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Bekalu ZE, Panting M, Bæksted Holme I, Brinch-Pedersen H. Opportunities and Challenges of In Vitro Tissue Culture Systems in the Era of Crop Genome Editing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11920. [PMID: 37569295 PMCID: PMC10419073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the development of genome editing (GE) tools has provided a wide platform for targeted modification of plant genomes. However, the lack of versatile DNA delivery systems for a large variety of crop species has been the main bottleneck for improving crops with beneficial traits. Currently, the generation of plants with heritable mutations induced by GE tools mostly goes through tissue culture. Unfortunately, current tissue culture systems restrict successful results to only a limited number of plant species and genotypes. In order to release the full potential of the GE tools, procedures need to be species and genotype independent. This review provides an in-depth summary and insights into the various in vitro tissue culture systems used for GE in the economically important crops barley, wheat, rice, sorghum, soybean, maize, potatoes, cassava, and millet and uncovers new opportunities and challenges of already-established tissue culture platforms for GE in the crops.
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Jiang Q, Yang Q, Harwood W, Tang H, Wei Y, Zheng Y. A CRISPR/Cas9 Protocol for Target Gene Editing in Barley. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2653:287-296. [PMID: 36995633 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3131-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of gene function rely on the existing natural genetic variation or on induction of mutations by physical or chemical mutagenesis. The availability of alleles in nature, and random mutagenesis induced by physical or chemical means, limits the depth of research. The CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) system provides the means to rapidly modify genomes in a precise and predictable way, making it possible to modulate gene expression and modify the epigenome. Barley is the most appropriate model species for functional genomic analysis of common wheat. Therefore, the genome editing system of barley is very important for the study of wheat gene function. Here we detail a protocol for barley gene editing. The effectiveness of this method has been confirmed in our previous published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Huaping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Smoczynska A, Pacak A, Grabowska A, Bielewicz D, Zadworny M, Singh K, Dolata J, Bajczyk M, Nuc P, Kesy J, Wozniak M, Ratajczak I, Harwood W, Karlowski WM, Jarmolowski A, Szweykowska-Kulinska Z. Excess nitrogen responsive HvMADS27 transcription factor controls barley root architecture by regulating abscisic acid level. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:950796. [PMID: 36172555 PMCID: PMC9511987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.950796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an important element for plant growth and development. Although several studies have examined plants' response to N deficiency, studies on plants' response to excess N, which is common in fertilizer-based agrosystems, are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the response of barley to excess N conditions, specifically the root response. Additionally, genomic mechanism of excess N response in barley was elucidated using transcriptomic technologies. The results of the study showed that barley MADS27 transcription factor was mainly expressed in the roots and its gene contained N-responsive cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in HvMADS27 expression under excess N condition; however, its expression was not significantly affected under low N condition. Phenotypic analysis of the root system of HvMADS27 knockdown and overexpressing barley plants revealed that HvMADS27 regulates barley root architecture under excess N stress. Further analysis of wild-type (WT) and transgenic barley plants (hvmads27 kd and hvmads27 c-Myc OE) revealed that HvMADS27 regulates the expression of HvBG1 β-glucosidase, which in turn regulates abscisic acid (ABA) level in roots. Overall, the findings of this study showed that HvMADS27 expression is downregulated in barley roots under excess N stress, which induces HvBG1 expression, leading to the release of ABA from ABA-glucose conjugate, and consequent shortening of the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Smoczynska
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pacak
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Grabowska
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dawid Bielewicz
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jakub Dolata
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Bajczyk
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Nuc
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Kesy
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wozniak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Izabela Ratajczak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wendy Harwood
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Wojciech M. Karlowski
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Jarmolowski
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zofia Szweykowska-Kulinska
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Long Y, Yang Y, Pan G, Shen Y. New Insights Into Tissue Culture Plant-Regeneration Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:926752. [PMID: 35845646 PMCID: PMC9280033 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.926752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant regeneration occurs when plants repair or replace damaged structures based on the totipotency and pluripotency of their cells. Tissue culture is one of the most widely used regenerative technologies. Recently, a series of breakthroughs were made in the study of plant regeneration. This review summarizes two regenerative pathways in tissue culture: somatic embryogenesis and de novo organogenesis. Furthermore, we review the environmental factors influencing plant regeneration from explant sources, basal culture medium, plant growth regulators, and light/dark treatment. Additionally, we analyse the molecular mechanisms underlying two pathways. This knowledge will promote an understanding of the fundamental principles of plant regeneration from precursor cells and lay a solid foundation for applying plant micropropagation and genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Long
