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Yeo WH, Zhang Y, Neely AE, Bao X, Sun C, Zhang HF. Investigating Uncertainties in Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy Using Experimentally Informed Monte Carlo Simulation. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7253-7259. [PMID: 37463268 PMCID: PMC10528527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) enables the visualization of cellular nanostructures in vitro with sub-20 nm resolution. While substructures can generally be imaged with SMLM, the structural understanding of the images remains elusive. To better understand the link between SMLM images and the underlying structure, we developed a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation based on experimental imaging parameters and geometric information to generate synthetic SMLM images. We chose the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a nanosized channel on the nuclear membrane which gates nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of biomolecules, as a test geometry for testing our MC model. Using the MC model to simulate SMLM images, we first optimized our clustering algorithm to separate >106 molecular localizations of fluorescently labeled NPC proteins into hundreds of individual NPCs in each cell. We then illustrated using our MC model to generate cellular substructures with different angles of labeling to inform our structural understanding through the SMLM images obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hong Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Currently with Molecular Analytics and Photonics (MAP) Laboratory, Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Amy E Neely
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaomin Bao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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2
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Saïdi N, Galaï Y, Ben-Abid M, Boussoffara T, Ben-Sghaier I, Aoun K, Bouratbine A. Imaging Leishmania major Antigens in Experimentally Infected Macrophages and Dermal Scrapings from Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lesions in Tunisia. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061157. [PMID: 35744675 PMCID: PMC9227018 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) lesions are characterized by an intense process of parasite destruction and antigen processing that could limit microscopic amastigote detection. The aim of our study was to develop a direct immunofluorescence (DIF) assay for in situ visualization of L. major antigens and access its reliability in the routine diagnosis of CL. The developed DIF assay used IgG polyclonal antibodies produced in rabbits by intravenous injections of live L. major metacyclic promastigotes chemically coupled to fluorescein isothiocyanate. Applied to L. major infected RAW macrophages, corresponding macrophage-derived amastigotes and dermal scrapings from CL lesions, the immunofluorescence assay stained specifically Leishmania amastigotes and showed a diffuse Leishmania antigen deposit into cytoplasm of phagocytic cells. Reliability of DIF in CL diagnosis was assessed on 101 methanol-fixed dermal smears from 59 positive and 42 negative CL lesions diagnosed by direct microscopy and/or kDNA real-time PCR. Sensitivity and specificity of DIF was 98.3% and 100%, respectively, being more sensitive than microscopy (p < 0.001) and as sensitive as ITS1-PCR. ITS1-PCR-RFLP allowed Leishmania species identification in 56 out of the 58 DIF-positive smears, identifying 52 L. major, two L. infantum and two L. tropica cases, which indicates antigenic cross-reactivity between Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreddine Saïdi
- Laboratoire de Recherche, Parasitoses Médicales, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (N.S.); (Y.G.); (M.B.-A.); (I.B.-S.); (K.A.)
| | - Yousr Galaï
- Laboratoire de Recherche, Parasitoses Médicales, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (N.S.); (Y.G.); (M.B.-A.); (I.B.-S.); (K.A.)
| | - Meriem Ben-Abid
- Laboratoire de Recherche, Parasitoses Médicales, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (N.S.); (Y.G.); (M.B.-A.); (I.B.-S.); (K.A.)
| | - Thouraya Boussoffara
- Laboratoire de Recherche, Transmission, Contrôle et Immunobiologie des Infections, LR 20-IPT-02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia;
| | - Ines Ben-Sghaier
- Laboratoire de Recherche, Parasitoses Médicales, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (N.S.); (Y.G.); (M.B.-A.); (I.B.-S.); (K.A.)
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratoire de Recherche, Parasitoses Médicales, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (N.S.); (Y.G.); (M.B.-A.); (I.B.-S.); (K.A.)
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Aïda Bouratbine
- Laboratoire de Recherche, Parasitoses Médicales, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (N.S.); (Y.G.); (M.B.-A.); (I.B.-S.); (K.A.)
