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Rikhi N, Sei CJ, Rao M, Schuman RF, Kroscher KA, Matyas GR, Muema K, Lange C, Assiaw-Dufu A, Hussin E, Jobe O, Alving CR, Fischer GW. Unconjugated Multi-Epitope Peptides Adjuvanted with ALFQ Induce Durable and Broadly Reactive Antibodies to Human and Avian Influenza Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1468. [PMID: 37766144 PMCID: PMC10537791 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An unconjugated composite peptide vaccine targeting multiple conserved influenza epitopes from hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and matrix protein and formulated with a safe and highly potent adjuvant, Army Liposome formulation (ALFQ), generated broad and durable immune responses in outbred mice. The antibodies recognized specific epitopes in influenza peptides and several human, avian, and swine influenza viruses. Comparable antibody responses to influenza viruses were observed with intramuscular and intradermal routes of vaccine administration. The peptide vaccine induced cross-reactive antibodies that recognized influenza virus subtypes A/H1N1, A/H3N2, A/H5N1, B/Victoria, and B/Yamagata. In addition, immune sera neutralized seasonal and pandemic influenza strains (Group 1 and Group 2). This composite multi-epitope peptide vaccine, formulated with ALFQ and administered via intramuscular and intradermal routes, provides a high-performance supra-seasonal vaccine that would be cost-effective and easily scalable, thus moving us closer to a viable strategy for a universal influenza vaccine and pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Rikhi
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (N.R.); (K.A.K.); (K.M.); (A.A.-D.); (G.W.F.)
| | - Clara J. Sei
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (N.R.); (K.A.K.); (K.M.); (A.A.-D.); (G.W.F.)
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.); (C.L.); (E.H.); (O.J.); (C.R.A.)
| | | | - Kellie A. Kroscher
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (N.R.); (K.A.K.); (K.M.); (A.A.-D.); (G.W.F.)
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.); (C.L.); (E.H.); (O.J.); (C.R.A.)
| | - Kevin Muema
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (N.R.); (K.A.K.); (K.M.); (A.A.-D.); (G.W.F.)
| | - Camille Lange
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.); (C.L.); (E.H.); (O.J.); (C.R.A.)
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Aba Assiaw-Dufu
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (N.R.); (K.A.K.); (K.M.); (A.A.-D.); (G.W.F.)
| | - Elizabeth Hussin
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.); (C.L.); (E.H.); (O.J.); (C.R.A.)
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Ousman Jobe
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.); (C.L.); (E.H.); (O.J.); (C.R.A.)
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Carl R. Alving
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.); (C.L.); (E.H.); (O.J.); (C.R.A.)
| | - Gerald W. Fischer
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (N.R.); (K.A.K.); (K.M.); (A.A.-D.); (G.W.F.)
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2
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Abucayon EG, Rao M, Matyas GR, Alving CR. QS21-Initiated Fusion of Liposomal Small Unilamellar Vesicles to Form ALFQ Results in Concentration of Most of the Monophosphoryl Lipid A, QS21, and Cholesterol in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2212. [PMID: 37765181 PMCID: PMC10537867 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Army Liposome Formulation with QS21 (ALFQ), a vaccine adjuvant preparation, comprises liposomes containing saturated phospholipids, with 55 mol% cholesterol relative to the phospholipids, and two adjuvants, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and QS21 saponin. A unique feature of ALFQ is the formation of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) having diameters >1.0 µm, due to a remarkable fusion event initiated during the addition of QS21 to nanoliposomes containing MPLA and 55 mol% cholesterol relative to the total phospholipids. This results in a polydisperse size distribution of ALFQ particles, with diameters ranging from ~50 nm to ~30,000 nm. The purpose of this work was to gain insights into the unique fusion reaction of nanovesicles leading to GUVs induced by QS21. This fusion reaction was probed by comparing the lipid compositions and structures of vesicles purified from ALFQ, which were >1 µm (i.e., GUVs) and the smaller vesicles with diameter <1 µm. Here, we demonstrate that after differential centrifugation, cholesterol, MPLA, and QS21 in the liposomal phospholipid bilayers were present mainly in GUVs (in the pellet). Presumably, this occurred by rapid lateral diffusion during the transition from nanosize to microsize particles. While liposomal phospholipid recoveries by weight in the pellet and supernatant were 44% and 36%, respectively, higher percentages by weight of the cholesterol (~88%), MPLA (94%), and QS21 (96%) were recovered in the pellet containing GUVs, and ≤10% of these individual liposomal constituents were recovered in the supernatant. Despite the polydispersity of ALFQ, most of the cholesterol, and almost all of the adjuvant molecules, were present in the GUVs. We hypothesize that the binding of QS21 to cholesterol caused new structural nanodomains, and subsequent interleaflet coupling in the lipid bilayer might have initiated the fusion process, leading to creation of GUVs. However, the polar regions of MPLA and QS21 together have a "sugar lawn" of ten sugars, the hydrophilicity of which might have provided a driving force for rapid lateral diffusion and concentration of the MPLA and QS21 in the GUVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin G. Abucayon
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.)
