1
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Leikin-Frenkel A, Schnaider Beeri M, Cooper I. How Alpha Linolenic Acid May Sustain Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Boost Brain Resilience against Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235091. [PMID: 36501121 PMCID: PMC9737216 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline, the primary clinical phenotype of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is currently attributed mainly to amyloid and tau protein deposits. However, a growing body of evidence is converging on brain lipids, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, as crucial players involved in AD development. The critical role of lipids metabolism in the brain and its vascular barrier, and its constant modifications particularly throughout AD development, warrants investigation of brain lipid metabolism as a high value therapeutic target. Yet, there is limited knowledge on the biochemical and structural roles of lipids in BBB functionality in AD. Within this framework, we hypothesize that the ApoE4 genotype, strongly linked to AD risk and progression, may be related to altered fatty acids composition in the BBB. Interestingly, alpha linolenic acid (ALA), the precursor of the majoritarian brain component docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), emerges as a potential novel brain savior, acting via BBB functional improvements, and this may be primarily relevant to ApoE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Leikin-Frenkel
- Bert Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Itzik Cooper
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
- School of Psychology, The Reichman University (IDC), Herzliya 4610101, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3-5303693
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2
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Almsherqi ZA. Potential Role of Plasmalogens in the Modulation of Biomembrane Morphology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:673917. [PMID: 34368127 PMCID: PMC8335397 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.673917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a subclass of cell membrane glycerophospholipids that typically include vinyl- ether bond at the sn-1 position and polyunsaturated fatty acid at the sn-2 position. They are highly abundant in the neuronal, immune, and cardiovascular cell membranes. Despite the abundance of plasmalogens in a plethora of cells, tissues, and organs, the role of plasmalogens remains unclear. Plasmalogens are required for the proper function of integral membrane proteins, lipid rafts, cell signaling, and differentiation. More importantly, plasmalogens play a crucial role in the cell as an endogenous antioxidant that protects the cell membrane components such as phospholipids, unsaturated fatty acids, and lipoproteins from oxidative stress. The incorporation of vinyl-ether linked with alkyl chains in phospholipids alter the physicochemical properties (e.g., the hydrophilicity of the headgroup), packing density, and conformational order of the phospholipids within the biomembranes. Thus, plasmalogens play a significant role in determining the physical and chemical properties of the biomembrane such as its fluidity, thickness, and lateral pressure of the biomembrane. Insights on the important structural and functional properties of plasmalogens may help us to understand the molecular mechanism of membrane transformation, vesicle formation, and vesicular fusion, especially at the synaptic vesicles where plasmalogens are rich and essential for neuronal function. Although many aspects of plasmalogen phospholipid involvement in membrane transformation identified through in vitro experiments and membrane mimic systems, remain to be confirmed in vivo, the compiled data show many intriguing properties of vinyl-ether bonded lipids that may play a significant role in the structural and morphological changes of the biomembranes. In this review, we present the current limited knowledge of the emerging potential role of plasmalogens as a modulator of the biomembrane morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria A Almsherqi
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Bozelli JC, Epand RM. Membrane Shape and the Regulation of Biological Processes. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5124-5136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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4
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Mesa-Galloso H, Valiente PA, Valdés-Tresanco ME, Epand RF, Lanio ME, Epand RM, Alvarez C, Tieleman DP, Ros U. Membrane Remodeling by the Lytic Fragment of SticholysinII: Implications for the Toroidal Pore Model. Biophys J 2019; 117:1563-1576. [PMID: 31587828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sticholysins are pore-forming toxins of biomedical interest and represent a prototype of proteins acting through the formation of protein-lipid or toroidal pores. Peptides spanning the N-terminus of sticholysins can mimic their permeabilizing activity and, together with the full-length toxins, have been used as a tool to understand the mechanism of pore formation in membranes. However, the lytic mechanism of these peptides and the lipid shape modulating their activity are not completely clear. In this article, we combine molecular dynamics simulations and experimental biophysical tools to dissect different aspects of the pore-forming mechanism of StII1-30, a peptide derived from the N-terminus of sticholysin II (StII). With this combined approach, membrane curvature induction and flip-flop movement of the lipids were identified as two important membrane remodeling steps mediated by StII1-30. Pore formation by this peptide was enhanced by the presence of the negatively curved lipid phosphatidylethanolamine in membranes. This lipid emerged not only as a facilitator of membrane interactions but also as a structural element of the StII1-30 pore that is recruited to the ring upon its assembly. Collectively, these, to our knowledge, new findings support a toroidal model for the architecture of the pore formed by StII1-30 and provide new molecular insight into the role of phosphatidylethanolamine as a membrane component that can easily integrate into the ring of toroidal pores, thus probably aiding in their stabilization. This study contributes to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the permeabilizing activity of StII1-30 and peptides or proteins acting via a toroidal pore mechanism and offers an informative framework for the optimization of the biomedical application of this and similar molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydee Mesa-Galloso
