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Saraiva NM, Alves A, Costa PC, Correia-da-Silva M. Click Chemistry in Polymersome Technology. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:747. [PMID: 38931414 PMCID: PMC11206349 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymersomes, self-assembled nanoparticles composed of amphiphilic block copolymers, have emerged as promising versatile nanovesicles with various applications, such as drug delivery, medical imaging, and diagnostics. The integration of click chemistry reactions, specifically the copper [I]-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), has greatly expanded the functionalisation and bioconjugation capabilities of polymersomes and new drugs, being this synergistic combination explored in this review. It also provides up-to-date examples of previous incorporations of click-compatible moieties (azide and alkyne functional groups) into polymer building blocks, enabling the "click" attachment of various functional groups and ligands, delving into the diverse range of click reactions that have been reported and employed for polymersome copolymer synthesis and the modification of polymersome surfaces, including ligand conjugation and surface modification. Overall, this review explores the current state-of-the-art of the combinatory usage, in recent years, of polymersomes with the click chemistry reaction, highlighting examples of studies of their synthesis and functionalisation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M. Saraiva
- LQOF—Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal dos Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Alves
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.); (P.C.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo C. Costa
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.); (P.C.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- LQOF—Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal dos Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Zahid AA, Chakraborty A, Luo W, Coyle A, Paul A. Tailoring the Inherent Properties of Biobased Nanoparticles for Nanomedicine. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37378614 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Biobased nanoparticles are at the leading edge of the rapidly developing field of nanomedicine and biotherapeutics. Their unique size, shape, and biophysical properties make them attractive tools for biomedical research, including vaccination, targeted drug delivery, and immune therapy. These nanoparticles are engineered to present native cell receptors and proteins on their surfaces, providing a biomimicking camouflage for therapeutic cargo to evade rapid degradation, immune rejection, inflammation, and clearance. Despite showing promising clinical relevance, commercial implementation of these biobased nanoparticles is yet to be fully realized. In this perspective, we discuss advanced biobased nanoparticle designs used in medical applications, such as cell membrane nanoparticles, exosomes, and synthetic lipid-derived nanoparticles, and highlight their benefits and potential challenges. Moreover, we critically assess the future of preparing such particles using artificial intelligence and machine learning. These advanced computational tools will be able to predict the functional composition and behavior of the proteins and cell receptors present on the nanoparticle surfaces. With more advancement in designing new biobased nanoparticles, this field of research could play a key role in dictating the future rational design of drug transporters, thereby ultimately improving overall therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alap Ali Zahid
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Aishik Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Ali Coyle
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Arghya Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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Krasteva N, Georgieva M. Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Treatment Based on Nanomaterials. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061213. [PMID: 35745786 PMCID: PMC9227901 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global health problem responsible for 10% of all cancer incidences and 9.4% of all cancer deaths worldwide. The number of new cases increases per annum, whereas the lack of effective therapies highlights the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Conventional treatment methods, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are widely applied in oncology practice. Their therapeutic success is little, and therefore, the search for novel technologies is ongoing. Many efforts have focused recently on the development of safe and efficient cancer nanomedicines. Nanoparticles are among them. They are uniquewith their properties on a nanoscale and hold the potential to exploit intrinsic metabolic differences between cancer and healthy cells. This feature allows them to induce high levels of toxicity in cancer cells with little damage to the surrounding healthy tissues. Graphene oxide is a promising 2D material found to play an important role in cancer treatments through several strategies: direct killing and chemosensitization, drug and gene delivery, and phototherapy. Several new treatment approaches based on nanoparticles, particularly graphene oxide, are currently under research in clinical trials, and some have already been approved. Here, we provide an update on the recent advances in nanomaterials-based CRC-targeted therapy, with special attention to graphene oxide nanomaterials. We summarise the epidemiology, carcinogenesis, stages of the CRCs, and current nanomaterials-based therapeutic approaches for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Krasteva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Acad. Georgi Bonchev” Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (N.K.); (M.G.); Tel.: +359-889-577-074 (N.K.); +359-896-833-604 (M.G.)
| | - Milena Georgieva
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Acad. R. Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Acad. Georgi Bonchev” Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (N.K.); (M.G.); Tel.: +359-889-577-074 (N.K.); +359-896-833-604 (M.G.)