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Carl R. Alving
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.)
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3
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Alving CR, Rao M, Matyas GR. Similarities and differences of chemical compositions and physical and functional properties of adjuvant system 01 and army liposome formulation with QS21. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102524. [PMID: 36761767 PMCID: PMC9905621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A vaccine adjuvant known as Adjuvant System 01 (AS01) consists of liposomes containing a mixture of natural congeners of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL®) obtained from bacterial lipopolysaccharide, and a tree saponin known as QS21. Two vaccines containing AS01 as the adjuvant have been licensed, including a malaria vaccine (Mosquirix®) approved by World Health. Organization and European Medicines Agency for use in sub-Saharan Africa, and a shingles vaccine (Shingrix®) approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The success of the AS01 vaccine adjuvant has led to the development of another liposomal vaccine adjuvant, referred to as Army Liposome Formulation with QS21 (ALFQ). Like AS01, ALFQ consists of liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A (as a synthetic molecule known as 3D-PHAD®) and QS21 as adjuvant constituents, and the polar headgroups of the liposomes of AS01 and ALFQ are similar. We compare here AS01 with ALFQ with respect to their similar and different liposomal chemical structures and physical characteristics with a goal of projecting some of the likely mechanisms of safety, side effects, and mechanisms of adjuvanticity. We hypothesize that some of the side effects exhibited in humans after injection of liposome-based vaccines might be caused by free fatty acid and lysophospholipid released by enzymatic attack of liposomal phospholipid by phospholipase A2 at the injection site or systemically after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mangala Rao
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Scaria PV, Anderson C, Muratova O, Alani N, Trinh HV, Nadakal ST, Zaidi I, Lambert L, Beck Z, Barnafo EK, Rausch KM, Rowe C, Chen B, Matyas GR, Rao M, Alving CR, Narum DL, Duffy PE. Malaria transmission-blocking conjugate vaccine in ALFQ adjuvant induces durable functional immune responses in rhesus macaques. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:148. [PMID: 34887448 PMCID: PMC8660773 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria transmission-blocking vaccines candidates based on Pfs25 and Pfs230 have advanced to clinical studies. Exoprotein A (EPA) conjugate of Pfs25 in Alhydrogel® developed functional immunity in humans, with limited durability. Pfs230 conjugated to EPA (Pfs230D1-EPA) with liposomal adjuvant AS01 is currently in clinical trials in Mali. Studies with these conjugates revealed that non-human primates are better than mice to recapitulate the human immunogenicity and functional activity. Here, we evaluated the effect of ALFQ, a liposomal adjuvant consisting of TLR4 agonist and QS21, on the immunogenicity of Pfs25-EPA and Pfs230D1-EPA in Rhesus macaques. Both conjugates generated strong antibody responses and functional activity after two vaccinations though activity declined rapidly. A third vaccination of Pfs230D1-EPA induced functional activity lasting at least 9 months. Antibody avidity increased with each vaccination and correlated strongly with functional activity. IgG subclass analysis showed induction of Th1 and Th2 subclass antibody levels that correlated with activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthupparampil V. Scaria
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Charles Anderson
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Olga Muratova
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Nada Alani
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Hung V. Trinh
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA ,grid.201075.10000 0004 0614 9826Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Steven T. Nadakal
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Irfan Zaidi
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Lynn Lambert
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA ,grid.201075.10000 0004 0614 9826Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA ,grid.410513.20000 0000 8800 7493Present Address: Pfizer, Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY USA
| | - Emma K. Barnafo
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Kelly M. Rausch
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Chris Rowe
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Beth Chen
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Carl R. Alving
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - David L. Narum
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Patrick E. Duffy
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
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5