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Molecular Simulation, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Pedro A Valiente
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mario E Valdés-Tresanco
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Molecular Simulation, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Raquel F Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Health Science Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria E Lanio
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Health Science Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carlos Alvarez
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - D Peter Tieleman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Molecular Simulation, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Uris Ros
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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5
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Tanaka TQ, Tokuoka SM, Nakatani D, Hamano F, Kawazu SI, Wellems TE, Kita K, Shimizu T, Tokumasu F. Polyunsaturated fatty acids promote Plasmodium falciparum gametocytogenesis. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.042259. [PMID: 31221627 PMCID: PMC6679406 DOI: 10.1242/bio.042259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular triggers of sexual differentiation into gametocytes by blood stage Plasmodium falciparum, the most malignant human malaria parasites, are subject of much investigation for potential transmission-blocking strategies. The parasites are readily grown in vitro with culture media supplemented by the addition of human serum (10%) or by a commercially available substitute (0.5% AlbuMAX). We found better gametocytemia with serum than AlbuMAX, suggesting suboptimal concentrations of some components in the commercial product; consistent with this hypothesis, substantial concentration differences of multiple fatty acids were detected between serum- and AlbuMAX-supplemented media. Mass spectroscopy analysis distinguished the lipid profiles of gametocyte- and asexual stage-parasite membranes. Delivery of various combinations of unsaturated fatty-acid-containing phospholipids to AlbuMAX-supported gametocyte cultures improved gametocyte production to the levels achieved with human-serum-supplemented media. Maturing gametocytes readily incorporated externally supplied d5-labeled glycerol with fatty acids into unsaturated phospholipids. Phospholipids identified in this work thus may be taken up from extracellular sources or generated internally for important steps of gametocyte development. Further study of polyunsaturated fatty-acid metabolism and phospholipid profiles will improve understanding of gametocyte development and malaria parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Q Tanaka
- International Medical Zoology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.,Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA.,Research Unit of Advanced Preventive Medicine, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Suzumi M Tokuoka
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 103-0033, Japan
| | - Daichi Nakatani
- Research Unit of Advanced Preventive Medicine, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Fumie Hamano
- Lipid Signaling Project, Research Institute National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawazu
- Research Unit of Advanced Preventive Medicine, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Thomas E Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 103-0033, Japan.,Lipid Signaling Project, Research Institute National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Tokumasu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA .,Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 103-0033, Japan
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6
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Methods of reconstitution to investigate membrane protein function. Methods 2018; 147:126-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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7
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Membrane properties that shape the evolution of membrane enzymes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:80-91. [PMID: 29597094 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spectacular recent progress in structural biology has led to determination of the structures of many integral membrane enzymes that catalyze reactions in which at least one substrate also is membrane bound. A pattern of results seems to be emerging in which the active site chemistry of these enzymes is usually found to be analogous to what is observed for water soluble enzymes catalyzing the same reaction types. However, in light of the chemical, structural, and physical complexity of cellular membranes plus the presence of transmembrane gradients and potentials, these enzymes may be subject to membrane-specific regulatory mechanisms that are only now beginning to be uncovered. We review the membrane-specific environmental traits that shape the evolution of membrane-embedded biocatalysts.
