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Calafiore R, Basta G, Montanucci P. Microencapsulation of Islets for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D). Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1479:283-304. [PMID: 27738945 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6364-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microencapsulation technology, based on use of alginic acid biopolymers, has been devised many years ago. However, when intended for enveloping human islets for transplantation purposes, the method needs to be up-scaled and implemented with care being taken to comply with simple but important measures. It is almost indispensable to rely on an ultrapurified alginic polymers: in fact, any, even minimal, alginate contamination with endotoxins, pyrogens, and proteins could provoke the host's inflammatory reaction upon graft, with heavy adverse consequences on the capsules immunoprotective properties, hence on graft survival per se. Care should be taken in ensuring fabrication of reproducible microspheres, in terms not only of shape and size, but also consistency of the peripheral layers around the central alginate gel core, where the islets are immobilized. Once the product is well defined and stable, care should also be taken in accurately selecting patients with T1D that are candidate for encapsulated islet cell transplantation with no general immunosuppression. A series of pre- and post-intraperitoneal transplant metabolic, chemical, and immunological parameters are to be monitored, in conjunction with image analysis of the abdomen, in order to assess efficacy of the intervention according to well defined grading scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Calafiore
- Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Biohybrid Organs, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Metabolic Clinical Physiology, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 1/8, 1, Perugia, 06123, Italy. .,Lions International Diabetes Research Center, Terni, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Basta
- Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Biohybrid Organs, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Metabolic Clinical Physiology, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 1/8, 1, Perugia, 06123, Italy
| | - Pia Montanucci
- Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Biohybrid Organs, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Metabolic Clinical Physiology, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 1/8, 1, Perugia, 06123, Italy
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Yoo C, Vines JB, Alexander G, Murdock K, Hwang P, Jun HW. Adult stem cells and tissue engineering strategies for salivary gland regeneration: a review. Biomater Res 2014; 18:9. [PMID: 26331060 PMCID: PMC4549133 DOI: 10.1186/2055-7124-18-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva is an important compound produced by the salivary glands and performs numerous functions. Hyposalivation (dry mouth syndrome) is a deleterious condition often resulting from radiotherapy for patients with head and neck cancer, Sjogren's Syndrome, or as a side effect of certain medications. Hyposalivation negatively affects speaking, mastication, and swallowing in afflicted patients, greatly reducing their quality of life. Current treatments for this pathology include modifying lifestyle, synthetic saliva supplementation, and the utilization of salivary gland stimulants and sialagogues. However, many of these treatments do not address the underlying issues and others are pervaded by numerous side effects. In order to address the shortcomings related to current treatment modalities, many groups have diverted their attention to utilizing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches. Tissue engineering is defined as the application of life sciences and materials engineering toward the development of tissue substitutes that are capable of mimicking the structure and function of their natural analogues within the body. The general underlying strategy behind the development of tissue engineered organ substitutes is the utilization of a combination of cells, biomaterials, and biochemical cues intended to recreate the natural organ environment. The purpose of this review is to highlight current bioengineering approaches for salivary gland tissue engineering and the adult stem cell sources used for this purpose. Additionally, future considerations in regard to salivary gland tissue engineering strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chankee Yoo
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 806, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
- />Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Gyeonggi-do, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 463-712 South Korea
| | - Jeremy B Vines
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 806, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Grant Alexander
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 806, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Kyle Murdock
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 806, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Patrick Hwang
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 806, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Ho-Wook Jun
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 806, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
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Clinical application of microencapsulated islets: actual prospectives on progress and challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 67-68:84-92. [PMID: 24184490 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After 25 years of intense pre-clinical work on microencapsulated intraperitoneal islet grafts into non-immunosuppressed diabetic recipients, the application of this procedure to patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus has been a significant step forward. This result, achieved in a few centers worldwide, underlies the safety of biopolymers used for microencapsulation. Without this advance, no permission for human application of microcapsules would have ever been obtained after years of purification technologies applied to the raw alginates. To improve safety of the encapsulated islet graft system, renewed efforts on the capsules' bioengineering, as well as on insulin-producing cells within the capsular membranes, are in progress. It is hoped that advances in these two critical aspects of the cell encapsulation technology will result in wider human application of this system.
