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Lizarralde-Iragorri MA, Parachalil Gopalan B, Merriweather B, Brooks J, Hill M, Lovins D, Pierre-Charles R, Cullinane A, Dulau-Florea A, Lee DY, Villasmil R, Jeffries N, Shet AS. Isoquercetin for thromboinflammation in sickle cell disease: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Blood Adv 2024; 8:172-182. [PMID: 38157227 PMCID: PMC10787266 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Data from a small trial in patients with cancer suggest that isoquercetin (IQ) treatment lowered thrombosis biomarkers and prevented clinical thrombosis, but, to our knowledge, no studies of IQ have been conducted to target thromboinflammation in adults with sickle cell disease (SCD). We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in adults with steady-state SCD (hemoglobin SS [HbSS], HbSβ0thal, HbSβ+thal, or HbSC). The primary outcome was the change in plasma soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) after treatment compared with baseline, analyzed in the intention-to-treat population. Between November 2019 and July 2022, 46 patients (aged 40 ± 11 years, 56% female, 75% under hydroxyurea treatment) were randomized to receive IQ (n = 23) or placebo (n = 23). IQ was well tolerated and all the adverse events (AEs; n = 21) or serious AEs (n = 14) recorded were not attributable to the study drug. The mean posttreatment change for sP-selectin showed no significant difference between the treatment groups (IQ, 0.10 ± 6.53 vs placebo, 0.74 ± 4.54; P = .64). In patients treated with IQ, whole-blood coagulation (P = .03) and collagen-induced platelet aggregation (P = .03) were significantly reduced from the baseline. Inducible mononuclear cell tissue factor gene expression and plasma protein disulfide isomerase reductase activity were also significantly inhibited (P = .003 and P = .02, respectively). Short-term fixed-dose IQ in patients with SCD was safe with no off-target bleeding and was associated with changes from the baseline in the appropriate direction for several biomarkers of thromboinflammation. The trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT04514510.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Lizarralde-Iragorri
- Sickle Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Lab, Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bindu Parachalil Gopalan
- Sickle Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Lab, Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Brenda Merriweather
- Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jennifer Brooks
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mai Hill
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dianna Lovins
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ruth Pierre-Charles
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alina Dulau-Florea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Duck-Yeon Lee
- Biochemistry Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rafael Villasmil
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Neal Jeffries
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Arun S Shet
- Sickle Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Lab, Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Yang M, Chiu J, Scartelli C, Ponzar N, Patel S, Patel A, Ferreira RB, Keyes RF, Carroll KS, Pozzi N, Hogg PJ, Smith BC, Flaumenhaft R. Sulfenylation links oxidative stress to protein disulfide isomerase oxidase activity and thrombus formation. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2137-2150. [PMID: 37037379 PMCID: PMC10657653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress contributes to thrombosis in atherosclerosis, inflammation, infection, aging, and malignancy. Oxidant-induced cysteine modifications, including sulfenylation, can act as a redox-sensitive switch that controls protein function. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a prothrombotic enzyme with exquisitely redox-sensitive active-site cysteines. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that PDI is sulfenylated during oxidative stress, contributing to the prothrombotic potential of PDI. METHODS Biochemical and enzymatic assays using purified proteins, platelet and endothelial cell assays, and in vivo murine thrombosis studies were used to evaluate the role of oxidative stress in PDI sulfenylation and prothrombotic activity. RESULTS PDI exposure to oxidants resulted in the loss of PDI reductase activity and simultaneously promoted sulfenylated PDI generation. Following exposure to oxidants, sulfenylated PDI spontaneously converted to disulfided PDI. PDI oxidized in this manner was able to transfer disulfides to protein substrates. Inhibition of sulfenylation impaired disulfide formation by oxidants, indicating that sulfenylation is an intermediate during PDI oxidation. Agonist-induced activation of platelets and endothelium resulted in the release of sulfenylated PDI. PDI was also sulfenylated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). In an in vivo model of thrombus formation, oxLDL markedly promoted platelet accumulation following an arteriolar injury. PDI oxidoreductase inhibition blocked oxLDL-mediated augmentation of thrombosis. CONCLUSION PDI sulfenylation is a critical posttranslational modification that is an intermediate during disulfide PDI formation in the setting of oxidative stress. Oxidants generated by vascular cells during activation promote PDI sulfenylation, and interference with PDI during oxidative stress impairs thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moua Yang
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Joyce Chiu
- The Centenary Institute and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christina Scartelli
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan Ponzar
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anika Patel
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Renan B Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Robert F Keyes
- Program in Chemical Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kate S Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Nicola Pozzi
