
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Lucy A Crompton
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul A Nistor
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jennifer L Badger
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter A Barbuti
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Talitha L Kerrigan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, UK.,Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew D Randall
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, UK
| | - Maeve A Caldwell
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jon D Lane
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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