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Zhu J, Yang S, Qi Y, Gong Z, Zhang H, Liang K, Shen P, Huang YY, Zhang Z, Ye W, Yue L, Fan S, Shen S, Mikos AG, Wang X, Fang X. Stem cell-homing hydrogel-based miR-29b-5p delivery promotes cartilage regeneration by suppressing senescence in an osteoarthritis rat model. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk0011. [PMID: 35353555 PMCID: PMC8967232 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease characterized by progressive loss of cartilage and reduction in lubricating synovial fluid, which lacks effective treatments currently. Here, we propose a hydrogel-based miRNA delivery strategy to rejuvenate impaired cartilage by creating a regenerative microenvironment to mitigate chondrocyte senescence that mainly contributes to cartilage breakdown during OA development. An aging-related miRNA, miR-29b-5p, was first found to be markedly down-regulated in OA cartilage, and their up-regulation suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and senescence-associated genes (P16INK4a/P21) via ten-eleven-translocation enzyme 1 (TET1). An injectable bioactive self-assembling peptide nanofiber hydrogel was applied to deliver agomir-29b-5p, which was functionalized by conjugating a stem cell-homing peptide SKPPGTSS for endogenous synovial stem cell recruitment simultaneously. Sustained miR-29b-5p delivery and recruitment of synovial stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into chondrocytes led to successful cartilage repair and chondrocyte rejuvenation. This strategy enables miRNA-based therapeutic modality to become a viable alternative for surgery in OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310016, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yadong Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhe Gong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Kaiyu Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Panyang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yin-Yuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weilong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shunwu Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Shuying Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Corresponding author. (X.F.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiangqian Fang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Corresponding author. (X.F.); (X.W.)
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Gök MK, Demir K, Cevher E, Özgümüş S, Pabuccuoğlu S. Effect of the linear aliphatic amine functionalization on in vitro transfection efficiency of chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 207:580-587. [PMID: 30600042 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to prepare the long linear aliphatic amine pendant group-functionalized chitosan based nanoparticulate gene carrier system with improved properties for the efficient transfection. The amine functionalized chitosan (MChi) was synthesized by using N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine (HE-EDA) and characterized for the first time. The nanoparticles of MChi (nMChi) were prepared by ionic gelation method, and their particle size, polydispersity (PDI), zeta potential (mV), gene binding capacity and cytotoxicity were determined. Green Fluorescent Protein circular plasmid DNA (pEGFN1) loaded nanoparticles (gnMChi) were used in the transfection studies. The results showed that nMChi with a particle size of 102.9 nm and zeta potential of 41.9 ± 5.63 mV was non-toxic, had high transfection efficiency in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 and Primary Ovine Fibroblast cell lines and would be used as an efficient gene carrier system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Koray Gök
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kamber Demir
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdal Cevher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saadet Özgümüş
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Serhat Pabuccuoğlu
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Wang LL, Burdick JA. Engineered Hydrogels for Local and Sustained Delivery of RNA-Interference Therapies. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:10.1002/adhm.201601041. [PMID: 27976524 PMCID: PMC5226889 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been nearly two decades since RNA-interference (RNAi) was first reported. While there are no approved clinical uses, several phase II and III clinical trials suggest the great promise of RNAi therapeutics. One challenge for RNAi therapies is the controlled localization and sustained presentation to target tissues, to both overcome systemic toxicity concerns and to enhance in vivo efficacy. One approach that is emerging to address these limitations is the entrapment of RNAi molecules within hydrogels for local and sustained release. In these systems, nucleic acids are either delivered as siRNA conjugates or within nanoparticles. A plethora of hydrogels has been implemented using these approaches, including both traditional hydrogels that have already been developed for other applications and new hydrogels developed specifically for RNAi delivery. These hydrogels have been applied to various applications in vivo, including cancer, bone regeneration, inflammation and cardiac repair. This review will examine the design and implementation of such hydrogel RNAi systems and will cover the most recent applications of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo L. Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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4
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Meng Q, Yin Q, Li Y. Nanocarriers for siRNA delivery to overcome cancer multidrug resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-6030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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Selimović S, Oh J, Bae H, Dokmeci M, Khademhosseini A. Microscale Strategies for Generating Cell-Encapsulating Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2012; 4:1554. [PMID: 23626908 DOI: 10.3390/polym4031554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels in which cells are encapsulated are of great potential interest for tissue engineering applications. These gels provide a structure inside which cells can spread and proliferate. Such structures benefit from controlled microarchitectures that can affect the behavior of the enclosed cells. Microfabrication-based techniques are emerging as powerful approaches to generate such cell-encapsulating hydrogel structures. In this paper we introduce common hydrogels and their crosslinking methods and review the latest microscale approaches for generation of cell containing gel particles. We specifically focus on microfluidics-based methods and on techniques such as micromolding and electrospinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seila Selimović
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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6
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technology represents a fundamentally new category of treatments for human disease by addressing targets that are traditionally considered undruggable with existing medicines. The major challenge for RNAi-based therapy is the delivery system that meets human therapeutic needs. Therefore, engineering vectors with good delivery efficiency and safety profile is an intense area of research. Lipid-based nanoparticles for RNAi have yielded successful advances in vivo and to an extent in clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the barriers in developing lipid-based nanoparticles for in vivo RNAi and different strategies to overcome them. Rational designs that address safety concerns and ensure effective delivery will aid the translation of engineered lipid-based nanoparticles toward the clinic in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leaf Huang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7571, USA.