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Nanchong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, China
| | - Guangtang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaou Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Lawrenson T, Hinchliffe A, Clarke M, Morgan Y, Harwood W. In-planta Gene Targeting in Barley Using Cas9 With and Without Geminiviral Replicons. Front Genome Ed 2021; 3:663380. [PMID: 34713258 PMCID: PMC8525372 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2021.663380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the use of RNA-guided Cas9-based genome editing in plants have been rapid over the last few years. A desirable application of genome editing is gene targeting (GT), as it allows a wide range of precise modifications; however, this remains inefficient especially in key crop species. Here, we describe successful, heritable gene targeting in barley at the target site of Cas9 using an in-planta strategy but fail to achieve the same using a wheat dwarf virus replicon to increase the copy number of the repair template. Without the replicon, we were able to delete 150 bp of the coding sequence of our target gene whilst simultaneously fusing in-frame mCherry in its place. Starting from 14 original transgenic plants, two plants appeared to have the required gene targeting event. From one of these T0 plants, three independent gene targeting events were identified, two of which were heritable. When the replicon was included, 39 T0 plants were produced and shown to have high copy numbers of the repair template. However, none of the 17 lines screened in T1 gave rise to significant or heritable gene targeting events despite screening twice the number of plants in T1 compared with the non-replicon strategy. Investigation indicated that high copy numbers of repair template created by the replicon approach cause false-positive PCR results which are indistinguishable at the sequence level to true GT events in junction PCR screens widely used in GT studies. In the successful non-replicon approach, heritable gene targeting events were obtained in T1, and subsequently, the T-DNA was found to be linked to the targeted locus. Thus, physical proximity of target and donor sites may be a factor in successful gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Lawrenson
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martha Clarke
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Yvie Morgan
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Harwood
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Hatta MAM, Arora S, Ghosh S, Matny O, Smedley MA, Yu G, Chakraborty S, Bhatt D, Xia X, Steuernagel B, Richardson T, Mago R, Lagudah ES, Patron NJ, Ayliffe M, Rouse MN, Harwood WA, Periyannan S, Steffenson BJ, Wulff BB. The wheat Sr22, Sr33, Sr35 and Sr45 genes confer resistance against stem rust in barley. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:273-284. [PMID: 32744350 PMCID: PMC7868974 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, stem rust caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), has re-emerged as a major threat to wheat and barley production in Africa and Europe. In contrast to wheat with 60 designated stem rust (Sr) resistance genes, barley's genetic variation for stem rust resistance is very narrow with only ten resistance genes genetically identified. Of these, only one complex locus consisting of three genes is effective against TTKSK, a widely virulent Pgt race of the Ug99 tribe which emerged in Uganda in 1999 and has since spread to much of East Africa and parts of the Middle East. The objective of this study was to assess the functionality, in barley, of cloned wheat Sr genes effective against race TTKSK. Sr22, Sr33, Sr35 and Sr45 were transformed into barley cv. Golden Promise using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. All four genes were found to confer effective stem rust resistance. The barley transgenics remained susceptible to the barley leaf rust pathogen Puccinia hordei, indicating that the resistance conferred by these wheat Sr genes was specific for Pgt. Furthermore, these transgenic plants did not display significant adverse agronomic effects in the absence of disease. Cloned Sr genes from wheat are therefore a potential source of resistance against wheat stem rust in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Asyraf Md Hatta
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Department of Agriculture TechnologyFaculty of AgricultureUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangMalaysia
| | - Sanu Arora
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Sreya Ghosh
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Oadi Matny
- Department of Plant PathologyStakman Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant HealthUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
| | | | - Guotai Yu
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Soma Chakraborty
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)Agriculture and FoodCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Dhara Bhatt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)Agriculture and FoodCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Xiaodi Xia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)Agriculture and FoodCanberraACTAustralia
| | | | - Terese Richardson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)Agriculture and FoodCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Rohit Mago
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)Agriculture and FoodCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Evans S. Lagudah
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)Agriculture and FoodCanberraACTAustralia
| | | | - Michael Ayliffe
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)Agriculture and FoodCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Matthew N. Rouse
- Department of Plant PathologyStakman Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant HealthUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
- USDA‐ARS Cereal Disease LaboratorySt. PaulMNUSA
| | | | - Sambasivam Periyannan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)Agriculture and FoodCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Brian J. Steffenson
- Department of Plant PathologyStakman Borlaug Center for Sustainable Plant HealthUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