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8
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A bacterial monorhamnolipid alters the biophysical properties of phosphatidylethanolamine model membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2083-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Jelerčič U, Ziherl P. Composite contact of binary lipid membranes. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2013; 36:89. [PMID: 23933988 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2013-13089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Upon adhesion, binary lipid membranes may retain their structural identity but they may also undergo partial fusion promoted by microscopic phase separation of the components. In membranes composed of cylindrical and inverted conical lipids, a partially fused contact zone may consist of inverted micelles sandwiched between two monolayers. We theoretically analyze the elastic properties of such a composite contact zone. We calculate its bending moduli and we show that they may be considerably larger than the moduli of a phase-nonseparated double bilayer. The main mechanism responsible for the enhanced rigidity of the composite contact structure is the increased separation of the two monolayers caused by the presence of water in the inverted micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Jelerčič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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10
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Dürr UH, Soong R, Ramamoorthy A. When detergent meets bilayer: birth and coming of age of lipid bicelles. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 69:1-22. [PMID: 23465641 PMCID: PMC3741677 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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11
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Shen HH, Lithgow T, Martin LL. Reconstitution of membrane proteins into model membranes: seeking better ways to retain protein activities. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1589-607. [PMID: 23344058 PMCID: PMC3565336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of any given biological membrane is determined largely by the specific set of integral membrane proteins embedded in it, and the peripheral membrane proteins attached to the membrane surface. The activity of these proteins, in turn, can be modulated by the phospholipid composition of the membrane. The reconstitution of membrane proteins into a model membrane allows investigation of individual features and activities of a given cell membrane component. However, the activity of membrane proteins is often difficult to sustain following reconstitution, since the composition of the model phospholipid bilayer differs from that of the native cell membrane. This review will discuss the reconstitution of membrane protein activities in four different types of model membrane - monolayers, supported lipid bilayers, liposomes and nanodiscs, comparing their advantages in membrane protein reconstitution. Variation in the surrounding model environments for these four different types of membrane layer can affect the three-dimensional structure of reconstituted proteins and may possibly lead to loss of the proteins activity. We also discuss examples where the same membrane proteins have been successfully reconstituted into two or more model membrane systems with comparison of the observed activity in each system. Understanding of the behavioral changes for proteins in model membrane systems after membrane reconstitution is often a prerequisite to protein research. It is essential to find better solutions for retaining membrane protein activities for measurement and characterization in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hui Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia; E-Mail:
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-3-9545-8159
| | - Trevor Lithgow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Lisandra L. Martin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; E-Mail:
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12
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Bobone S, Roversi D, Giordano L, De Zotti M, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Park Y, Stella L. The Lipid Dependence of Antimicrobial Peptide Activity Is an Unreliable Experimental Test for Different Pore Models. Biochemistry 2012; 51:10124-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bi3015086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bobone
- Department of Chemical Sciences
and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Roversi
- Department of Chemical Sciences
and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Giordano
- Department of Chemical Sciences
and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- ICB,
Padova Unit, CNR, Department
of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131
Padova, Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- ICB,
Padova Unit, CNR, Department
of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131
Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- ICB,
Padova Unit, CNR, Department
of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131
Padova, Italy
| | - Yoonkyung Park
- Department
of Biotechnology and
Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Sciences
and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
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13
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Dürr UN, Gildenberg M, Ramamoorthy A. The magic of bicelles lights up membrane protein structure. Chem Rev 2012; 112:6054-74. [PMID: 22920148 PMCID: PMC3497859 DOI: 10.1021/cr300061w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa Gildenberg
- Biophysics
and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055,
United States
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics
and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055,
United States
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14
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Li J, Jiang H, Hu W, Xia H, Zou G, Zhang Q. Photo-controlled Hierarchical Assembly and Fusion of Coumarin-containing Polydiacetylene Vesicles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 34:274-9. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Brown AC, Boesze-Battaglia K, Du Y, Stefano FP, Kieba IR, Epand RF, Kakalis L, Yeagle PL, Epand RM, Lally ET. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin cytotoxicity occurs through bilayer destabilization. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:869-81. [PMID: 22309134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, is a common inhabitant of the human upper aerodigestive tract. The organism produces an RTX (Repeats in ToXin) toxin (LtxA) that kills human white blood cells. LtxA is believed to be a membrane-damaging toxin, but details of the cell surface interaction for this and several other RTX toxins have yet to be elucidated. Initial morphological studies suggested that LtxA was bending the target cell membrane. Because the ability of a membrane to bend is a function of its lipid composition, we assessed the proficiency of LtxA to release of a fluorescent dye from a panel of liposomes composed of various lipids. Liposomes composed of lipids that form nonlamellar phases were susceptible to LtxA-induced damage while liposomes composed of lipids that do not form non-bilayer structures were not. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that the toxin decreased the temperature at which the lipid transitions from a bilayer to a nonlamellar phase, while (31) P nuclear magnetic resonance studies showed that the LtxA-induced transition from a bilayer to an inverted hexagonal phase occurs through the formation of an isotropic intermediate phase. These results indicate that LtxA cytotoxicity occurs through a process of membrane destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Sani MA, Separovic F, Gehman JD. The lipid network. Biophys Rev 2012; 4:283-290. [PMID: 28510205 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-012-0071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural cell membranes are composed of a remarkable variety of lipids, which provide specific biophysical properties to support membrane protein function. An improved understanding of this complexity of membrane composition may also allow the design of membrane active drugs. Crafting a relevant model of a cell membrane with controlled composition is becoming an art, with the ability to reveal the molecular mechanisms of biological processes and lead to better treatment of pathologies. By matching physiological observations from in vivo experiments to high-resolution information, more easily obtained from in vitro studies, complex interactions at the lipid interface are determined. The role of the lipid network in biological membranes is, therefore, the subject of increasing attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Sani
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John D Gehman
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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17
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de la Vega M, Marin M, Kondo N, Miyauchi K, Kim Y, Epand RF, Epand RM, Melikyan GB. Inhibition of HIV-1 endocytosis allows lipid mixing at the plasma membrane, but not complete fusion. Retrovirology 2011; 8:99. [PMID: 22145853 PMCID: PMC3297528 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We recently provided evidence that HIV-1 enters HeLa-derived TZM-bl and lymphoid CEMss cells by fusing with endosomes, whereas its fusion with the plasma membrane does not proceed beyond the lipid mixing step. The mechanism of restriction of HIV-1 fusion at the cell surface and/or the factors that aid the virus entry from endosomes remain unclear. Results We examined HIV-1 fusion with a panel of target cells lines and with primary CD4+ T cells. Kinetic measurements of fusion combined with time-resolved imaging of single viruses further reinforced the notion that HIV-1 enters the cells via endocytosis and fusion with endosomes. Furthermore, we attempted to