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Philip J Hogg
- The Centenary Institute and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian C Smith
- Program in Chemical Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Xu X, Chiu J, Chen S, Fang C. Pathophysiological roles of cell surface and extracellular protein disulfide isomerase and their molecular mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2911-2930. [PMID: 33837960 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is the prototypic member of the thiol isomerase family that catalyses disulfide bond rearrangement. Initially identified in the endoplasmic reticulum as folding catalysts, PDI and other members in its family have also been widely reported to reside on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Although how PDI is exported and retained on the cell surface remains a subject of debate, this unique pool of PDI is developing into an important mechanism underlying the redox regulation of protein sulfhydryls that are critical for the cellular activities under various disease conditions. This review aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiological roles of surface and extracellular PDI and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Understanding the involvement of extracellular PDI in these diseases will advance our knowledge in the molecular aetiology to facilitate the development of novel pharmacological strategies by specifically targeting PDI in extracellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Joyce Chiu
- The Centenary Institute, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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Chinnaraj M, Barrios DA, Frieden C, Heyduk T, Flaumenhaft R, Pozzi N. Bioorthogonal Chemistry Enables Single-Molecule FRET Measurements of Catalytically Active Protein Disulfide Isomerase. Chembiochem 2021; 22:134-138. [PMID: 32857455 PMCID: PMC7790914 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Folding of newly synthesized proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum is assisted by several families of enzymes. One such family is the protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). PDIs are oxidoreductases, capable of forming new disulfide bonds or breaking existing ones. Structural information on PDIs unbound and bound to substrates is highly desirable for developing targeted therapeutics, yet it has been difficult to obtain by using traditional approaches because of their relatively large size and remarkable flexibility. Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) could be a powerful tool to study PDIs' structure and dynamics under conditions relevant to physiology, but its implementation has been hindered by technical challenges of position-specific fluorophore labeling. We have overcome this limitation by site-specifically engineering fluorescent dyes into human PDI, the founding member of the family. Proof-of-concept smFRET measurements of catalytically active PDI demonstrate, for the first time, the feasibility of this approach, expanding the toolkit for structural studies of PDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathivanan Chinnaraj
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - David A Barrios
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carl Frieden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tomasz Heyduk
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicola Pozzi
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
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Tanaka LY, Oliveira PVS, Laurindo FRM. Peri/Epicellular Thiol Oxidoreductases as Mediators of Extracellular Redox Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:280-307. [PMID: 31910038 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Supracellular redox networks regulating cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and organ system architecture merge with structural and functional (catalytic or allosteric) properties of disulfide bonds. This review addresses emerging evidence that exported thiol oxidoreductases (TORs), such as thioredoxin, protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), quiescin sulfhydryl oxidases (QSOX)1, and peroxiredoxins, composing a peri/epicellular (pec)TOR pool, mediate relevant signaling. pecTOR functions depend mainly on kinetic and spatial regulation of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions governed by redox potentials, which are modulated by exported intracellular low-molecular-weight thiols, together conferring signal specificity. Recent Advances: pecTOR redox-modulates several targets including integrins, ECM proteins, surface molecules, and plasma components, although clear-cut documentation of direct effects is lacking in many cases. TOR catalytic pathways, displaying common patterns, culminate in substrate thiol reduction, oxidation, or isomerization. Peroxiredoxins act as redox/peroxide sensors, contrary to PDIs, which are likely substrate-targeted redox modulators. Emerging evidence suggests important pecTOR roles in patho(physio)logical processes, including blood coagulation, vascular remodeling, mechanosensing, endothelial function, immune responses, and inflammation. Critical Issues: Effects of pecPDIs supporting thrombosis/platelet activation have been well documented and reached the clinical arena. Roles of pecPDIA1 in vascular remodeling/mechanosensing are also emerging. Extracellular thioredoxin and pecPDIs redox-regulate immunoinflammation. Routes of TOR externalization remain elusive and appear to involve Golgi-independent routes. pecTORs are particularly accessible drug targets. Future Directions: Further understanding mechanisms of thiol redox reactions and developing assays for assessing pecTOR redox activities remain important research avenues. Also, addressing pecTORs as disease markers and achieving more efficient/specific drugs for pecTOR modulation are major perspectives for diagnostic/therapeutic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Percillia V S Oliveira
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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