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Simmons O, Maples PB, Senzer N, Nemunaitis J. Ewing's Sarcoma: Development of RNA Interference-Based Therapy for Advanced Disease. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:247657. [PMID: 22523703 PMCID: PMC3317005 DOI: 10.5402/2012/247657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma tumors are associated with chromosomal translocation between the EWS gene and the ETS transcription factor gene. These unique target sequences provide opportunity for RNA interference(i)-based therapy. A summary of RNAi mechanism and therapeutically designed products including siRNA, shRNA and bi-shRNA are described. Comparison is made between each of these approaches. Systemic RNAi-based therapy, however, requires protected delivery to the Ewing's sarcoma tumor site for activity. Delivery systems which have been most effective in preclinical and clinical testing are reviewed, followed by preclinical assessment of various silencing strategies with demonstration of effectiveness to EWS/FLI-1 target sequences. It is concluded that RNAi-based therapeutics may have testable and achievable activity in management of Ewing's sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neil Senzer
- Gradalis, Inc., Dallas, TX 75201, USA
- Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers, Dallas, TX 75201, USA
- Texas Oncology, PA, Dallas, TX 75251, USA
- Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas, TX 75230, USA
| | - John Nemunaitis
- Gradalis, Inc., Dallas, TX 75201, USA
- Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers, Dallas, TX 75201, USA
- Texas Oncology, PA, Dallas, TX 75251, USA
- Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas, TX 75230, USA
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Nemunaitis J, Rao DD, Liu SH, Brunicardi FC. Personalized cancer approach: using RNA interference technology. World J Surg 2011; 35:1700-14. [PMID: 21557010 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-011-1100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Normal cellular survival is dependent on the cooperative expression of genes' signaling through a broad array of DNA patterns. Cancer, however, has an Achilles' heel. Its altered cellular survival is dependent on a limited subset of signals through mutated DNA, possibly as few as three. Identification and control of these signals through the use of RNA interference (RNAi) technology may provide a unique clinical opportunity for the management of cancer that employs genomic-proteomic profiling to provide a molecular characterization of the cancer, leading to targeted therapy customized to an individual cancer signal. Such an approach has been described as "personalized therapy." The present review identifies unique developing technology that employs RNAi as a method to target, and therefore block, signaling from mutated DNA and describes a clinical pathway toward its development in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nemunaitis
- Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers, 1700 Pacific Avenue, Suite 1100, Dallas, TX, USA.