deliberately redirect virus fusion to the plasma membrane, using two experimental strategies. First, the fusion reaction was synchronized by pre-incubating the viruses with cells at reduced temperature to allow CD4 and coreceptors engagement, but not the virus uptake or fusion. Subsequent shift to a physiological temperature triggered accelerated virus uptake followed by entry from endosomes, but did not permit fusion at the cell surface. Second, blocking HIV-1 endocytosis by a small-molecule dynamin inhibitor, dynasore, resulted in transfer of viral lipids to the plasma membrane without any detectable release of the viral content into the cytosol. We also found that a higher concentration of dynasore is required to block the HIV-endosome fusion compared to virus internalization. Conclusions Our results further support the notion that HIV-1 enters disparate cell types through fusion with endosomes. The block of HIV-1 fusion with the plasma membrane at a post-lipid mixing stage shows that this membrane is not conducive to fusion pore formation and/or enlargement. The ability of dynasore to interfere with the virus-endosome fusion suggests that dynamin could be involved in two distinct steps of HIV-1 entry - endocytosis and fusion within intracellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle de la Vega
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University Children's Center, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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18
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Induction of non-lamellar lipid phases by antimicrobial peptides: a potential link to mode of action. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:82-93. [PMID: 19799887 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are naturally produced by numerous organisms including insects, plants and mammals. Their non-specific mode of action is thought to involve the transient perturbation of bacterial membranes but the molecular mechanism underlying the rearrangement of the lipid molecules to explain the formation of pores and micelles is still poorly understood. Biological membranes mostly adopt planar lipid bilayers; however, antimicrobial peptides have been shown to induce non-lamellar lipid phases which may be intimately linked to their proposed mechanisms of action. This paper reviews antimicrobial peptides that alter lipid phase behavior in three ways: peptides that induce positive membrane curvature, peptides that induce negative membrane curvature and peptides that induce cubic lipid phases. Such structures can coexist with the bilayer structure, thus giving rise to lipid polymorphism induced upon addition of antimicrobial peptides. The discussion addresses the implications of induced lipid phases for the mode of action of various antimicrobial peptides.
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19
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Abstract
Cellular membrane systems delimit and organize the intracellular space. Most of the morphological rearrangements in cells involve the coordinated remodeling of the lipid bilayer, the core of the membranes. This process is generally thought to be initiated and coordinated by specialized protein machineries. Nevertheless, it has become increasingly evident that the most essential part of the geometric information and energy required for membrane remodeling is supplied via the cooperative and synergistic action of proteins and lipids, as cellular shapes are constructed using the intrinsic dynamics, plasticity and self-organizing capabilities provided by the lipid bilayer. Here, we analyze the essential role of proteo-lipid membrane domains in conducting and coordinating morphological remodeling in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Shnyrova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1855, USA
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Ma M, Gong Y, Bong D. Lipid membrane adhesion and fusion driven by designed, minimally multivalent hydrogen-bonding lipids. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:16919-26. [PMID: 19877659 DOI: 10.1021/ja9072657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyanuric acid (CA) and melamine (M) functionalized lipids can form membranes that exhibit robust hydrogen-bond driven surface recognition in water, facilitated by multivalent surface clustering of recognition groups and variable hydration at the lipid-water interface. Here we describe a minimal lipid recognition cluster: three CA or M recognition groups are forced into proximity by covalent attachment to a single lipid headgroup. This trivalent lipid system guides recognition at the lipid-water interface using cyanurate-melamine hydrogen bonding when incorporated at 0.1-5 mol percent in fluid phospholipid membranes, inducing both vesicle-vesicle binding and membrane fusion. Fusion was accelerated when the antimicrobial peptide magainin was used to anchor trivalent recognition, or when added exogenously to a preassembled lipid vesicle complex, underscoring the importance of coupling recognition with membrane disruption