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Okada Y, Chikura S, Kimoto T, Iijima T. CDK4/6 inhibitor-induced bone marrow micronuclei might be caused by cell cycle arrest during erythropoiesis. Genes Environ 2024; 46:3. [PMID: 38303098 PMCID: PMC10832093 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-024-00298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A micronucleus test is generally used to evaluate the genotoxic potential of chemicals. Exaggerated erythropoiesis, as occurs following bleeding, may induce an unexpected increase in micronucleus frequency. This false positive result would be typical in a genotoxicity study due to the enhanced progression of the cell cycle that restores decreased blood cells. The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family is known to play an essential role in preventing genomic instability. Conversely, a selective CDK4/6 inhibitor PD0332991, clinically named Palbociclib, is reported to have genotoxic potential, shown by positive results in both in vitro and in vivo micronucleus studies. To clarify the mechanism by which cell cycle arrest induced by a CDK4/6 inhibitor increases micronucleus frequency, we investigated the positive results of the bone marrow micronucleus test conducted with PD0332991. RESULTS Rats treated with PD0332991 exhibited increased micronucleus frequency in an in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test whereas it was not increased by treatment in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. In addition, all other genotoxicity tests including the Ames test and the comet assay showed negative results with PD0332991. Interestingly, PD0332991 treatment led to an increase in erythrocyte size in rats and affected the size distribution of erythrocytes, including the micronucleus. The mean corpuscular volume of reticulocytes (MCVr) in the PD0332991 treatment group was significantly increased compared to that of the vehicle control (83.8 fL in the PD0332991, and 71.6 fL in the vehicle control.). Further, the average micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE) size of the PD0332991 group and vehicle control was 8.2 and 7.3 µm, respectively. In the histogram, the vehicle control showed a monomodal distribution with a peak near 7.3 µm. In contrast, the PD0332991 group showed a bimodal distribution with peaks around 7.5 and 8.5 µm. Micronucleated erythrocytes in the PD0332991 group were significantly larger than those in the vehicle control. These results suggest that the increase in micronucleus frequency induced by the CDK4/6 inhibitor is not due to genotoxicity, but is attributable to disturbance of the cell cycle, differentiation, and enucleation of erythroblasts. CONCLUSIONS It was suggested that the positive outcome of the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test resulting from treatment with PD0332991 could not be attributed to its genotoxicity. Further studies to clarify the mechanism of action can contribute to the development of drug candidate compounds lacking intrinsic genotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okada
- Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satsuki Chikura
- Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kimoto
- Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Iijima
- Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
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Mobeen A, Khan QM, Ishrat I, Awan FR, Mansoor S. Toxicity assessment of emamectin benzoate and its commercially available formulations in Pakistan by in vivo and in vitro assays. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113139. [PMID: 35598805 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is generally considered a safe insecticide in agriculture and veterinary practices, yet, it can cause cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate toxic effects of 80% EMB and its commercially used formulations (Tycon 1.9% EC and Tycon plus 5% EW) in Pakistan and tested for acute toxicity in albino rats, rabbits and fish (Labeo rohita). Genotoxicity was investigated by in vivo comet assay and bone marrow micronucleues test in the rats. In vitro mutagenicity was tested in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. The tested EMB formulations were found moderately toxic (oral LD50: 122-168 mg/kg), causing severe eye irritation in rabbits, highly toxic to fish (LC50: 9-43 μg/L) and found non mutagenic. Oral administrations of EMB (80% and 5%) at 100 mg/kg of body weight to male rats reduced red blood cells, hemoglobin, and slightly increased the blood glucose, urea and liver enzymes levels but had no significant damage to DNA. EMB induced bone marrow toxicity was observed as reduction of polychromatic erythrocytes. Overall, EMB exposure was highly toxic to fish, and caused hemo- and hepatotoxicity in rats. These findings warrant cautious use of EMB formulations in agrochemicals and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameena Mobeen
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Qaiser M Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Iqra Ishrat
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan; Hefei National Laboratory / University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Fazli Rabbi Awan
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
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Darbandi A, Mirkalantari S, Golmoradi Zadeh R, Esghaei M, Talebi M, Kakanj M. Safety evaluation of mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity of Lactobacillus spp. isolates as probiotic candidates. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24481. [PMID: 35582746 PMCID: PMC9279957 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics promote a healthy balance of gut bacteria and have many beneficial effects on human digestive physiology. Although, few side effects of probiotics have been reported. This study aimed to assess the safety of five probiotic candidate Lactobacillus strains isolated from healthy individuals by examining mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and oral toxic effects. METHODS Five selected candidate probiotic (SCPs) strains were evaluated for genotoxicity (Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium), in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test and an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay on peripheral blood of mice. To evaluate the oral dose toxicity, BALB/c mice models were treated repeatedly (2000, 1000, and 500 mg/kg body weight /day) for 28-days. RESULTS The Ames test performed for two S. typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA100 (both in the absence and in the presence of S-9 metabolic activation system) did not show an increase in reverse mutation because of exposure to the SCPs in any of the doses (5.0, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, and 0.3125 mg/plate). There was no genotoxicity in the SCPs treatment in the vitro chromosome aberration assay with Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1). In addition, none of the tested strains increased the frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes in reticulocytes, the SCPs with the studied doses caused no substantial variation in the experimental groups compared to the negative control group (p > 0.05). SCPs were not acutely toxic when administered to male and female BALB/c mice by single gavage at (2000, 1000, and 500 mg/kg b.w/day) with no mortality or clinical signs, change in body weight or macroscopic abnormalities were observed in this dose range. CONCLUSION As a result, SCPs did not induce mutagenic potential in vitro with bacterial reverse mutation, clastogenicity, and in vivo tests in the ranges of concentrations evaluated in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Darbandi
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Mirkalantari
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Golmoradi Zadeh
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Talebi
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Kakanj
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Administration, MOH&ME, Tehran, Iran
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Abdul Majid FA, Fadhlina A, Ismail HF, Zainol SN, Mamillapalli AK, Venkatesan V, Eswarappa R, Pillai R. Mutagenicity and safety pharmacology of a standardized antidiabetic polyherbal formulation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7127. [PMID: 35505003 PMCID: PMC9065066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synacinn is a standardized polyherbal extract formulated for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. This study aims to assess the mutagenicity potential of Synacinn by Ames assay and in vivo bone marrow micronucleus (MN) test on Sprague Dawley rat. Human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) assay and Functional Observation Battery (FOB) were done for the safety pharmacology tests. In the Ames assay, Dose Range Finding (DRF) study and mutagenicity assays (+/- S9) were carried out. For the MN test, a preliminary and definitive study were conducted. In-life observations and number of immature and mature erythrocytes in the bone marrow cells were recorded. The hERG assay was conducted to determine the inhibitory effect on hERG potassium channel current expressed in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). FOB tests were performed orally (250, 750, and 2000 mg/kg) on Sprague Dawley rats. Synacinn is non-mutagenic against all tested strains of Salmonella typhimurium and did not induce any clastogenicity in the rat bone marrow. Synacinn also did not produce any significant inhibition (p ≤ 0.05) on hERG potassium current. Synacinn did not cause any neurobehavioural changes in rats up to 2000 mg/kg. Thus, no mutagenicity, cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity effects of Synacinn were observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadzilah Adibah Abdul Majid
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Anis Fadhlina
- Institute of Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli campus, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Fahmi Ismail
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurazwa Zainol
- Proliv Life Sciences Sdn Bhd, D-1-15, Residensi Bistaria, Jln Ulu Kelang, Taman Ukay Bistari, 68000, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Archan Kumar Mamillapalli
- Aurigene Pharmaceutical Services Limited, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 049, India
| | - Vijayabalaji Venkatesan
- Aurigene Pharmaceutical Services Limited, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 049, India
| | - Rajesh Eswarappa
- Aurigene Pharmaceutical Services Limited, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 049, India
| | - Renuka Pillai
- Aurigene Pharmaceutical Services Limited, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 049, India
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Tsai H, Wang Y, Liao C, Su C, Huang C, Chiu M, Yeh Y. Safety and the probiotic potential of
Bifidobacterium animalis
CP‐9. J Food Sci 2022; 87:2211-2228. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Yun Tsai
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science Fooyin University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center Fooyin University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Ya‐Chin Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology Fooyin University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chorng‐An Liao
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center Fooyin University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Biomed Analysis Center Fooyin University Hospital Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Yan Su
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center Fooyin University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Cheng‐Hsieh Huang
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center Fooyin University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Ph. D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Min‐Hsi Chiu
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center Fooyin University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology Fooyin University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Biomed Analysis Center Fooyin University Hospital Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Yao‐Tsung Yeh
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center Fooyin University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology Fooyin University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Biomed Analysis Center Fooyin University Hospital Pingtung Taiwan
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