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Saeedpour A, Jahanbakhsh Godehkahriz S, Lohrasebi T, Esfahani K, Hatef Salmanian A, Razavi K. The Effect of Endogenous Hormones, Total Antioxidant and Total Phenol Changes on Regeneration of Barley Cultivars. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 19:e2838. [PMID: 34179198 PMCID: PMC8217535 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2021.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Barley (Hordeum vulgar L.) is a valuable platform for producing recombinant proteins. Before using different barley cultivars as an efficient platform for molecular farming, optimization of cultural conditions and studying the effective factors on the tissue culture are critical. Objectives In this study, we evaluated callus induction, plant regeneration and changes in the levels of total antioxidant, total phenol and endogenous hormones of three Iranian barley cultivars (Reyhan, Yousef and Bahman) and Golden Promise cultivar. Materials and Methods We used immature embryos as explants on MS-based medium containing 3 mg.L-1 2,4-D for callus induction. Calluses were transferred to regeneration media with 2 mg.L-1 BAP. The levels of endogenous hormones were measured using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography system and total antioxidant and total phenols were determined using a spectrophotometer. Results We demonstrated that callus formation was very high in all cultivars (about 91%) and all immature embryo explants had the potential to produce embryogenic calluses. The present study also showed that the regeneration rates among the studied cultivars were very different and the Iranian cultivars showed lower regeneration percentages (about 1.4%) compared to Golden Promise cultivar (about 72.5%). The levels of endogenous hormones in Iranian cultivars and Golden Promise varied distinctly and significant differences in terms of total antioxidants and total phenols were found in the two groups. Conclusions Accumulated evidence suggests that for successful regeneration of recalcitrant cultivars, external treatments should be done in a way to reduce the inhibitory effects of internal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeedpour
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sodabeh Jahanbakhsh Godehkahriz
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Lohrasebi
- Department of Plant Bioproducts, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kasra Esfahani
- Department of Plant Bioproducts, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hatef Salmanian
- Department of Plant Bioproducts, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Razavi
- Department of Plant Bioproducts, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Orman-Ligeza B, Harwood W, Hedley PE, Hinchcliffe A, Macaulay M, Uauy C, Trafford K. TRA1: A Locus Responsible for Controlling Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformability in Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:355. [PMID: 32373138 PMCID: PMC7176908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), Agrobacterium-mediated transformation efficiency is highly dependent on genotype with very few cultivars being amenable to transformation. Golden Promise is the cultivar most widely used for barley transformation and developing embryos are the most common donor tissue. We tested whether barley mutants with abnormally large embryos were more or less amenable to transformation and discovered that mutant M1460 had a transformation efficiency similar to that of Golden Promise. The large-embryo phenotype of M1460 is due to mutation at the LYS3 locus. There are three other barley lines with independent mutations at the same LYS3 locus, and one of these, Risø1508 has an identical missense mutation to that in M1460. However, none of the lys3 mutants except M1460 were transformable showing that the locus responsible for transformation efficiency, TRA1, was not LYS3 but another locus unique to M1460. To identify TRA1, we generated a segregating population by crossing M1460 to the cultivar Optic, which is recalcitrant to transformation. After four rounds of backcrossing to Optic, plants were genotyped and their progeny were tested for transformability. Some of the progeny lines were transformable at high efficiencies similar to those seen for the parent M1460 and some were not transformable, like Optic. A region on chromosome 2H inherited from M1460 is present in transformable lines only. We propose that one of the 225 genes in this region is TRA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Orman-Ligeza
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Harwood
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Pete E. Hedley
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cristobal Uauy
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Trafford
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Luo B, Xu M, Zhao L, Xie P, Chen Y, Harwood W, Xu G, Fan X, Miller AJ. Overexpression of the High-Affinity Nitrate Transporter OsNRT2.3b Driven by Different Promoters in Barley Improves Yield and Nutrient Uptake Balance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1320. [PMID: 32075298 PMCID: PMC7072886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is very important for crops throughout the world. Rice mainly utilizes ammonium as an N source, but it also has four NRT2 genes involved in nitrate transport. The OsNRT2.3b transporter is important for maintaining cellular pH under mixed N supplies. Overexpression of this transporter driven by a ubiquitin promoter in rice greatly improved yield and NUE. This strategy for improving the NUE of crops may also be important for other cereals such as wheat and barley, which also face the challenges of nutrient uptake balance. To test this idea, we constructed transgenic barley lines overexpressing OsNRT2.3b. These transgenic barley lines overexpressing the rice transporter exhibited improved growth, yield, and NUE. We demonstrated that NRT2 family members and the partner protein HvNAR2.3 were also up-regulated by nitrate treatment (0.2 mM) in the transgenic lines. This suggests that the expression of OsNRT2.3b and other HvNRT2 family members were all up-regulated in the transgenic barley to increase the efficiency of N uptake and usage. We also compared the ubiquitin (Ubi) and a phloem-specific (RSs1) promoter-driven expression of OsNRT2.3b. The Ubi promoter failed to improve nutrient uptake balance, whereas the RSs1 promoter succeed in increasing the N, P, and Fe uptake balance. The nutrient uptake enhancement did not include Mn and Mg. Surprisingly, we found that the choice of promoter influenced the barley phenotype, not only increasing NUE and grain yield, but also improving nutrient uptake balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.L.); (M.X.); (L.Z.); (P.X.); (G.X.)
| | - Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.L.); (M.X.); (L.Z.); (P.X.); (G.X.)
| | - Limei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.L.); (M.X.); (L.Z.); (P.X.); (G.X.)
| | - Peng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.L.); (M.X.); (L.Z.); (P.X.); (G.X.)
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (Y.C.); (W.H.)
| | - Wendy Harwood
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (Y.C.); (W.H.)
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.L.); (M.X.); (L.Z.); (P.X.); (G.X.)
| | - Xiaorong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (B.L.); (M.X.); (L.Z.); (P.X.); (G.X.)
| | - Anthony J. Miller
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (Y.C.); (W.H.)
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Kim SY, Bengtsson T, Olsson N, Hot V, Zhu LH, Åhman I. Mutations in Two Aphid-Regulated β-1,3-Glucanase Genes by CRISPR/Cas9 Do Not Increase Barley Resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1043. [PMID: 32754185 PMCID: PMC7381296 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Callose deposition is induced in plants by various stress factors such as when plants are attacked by herbivores and pathogens. In the case of aphids, callose plugging of aphid-damaged phloem sieve tubes is expected to reduce aphid access to the phloem sap, while aphid-induced upregulation of callose-degrading β-1,3-glucanase genes in the host plant might counteract this negative effect on aphid performance. We have tested this hypothesis with barley mutants in which one or both of two β-1,3-glucanase genes (1636 and 1639) have been mutated by CRISPR/Cas9 technique in cv. Golden Promise. These two genes were previously found to be upregulated by the cereal pest Rhopalosiphum padi L. in susceptible barley genotypes. Four 1636/1639 double mutant, three 1636 single mutant and two 1639 single mutant lines were tested for aphid resistance along with control lines. All mutant lines had single base insertions, causing frame shifts and premature stop codons. Three of the four double mutant lines showed significantly reduced β-1,3-glucanase activity, and bacterial flagellin-induction resulted in significantly more callose formation in the leaves of double mutant compared to control and single mutant lines. However, we found no effect of these modified plant traits on barley resistance to R. padi. Both genes were confirmed to be upregulated by R. padi in Golden Promise. The gene 1637 is another β-1,3-glucanase gene known to be upregulated by R. padi in barley and was here found to be higher expressed in a double mutant line when compared with a control line. If this can compensate for the general reduction of β-1,3-glucanase activity in the double mutants is difficult to discern since phloem concentrations of these proteins are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Li-Hua Zhu
- *Correspondence: Li-Hua Zhu, ; Inger Åhman,
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11
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Hayta S, Smedley MA, Demir SU, Blundell R, Hinchliffe A, Atkinson N, Harwood WA. An efficient and reproducible Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method for hexaploid wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:121. [PMID: 31673278 PMCID: PMC6815027 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite wheat being a worldwide staple, it is still considered the most difficult to transform out of the main cereal crops. Therefore, for the wheat research community, a freely available and effective wheat transformation system is still greatly needed. RESULTS We have developed and optimised a reproducible Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system for the spring wheat cv 'Fielder' that yields transformation efficiencies of up to 25%. We report on some of the important factors that influence transformation efficiencies. In particular, these include donor plant health, stage of the donor material, pre-treatment by centrifugation, vector type and selection cassette. Transgene copy number data for independent plants regenerated from the same original immature embryo suggests that multiple transgenic events arise from single immature embryos, therefore, actual efficiencies might be even higher than those reported. CONCLUSION We reported here a high-throughput, highly efficient and repeatable transformation system for wheat and this system has been used successfully to introduce genes of interest, for RNAi, over-expression and for CRISPR-Cas9 based genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiye Hayta
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH UK
| | - Mark A. Smedley
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH UK
| | - Selcen U. Demir
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH UK
| | - Robert Blundell
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH UK
| | - Alison Hinchliffe
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH UK
| | - Nicola Atkinson
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH UK
| | - Wendy A. Harwood
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH UK
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