in membrane fusion. Membrane apposition and fusion were studied in vesicle suspensions using light scattering, FRET assays for lipid mixing, surface plasmon resonance, and cryo-electron microscopy. Recognition was found to be highly spatially selective as judged by vesicular adhesion to surface patterned supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). Fusion to SLBs was also readily observed by fluorescence microscopy. Together, these studies indicate effective and functional recognition of trivalent phospholipids, despite low mole percentage concentration, solvent competition for hydrogen bond donor/acceptor sites, and simplicity of structure. This novel designed molecular recognition motif may be useful for directing aqueous-phase assembly and biomolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Tarahovsky YS. Cell transfection by DNA-lipid complexes — Lipoplexes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 74:1293-304. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909120013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Signorell A, Gluenz E, Rettig J, Schneider A, Shaw MK, Gull K, Bütikofer P. Perturbation of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis affects mitochondrial morphology and cell-cycle progression in procyclic-formTrypanosoma brucei. Mol Microbiol 2009; 72:1068-79. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Søgaard R, Ebert B, Klaerke D, Werge T. Triton X-100 inhibits agonist-induced currents and suppresses benzodiazepine modulation of GABA(A) receptors in Xenopus oocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1073-80. [PMID: 19366585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Changes in lipid bilayer elastic properties have been proposed to underlie the modulation of voltage-gated Na(+) and L-type Ca(2+) channels and GABA(A) receptors by amphiphiles. The amphiphile Triton X-100 increases the elasticity of lipid bilayers at micromolar concentrations, assessed from its effects on gramicidin channel A appearance rate and lifetime in artificial lipid bilayers. In the present study, the pharmacological action of Triton-X 100 on GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes was examined. Triton-X 100 inhibited GABA(A) alpha(1)beta(3)gamma(2S) receptor currents in a noncompetitive, time- and voltage-dependent manner and increased the apparent rate and extent of desensitization at 10 muM, which is 30 fold below the critical micelle concentration. In addition, Triton X-100 induced picrotoxin-sensitive GABA(A) receptor currents and suppressed allosteric modulation by flunitrazepam at alpha(1)beta(3)gamma(2S) receptors. All effects were independent of the presence of a gamma(2S) subunit in the GABA(A) receptor complex. The present study suggests that Triton X-100 may stabilize open and desensitized states of the GABA(A) receptor through changes in lipid bilayer elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Søgaard
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Panum 12.6, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3C, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Matyas GR, Beck Z, Karasavvas N, Alving CR. Lipid binding properties of 4E10, 2F5, and WR304 monoclonal antibodies that neutralize HIV-1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:660-5. [PMID: 19100711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two human mAbs (2F5 and 4E10), originally derived from HIV-1-infected patients, are important, but rare, mAbs that exhibit broad cross-clade neutralizing activities against HIV-1. In addition to peptide sequences on the gp41 envelope protein, both antibodies reportedly also bound specifically to several phospholipid antigens. However, the phospholipid binding property of 2F5 has been disputed and, because of uncertainly regarding phospholipid binding, the modeling of neutralizing mechanisms has been difficult. To explore this issue, we examined the binding of 4E10 and 2F5 to a broad range of lipid antigens by ELISA. 4E10 and 2F5 both bound to a variety of purified phospholipids, and 4E10 bound, but 2F5 did not bind, to cardiolipin. Both mAbs also bound to a sulfated glycolipid, sulfogalactosyl ceramide (sulfatide), and to two neutral glycolipids, galactosyl ceramide and glucosyl ceramide, but not to other galactosyl glycolipids. 4E10, but not 2F5, also bound to cholesterol, although both mAbs bound to squalene. Interestingly, 4E10, but not 2F5, exhibited striking binding to lipid A, the lipid moiety of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The binding properties of 4E10 to phospholipids, sulfatide, cholesterol, squalene, and lipid A were similar to those of a neutralizing murine mAb (WR304) induced by liposomes containing phosphatidylinositol phosphate and lipid A, although WR304 did not bind to neutral glycolipids. The discovery of a binding specificity of 4E10 for lipid A, a widely used vaccine adjuvant, suggests that innate immunity stimulated by lipid A could have played a role for induction of multispecific antibodies that simultaneously recognize both HIV-1 protein and lipid antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Matyas