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9
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Veiseh O, Kievit FM, Mok H, Ayesh J, Clark C, Fang C, Leung M, Arami H, Park JO, Zhang M. Cell transcytosing poly-arginine coated magnetic nanovector for safe and effective siRNA delivery. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5717-25. [PMID: 21570721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lack of safe and effective carriers for delivery of RNA therapeutics remains a barrier to its broad clinical application. We report the development of a cell tanscytosing magnetic nanovector engineered as an siRNA carrier. Iron oxide nanoparticles were modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and a cationic polymer layer. Three nanovector formulations with cationic polymer coatings of poly-arginine (pArg), polylysine (pLys), and polyethylenimine (PEI), respectively, were prepared. The three nanovector formulations where evaluated for safety and ability to promote gene silencing in three types of cancer cells C6/GFP(+), MCF7/GFP(+), and TC2/GFP(+), mimicking human cancers of the brain, breast, and prostate, respectively. Cell viability and fluorescence quantification assays revealed that pArg-coated nanovectors were most effective in promoting gene knockdown and least toxic of the three nanovector formulations tested. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging of nanovector treated cells further demonstrated that pArg-coated nanovectors enter cells through cell transcytosis, while pLys and PEI coated nanovectors enter cells endocytosis. Our findings suggest that NPs engineered to exploit the cell transcytosis intracellular trafficking pathway may offer a more safe and efficient route for siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Veiseh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, 302L Roberts Hall, Box 352120, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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10
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López-Fraga M, Martínez T, Jiménez A. RNA interference technologies and therapeutics: from basic research to products. BioDrugs 2009; 23:305-32. [PMID: 19754220 PMCID: PMC7099360 DOI: 10.2165/11318190-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural cellular process that regulates gene expression by a highly precise mechanism of sequence-directed gene silencing at the stage of translation by degrading specific messenger RNAs or blocking translation. In recent years, the use of RNAi for therapeutic applications has gained considerable momentum. It has been suggested that most of the novel disease-associated targets that have been identified are not ‘druggable’ with conventional approaches. However, any disease-causing gene and any cell type or tissue can potentially be targeted with RNAi. This review focuses on the current knowledge of RNAi mechanisms and the safety issues associated with its potential use in a therapeutic setting. Some of the most important aspects to consider when working towards the application of RNAi-based products in a clinical setting have been related to achieving high efficacies and enhanced stability profiles through a careful design of the nucleic acid sequence and the introduction of chemical modifications, but most of all, to developing improved delivery systems, both viral and non-viral. These new delivery systems allow for these products to reach the desired target cells, tissues or organs in a highly specific manner and after administration of the lowest possible doses. Various routes of application and target locations are currently being addressed in order to develop effective delivery systems for different targets and pathologies, including infectious pathologies, genetic pathologies and diseases associated with dysregulation of endogenous microRNAs. As with any new technology, several challenges and important aspects to be considered have risen on the road to clinical intervention, e.g. correct design of preclinical toxicology studies, regulatory concerns, and intellectual property protection. The main advantages related to the use of RNAi-based products in a clinical setting, and the latest clinical and preclinical studies using these compounds, are reviewed.
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Hahn CK, Berchuck JE, Ross KN, Kakoza RM, Clauser K, Schinzel AC, Ross L, Galinsky I, Davis TN, Silver SJ, Root DE, Stone RM, DeAngelo DJ, Carroll M, Hahn WC, Carr SA, Golub TR, Kung AL, Stegmaier K. Proteomic and genetic approaches identify Syk as an AML target. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:281-94. [PMID: 19800574 PMCID: PMC2803063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based screening can facilitate the rapid identification of compounds inducing complex cellular phenotypes. Advancing a compound toward the clinic, however, generally requires the identification of precise mechanisms of action. We previously found that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors induce acute myeloid leukemia (AML) differentiation via a non-EGFR mechanism. In this report, we integrated proteomic and RNAi-based strategies to identify their off-target, anti-AML mechanism. These orthogonal approaches identified Syk as a target in AML. Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of Syk with a drug in clinical trial for other indications promoted differentiation of AML cells and attenuated leukemia growth in vivo. These results demonstrate the power of integrating diverse chemical, proteomic, and genomic screening approaches to identify therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Aminopyridines
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gefitinib
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Genomics/methods
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Morpholines
- Oxazines/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proteomics/methods
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines
- Quinazolines/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- Syk Kinase
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- Time Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tyrosine
- U937 Cells
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia K Hahn
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Wang SL, Yao HH, Qin ZH. Strategies for short hairpin RNA delivery in cancer gene therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:1357-68. [DOI: 10.1517/14712590903236843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Rao DD, Vorhies JS, Senzer N, Nemunaitis J. siRNA vs. shRNA: similarities and differences. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:746-59. [PMID: 19389436 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural process through which expression of a targeted gene can be knocked down with high specificity and selectivity. Using available technology and bioinformatics investigators will soon be able to identify relevant bio molecular tumor network hubs as potential key targets for knockdown approaches. Methods of mediating the RNAi effect involve small interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and bi-functional shRNA. The simplicity of siRNA manufacturing and transient nature of the effect per dose are optimally suited for certain medical disorders (i.e. viral injections). However, using the endogenous processing machinery, optimized shRNA constructs allow for high potency and sustainable effects using low copy numbers resulting in less off-target effects, particularly if embedded in a miRNA scaffold. Bi-functional design may further enhance potency and safety of RNAi-based therapeutics. Remaining challenges include tumor selective delivery vehicles and more complete evaluation of the scope and scale of off-target effects. This review will compare siRNA, shRNA and bi-functional shRNA.
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14
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Belting M, Wittrup A. Macromolecular Drug Delivery: Basic Principles and Therapeutic Applications. Mol Biotechnol 2009; 43:89-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-009-9185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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