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Correspondence:
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Luque M, Glueckert R. Sequential Indirect Dual Immunohistochemistry with Primary Rabbit Antibodies on Cochlear Sections Using an Intermediate Heat-Denaturation Step. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e239. [PMID: 34495576 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Advanced immunohistochemical (IHC) protocols aim to visualize different molecules in situ simultaneously. These techniques are of utmost importance as a first step in studying possible interactions of proteins at the subcellular level. Colocalized stains in tissue sections indicate proximity of two proteins of interest. Frequently, double staining protocols are restricted by the lack of primary antibodies generated in different animal species for indirect IHC visualization. Here, we present a detailed protocol for mouse inner ear tissue using two different primary rabbit antibodies directed against transmembrane ion channel proteins of cochlear neurons. The two antibodies are combined for fluorescence (confocal) as well as dual multiplex colorimetric visualization in two sequential single IHC stainings. A heat-denaturation step is performed in between. Primary antibody specificity is tested by preadsorption with the immunogenic peptide, and positive and negative tissue controls are performed to confirm the reliability of the antibody detection. We describe the whole procedure in detail beginning with tissue extraction of the mouse inner ear and continuing with chemical fixation, cryoembedding, and preparation for manual and fully automated immunostaining, including steps for heat-induced antigen retrieval. The potential to use antibodies from the same host species for single and double IHC staining opens up multiple possibilities for detecting different targets in the same tissue section using resources and materials that are widely available. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Tissue preparation, cryoembedding, and sectioning Basic Protocol 2: Double colorimetric immunostaining with an automatic immunostainer Basic Protocol 3: Double manual fluorometric immunostaining with fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luque
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rudolf Glueckert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tirol Kliniken, University Clinics Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Taddese R, Belzer C, Aalvink S, de Jonge MI, Nagtegaal ID, Dutilh BE, Boleij A. Production of inactivated gram-positive and gram-negative species with preserved cellular morphology and integrity. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 184:106208. [PMID: 33766606 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are many approaches available to produce inactive bacteria by termination of growth, each with a different efficacy, impact on cell integrity, and potential for application in standardized inactivation protocols. The aim of this study was to compare these approaches and develop a standardized protocol for generation of inactivated Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yielding cells that are metabolically dead with retained cellular integrity i.e., preserving the surface and limited leakage of intracellular proteins and DNA. These inactivated bacteria are required for various applications, for instance, when investigating receptor-triggered signaling or bacterial contact-dependent analysis of cell lines requiring long incubation times. We inactivated eight different bacterial strains of different species by treatment with beta-propiolactone, ethanol, formalin, sodium hydroxide, and pasteurization. Inactivation efficacy was determined by culturing, and cell wall integrity assessed by quantifying released DNA, bacterial membrane and intracellular DNA staining, and visualization by scanning electron microscopy. Based on these results, we discuss the bacterial inactivation methods, and their advantages and disadvantages to study host-microbe interactions with inactivated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahwa Taddese
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Steven Aalvink
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Bas E Dutilh
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Boleij
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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5
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Effect of silicon dioxide nanoparticles on the assessment of quercetin flavonoid using Rhodamine B Isothiocyanate dye. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Park J, Lee S, Kim Y, Yoo TH. Methods to generate site-specific conjugates of antibody and protein. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 30:115946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Elledge SK, Tran HL, Christian AH, Steri V, Hann B, Toste FD, Chang CJ, Wells JA. Systematic identification of engineered methionines and oxaziridines for efficient, stable, and site-specific antibody bioconjugation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5733-5740. [PMID: 32123103 PMCID: PMC7084160 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920561117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of chemical modification of proteins has been dominated by random modification of lysines or more site-specific labeling of cysteines, each with attendant challenges. Recently, we have developed oxaziridine chemistry for highly selective modification of methionine called redox-activated chemical tagging (ReACT) but have not broadly tested the molecular parameters for efficient and stable protein modification. Here we systematically scanned methionines throughout one of the most popular antibody scaffolds, trastuzumab, used for antibody engineering and drug conjugation. We tested the expression, reactivities, and stabilities of 123 single engineered methionines distributed over the surface of the antibody when reacted with oxaziridine. We found uniformly