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Schweicher J, Nyitray C, Desai TA. Membranes to achieve immunoprotection of transplanted islets. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2014; 19:49-76. [PMID: 24389172 PMCID: PMC4230297 DOI: 10.2741/4195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of islet or beta cells is seen as the cure for type 1 diabetes since it allows physiological regulation of blood glucose levels without requiring any compliance from the patients. In order to circumvent the use of immunosuppressive drugs (and their side effects), semipermeable membranes have been developed to encapsulate and immunoprotect transplanted cells. This review presents the historical developments of immunoisolation and provides an update on the current research in this field. A particular emphasis is laid on the fabrication, characterization and performance of membranes developed for immunoisolation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Schweicher
- Therapeutic Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 1700 4 Street, Box 2520, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Crystal Nyitray
- Therapeutic Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 1700 4 Street, Box 2520, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Tejal A. Desai
- Therapeutic Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 1700 4 Street, Box 2520, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Basta G, Calafiore R. Immunoisolation of pancreatic islet grafts with no recipient's immunosuppression: actual and future perspectives. Curr Diab Rep 2011; 11:384-91. [PMID: 21826429 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-011-0219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In spite of steady and remarkable progress, islet transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) continues to face two major bottlenecks: inadequate availability of human pancreatic donors and necessity to totally immunosuppress the graft recipients lifelong. Microencapsulation of the islet grafts within highly biocompatible and selective permeable biomembranes could obviate use of the immunosuppressants, while potentially offering the opportunity to use a wide array of insulin-producing cells, in active development, including xenogeneic pig islets. Although macrodevices and microcapsules, which essentially differ by size/configuration, and both serve for immunoisolation devices, have been used for many years with initial human applications, new products on development in both areas might open new perspectives for more focused use in patients with T1DM. Physical-chemical properties and material engineering of these devices are critically reviewed to assess where we actually stand and where the future expansion of these technologies may go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Basta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, University of Perugia, via Enrico dal Pozzo, snc, Perugia, Italy.
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Calcium phosphate cement chamber as an immunoisolative device for bioartificial pancreas: in vitro and preliminary in vivo study. Pancreas 2010; 39:444-51. [PMID: 20084047 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181be2f95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined a calcium phosphate cement (CPC) chamber as an immunoisolative device to facilitate the use of xenogeneic cell sources without immunosuppression for the bioartificial pancreas (BAP). METHODS Mouse insulinoma cells were encapsulated in agarose gel and then enclosed in a CPC chamber to create a BAP. Bioartificial pancreas were evaluated by cell viability, live-dead cell ratio, and cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity assay and implanted into the peritoneal cavity of diabetic rats. Nonfasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels were analyzed perioperatively; BAPs were also retrieved for histological examination. RESULTS Insulinoma cells enclosed in the CPC chamber had normal viability, cell survival, and insulin secretion that was even cultured in media with cytokines. The nonfasting blood glucose level of rats was decreased from 460 +/- 50 to 132 +/- 43 mg/dL and maintained euglycemia for 22 days; serum insulin level was increased from 0.34 +/- 0.11 to 1.43 +/- 0.30 microg/dL after operation. Histological examination revealed the fibrous tissue envelopment, and immune-related cells that competed for oxygen resulting in hypoxia could be attributed to the dysfunction of BAPs. CONCLUSIONS This study proved the feasibility for using a CPC chamber as an immunoisolative device for the BAP. An alternative implanted site should be considered to extend the functional longevity of BAPs in further study.
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de Vos P, Spasojevic M, Faas MM. Treatment of diabetes with encapsulated islets. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 670:38-53. [PMID: 20384217 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5786-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation has been proposed for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases since it allows for transplantation of cells in the absence of undesired immunosuppression. The technology has been proposed to be a solution for the treatment of diabetes since it potentially allows a mandatory minute-to-minute regulation of glucose levels without side-effects. Encapsulation is based on the principle that transplanted tissue is protected for the host immune system by a semipermeable capsule. Many different concepts of capsules have been tested. During the past two decades three major approaches of encapsulation have been studied. These include (i) intravascular macrocapsules, which are anastomosed to the vascular system as AV shunt, (ii) extravascular macrocapsules, which are mostly diffusion chambers transplanted at different sites and (iii) extravascular microcapsules transplanted in the peritoneal cavity. The advantages and pitfalls of the three approaches are discussed and compared in view of applicability in clinical islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen. Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Paul A, Ge Y, Prakash S, Shum-Tim D. Microencapsulated stem cells for tissue repairing: implications in cell-based myocardial therapy. Regen Med 2009; 4:733-45. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have the unique properties of self-renewal, pluripotency and a high proliferative capability, which contributes to a large biomass potential. Hence, these cells act as a useful source for acquiring renewable adult cell lines. This, in turn, acts as a potent therapeutic tool to treat various diseases related to the heart, liver and kidney, as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. However, a major problem that must be overcome before it can be effectively implemented into the clinical setting is a suitable delivery system that can retain an optimal quantity of the cells at the targeted site for a maximal clinical benefit; a system that will give a mechanical as well as an immune protection to the foreign cells, while at the same time enhancing the yields of differentiated cells, maintaining cell microenvironments and sustaining the differentiated cell functions. To address this issue we opted for a novel delivery system, termed the ‘artificial cells’, which are semipermeable microcapsules with strong and thin multilayer membrane components with specific mass transport properties. Here, we briefly introduce the concept of artificial cells for encapsulation of stem cells and investigate the application of microencapsulation technology as an ideal tool for all stem transplantations and relate their role to the emerging field of cellular cardiomyoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Paul
- Biomedical Technology & Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Artificial Cells & Organs Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Yin Ge
- Divisions of Cardiac Surgery & Surgical Research, The Montreal General Hospital, MUHC, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Suite C9–169, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology & Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Artificial Cells & Organs Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Dominique Shum-Tim
- Divisions of Cardiac Surgery & Surgical Research, The Montreal General Hospital, MUHC, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Suite C9–169, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
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