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Sato W, Zajkowski T, Moser F, Adamala KP. Synthetic cells in biomedical applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1761. [PMID: 34725945 PMCID: PMC8918002 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cells are engineered vesicles that can mimic one or more salient features of life. These features include directed localization, sense-and-respond behavior, gene expression, metabolism, and high stability. In nanomedicine, many of these features are desirable capabilities of drug delivery vehicles but are difficult to engineer. In this focus article, we discuss where synthetic cells offer unique advantages over nanoparticle and living cell therapies. We review progress in the engineering of the above life-like behaviors and how they are deployed in nanomedicine. Finally, we assess key challenges synthetic cells face before being deployed as drugs and suggest ways to overcome these challenges. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Sato
- 1 Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN US
| | - Tomasz Zajkowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- USRA at NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 94035
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, 600 1st Avenue, Seattle WA 98104
| | - Felix Moser
- Synlife, Inc., One Kendall Square Suite B4401, Cambridge, MA 20139
| | - Katarzyna P. Adamala
- 1 Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN US
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Zhang X, Contini C, Constantinou AP, Doutch JJ, Georgiou TK. How does the hydrophobic content of methacrylate
ABA
triblock copolymers affect polymersome formation? JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinmo Zhang
- Department of Materials Royal School of Mines Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Claudia Contini
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Anna P. Constantinou
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - James J. Doutch
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot UK
| | - Theoni K. Georgiou
- Department of Materials Royal School of Mines Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
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Liu Z, Zhou W, Qi C, Kong T. Interface Engineering in Multiphase Systems toward Synthetic Cells and Organelles: From Soft Matter Fundamentals to Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002932. [PMID: 32954548 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cells have a major role in gaining insight into the complex biological processes of living cells; they also give rise to a range of emerging applications from gene delivery to enzymatic nanoreactors. Living cells rely on compartmentalization to orchestrate reaction networks for specialized and coordinated functions. Principally, the compartmentalization has been an essential engineering theme in constructing cell-mimicking systems. Here, efforts to engineer liquid-liquid interfaces of multiphase systems into membrane-bounded and membraneless compartments, which include lipid vesicles, polymer vesicles, colloidosomes, hybrids, and coacervate droplets, are summarized. Examples are provided of how these compartments are designed to imitate biological behaviors or machinery, including molecule trafficking, growth, fusion, energy conversion, intercellular communication, and adaptivity. Subsequently, the state-of-art applications of these cell-inspired synthetic compartments are discussed. Apart from being simplified and cell models for bridging the gap between nonliving matter and cellular life, synthetic compartments also are utilized as intracellular delivery vehicles for nuclei acids and nanoreactors for biochemical synthesis. Finally, key challenges and future directions for achieving the full potential of synthetic cells are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Cheng Qi
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Tiantian Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
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Emerging era of “somes”: polymersomes as versatile drug delivery carrier for cancer diagnostics and therapy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:1171-1190. [PMID: 32504410 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, polymersomes have been widely investigated for the delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents in cancer therapy. Polymersomes are stable polymeric vesicles, which are prepared using amphiphilic block polymers of different molecular weights. The use of high molecular weight amphiphilic copolymers allows for possible manipulation of membrane characteristics, which in turn enhances the efficiency of drug delivery. Polymersomes are more stable in comparison with liposomes and show less toxicity in vivo. Furthermore, their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, significant biocompatibility, robustness, high colloidal stability, and simple methods for ligands conjugation make polymersomes a promising candidate for therapeutic drug delivery in cancer therapy. This review is focused on current development in the application of polymersomes for cancer therapy and diagnosis. Graphical abstract.
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