high expression for these mutants and excellent reaction efficiencies with a panel of oxaziridines. Remarkably, the stability to hydrolysis of the sulfimide varied more than 10-fold depending on temperature and the site of the engineered methionine. Interestingly, the most stable and reactive sites were those that were partially buried, presumably because of their reduced access to water. There was also a 10-fold variation in stability depending on the nature of the oxaziridine, which was determined to be inversely correlated with the electrophilic nature of the sulfimide. Importantly, the stabilities of the best analogs were sufficient to support their use as antibody drug conjugates and potent in a breast cancer mouse xenograft model over a month. These studies provide key parameters for broad application of ReACT for efficient, stable, and site-specific antibody and protein bioconjugation to native or engineered methionines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K Elledge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Hai L Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Alec H Christian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Veronica Steri
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Preclinical Therapeutics Core, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Byron Hann
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Preclinical Therapeutics Core, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
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Sednev MV, Belov VN, Hell SW. Fluorescent dyes with large Stokes shifts for super-resolution optical microscopy of biological objects: a review. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2015; 3:042004. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/3/4/042004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Dong N, Luo L, Wu J, Jia P, Li Q, Wang Y, Gao Z, Peng H, Lv M, Huang C, Feng J, Li H, Shan J, Han G, Shen B. Monoclonal antibody, mAb 4C13, an effective detoxicant antibody against ricin poisoning. Vaccine 2015; 33:3836-42. [PMID: 26141013 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ricin is a glycoprotein produced in castor seeds and consists of two polypeptide chains named Ricin Toxin A Chain (RTA) and Ricin Toxin B Chain (RTB), linked via a disulfide bridge. Due to its high toxicity, ricin is regarded as a high terrorist risk for the public. However, antibodies can play a pivotal role in neutralizing the toxin. In this research, the anti-toxicant effect of mAb 4C13, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) established using detoxicated ricin as the immunized antigen, was evaluated. Compared with mAb 4F2 and mAb 5G6, the effective mechanism of mAb 4C13 was analyzed by experiments relating to its cytotoxicity, epitope on ricin, binding kinetics with the toxin, its blockage on the protein synthesis inhibition induced by ricin and the intracelluar tracing of its complex with ricin. Our result indicated that mAb 4C13 could recognize and bind to RTA, RTB and exert its high affinity to the holotoxin. Both cytotoxicity and animal toxicity of ricin were well blocked by pre-incubating the toxin with mAb 4C13. By intravenous injection, mAb 4C13 could rescue the mouse intraperitoneally (ip) injected with a lethal dose of ricin (20μg/kg) even at 6h after the intoxication and its efficacy was dependent on its dosage. This research indicated that mAb 4C13 could be an excellent candidate for therapeutic antibodies. Its potent antitoxic efficiency was related to its recognition on the specific epitope with very high affinity and its blockage of protein synthesis inhibition in cytoplasm followed by cellular internalization with ricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Dong
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Longlong Luo
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Junhua Wu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Peiyuan Jia
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China; Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Zhongcai Gao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ming Lv
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunqian Huang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jiannan Feng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Junjie Shan
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Gang Han
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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Juan-García A, Manyes L, Ruiz MJ, Font G. Applications of flow cytometry to toxicological mycotoxin effects in cultured mammalian cells: a review. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:40-59. [PMID: 23422035 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of flow cytometry applications to toxicological studies of several physiological target sites of mycotoxins on different mammalian cell lines. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that may be present in food, feed, air and water. The increasing presence of mycotoxins in crops, their wide distribution in the food chain, and their potential for toxicity demonstrate the need for further knowledge. Flow cytometry has become a valuable tool in mycotoxin studies in recent years for the rapid analysis of single cells in a mixture. In toxicology, the power of these methods lies in the possibility of determining a wide range of cell parameters, providing valuable information to elucidate cell growth and viability, metabolic activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and membrane integrity mechanisms. There are studies using flow cytometry technique on Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium mycotoxins including information about cell type, assay conditions and functional parameters. Most of the studies collected in the literature are on deoxynivalenol and zearalenone mycotoxins. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis are the processes more widely investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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