- Department of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, Division of Retrovirology, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Tyurin VA, Tyurina YY, Feng W, Mnuskin A, Jiang J, Tang M, Zhang X, Zhao Q, Kochanek PM, Clark RSB, Bayir H, Kagan VE. Mass-spectrometric characterization of phospholipids and their primary peroxidation products in rat cortical neurons during staurosporine-induced apoptosis. J Neurochem 2008; 107:1614-33. [PMID: 19014376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular diversity of phospholipids is essential for their structural and signaling functions in cell membranes. In the current work, we present, the results of mass spectrometric characterization of individual molecular species in major classes of phospholipids -- phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), sphingomyelin (CerPCho), and cardiolipin (Ptd(2)Gro) -- and their oxidation products during apoptosis induced in neurons by staurosporine (STS). The diversity of molecular species of phospholipids in rat cortical neurons followed the order Ptd(2)Gro > PtdEtn >> PtdCho >> PtdSer > PtdIns > CerPCho. The number of polyunsaturated oxidizable species decreased in the order Ptd(2)Gro >> PtdEtn > PtdCho > PtdSer > PtdIns > CerPCho. Thus a relatively minor class of phospholipids, Ptd(2)Gro, was represented in cortical neurons by the greatest variety of both total and peroxidizable molecular species. Quantitative fluorescence HPLC analysis employed to assess the oxidation of different classes of phospholipids in neuronal cells during intrinsic apoptosis induced by STS revealed that three anionic phospholipids -- Ptd(2)Gro >> PtdSer > PtdIns -- underwent robust oxidation. No significant oxidation in the most dominant phospholipid classes -- PtdCho and PtdEtn -- was detected. MS-studies revealed the presence of hydroxy-, hydroperoxy- as well as hydroxy-/hydroperoxy-species of Ptd(2)Gro, PtdSer, and PtdIns. Experiments in model systems where total cortex Ptd(2)Gro and PtdSer fractions were incubated in the presence of cytochrome c (cyt c) and H(2)O(2), confirmed that molecular identities of the products formed were similar to the ones generated during STS-induced neuronal apoptosis. The temporal sequence of biomarkers of STS-induced apoptosis and phospholipid peroxidation combined with recently demonstrated redox catalytic properties of cyt c realized through its interactions with Ptd(2)Gro and PtdSer suggest that cyt c acts as a catalyst of selective peroxidation of anionic phospholipids yielding Ptd(2)Gro and PtdSer peroxidation products. These oxidation products participate in mitochondrial membrane permeability transition and in PtdSer externalization leading to recognition and uptake of apoptotic cells by professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Tyurin
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Ma M, Paredes A, Bong D. Intra- and intermembrane pairwise molecular recognition between synthetic hydrogen-bonding phospholipids. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:14456-8. [PMID: 18850702 DOI: 10.1021/ja806954u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multivalency and preorganization are fundamental aspects of molecular recognition at the lipid membrane-water interface and can render weak monomeric binding interactions selective and robust; this concept is important throughout biology, biotechnology, and materials science. Though hydrogen bonding is typically weakened in water, intramembrane hydrogen bonding between native lipids has been well-studied and is thought to contribute to lipid bioactivity and membrane function. We hypothesized that avidity and preorganization effects at the lipid-water interface could overcome solvent competition and allow for selective hydrogen-bond recognition between small, unstructured components. We have found that electrostatically identical vesicular membranes composed of cyanuric acid and melamine functionalized phospholipids 1 and 2 undergo selective apposition, fusion and adhesion in suspension and on solid support, indicating that their well-known low-dielectric hydrogen bonding properties translate effectively to the lipid-water interface. This work is notable and of general interest given the few detailed studies of aqueous phase hydrogen-bonding systems; we have extensively characterized this system, gaining structural, functional, and thermodynamic data. Furthermore, we have found that the designed lipid-lipid headgroup interactions result in dramatic alteration of the lipid phase morphology, providing insight into the coupling of molecular interactions with assembly state. As such, this work contributes to our understanding of fundamental phenomena such as molecular recognition at the lipid-water interface membrane chemistry and further illustrates the general possibility of designing selective hydrogen-bonding adhesive interactions from simple starting materials at other polar-apolar interfaces; this could have numerous materials and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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