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Sei CJ, Rao M, Schuman RF, Daum LT, Matyas GR, Rikhi N, Muema K, Anderson A, Jobe O, Kroscher KA, Alving CR, Fischer GW. Conserved Influenza Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase and Matrix Peptides Adjuvanted with ALFQ Induce Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070698. [PMID: 34202178 PMCID: PMC8310080 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A universal influenza candidate vaccine that targets multiple conserved influenza virus epitopes from hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and matrix (M2e) proteins was combined with the potent Army liposomal adjuvant (ALFQ) to promote induction of broad immunity to seasonal and pandemic influenza strains. The unconjugated and CRM-conjugated composite peptides formulated with ALFQ were highly immunogenic and induced both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Broadly reactive serum antibodies were induced across various IgG isotypes. Mice immunized with the unconjugated composite peptide developed antibody responses earlier than mice immunized with conjugated peptides, and the IgG antibodies were broadly reactive and neutralizing across Groups 1 and 2 influenza viruses. Multi-epitope unconjugated influenza composite peptides formulated with ALFQ provide a novel strategy for the development of a universal influenza vaccine. These synthetic peptide vaccines avoid the pitfalls of egg-produced influenza vaccines and production can be scaled up rapidly and economically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara J. Sei
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (N.R.); (K.M.); (K.A.K.); (G.W.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-240-848-4293
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.); (A.A.); (O.J.); (C.R.A.)
| | | | - Luke T. Daum
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA;
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.); (A.A.); (O.J.); (C.R.A.)
| | - Nimisha Rikhi
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (N.R.); (K.M.); (K.A.K.); (G.W.F.)
| | - Kevin Muema
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (N.R.); (K.M.); (K.A.K.); (G.W.F.)
| | - Alexander Anderson
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.); (A.A.); (O.J.); (C.R.A.)
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Ousman Jobe
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.); (A.A.); (O.J.); (C.R.A.)
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Kellie A. Kroscher
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (N.R.); (K.M.); (K.A.K.); (G.W.F.)
| | - Carl R. Alving
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.R.); (G.R.M.); (A.A.); (O.J.); (C.R.A.)
| | - Gerald W. Fischer
- Longhorn Vaccines and Diagnostics, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (N.R.); (K.M.); (K.A.K.); (G.W.F.)
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6
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Alving CR. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR): Fifty Years of Achievements That Impact Science and Society. Mil Med 2021; 186:72-77. [PMID: 33313776 PMCID: PMC7909454 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usaa468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-four historical achievements since 1970 that emanated from scientific research at the Walter Army Institute of Research are identified and documented. Impact areas include vaccines, drug development, and clinical assays to prevent or treat infectious diseases; neuropsychiatric management of warrior performance and combat casualty; blood delivery management; and radiation protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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7
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Francica JR, Shi W, Chuang GY, Chen SJ, Da Silva Pereira L, Farney SK, Flynn BJ, Ou L, Stephens T, Tsybovsky Y, Wang LT, Anderson A, Beck Z, Dillon M, Idris AH, Hurlburt N, Liu T, Zhang B, Alving CR, Matyas GR, Pancera M, Mascola JR, Kwong PD, Seder RA. Design of Alphavirus Virus-Like Particles Presenting Circumsporozoite Junctional Epitopes That Elicit Protection against Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030272. [PMID: 33803622 PMCID: PMC8003078 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The most advanced malaria vaccine, RTS,S, includes the central repeat and C-terminal domains of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP). We have recently isolated human antibodies that target the junctional region between the N-terminal and repeat domains that are not included in RTS,S. Due to the fact that these antibodies protect against malaria challenge in mice, their epitopes could be effective vaccine targets. Here, we developed immunogens displaying PfCSP junctional epitopes by genetic fusion to either the N-terminus or B domain loop of the E2 protein from chikungunya (CHIK) alphavirus and produced CHIK virus-like particles (CHIK-VLPs). The structural integrity of these junctional-epitope-CHIK-VLP immunogens was confirmed by negative-stain electron microscopy. Immunization of these CHIK-VLP immunogens reduced parasite liver load by up to 95% in a mouse model of malaria infection and elicited better protection than when displayed on keyhole limpet hemocyanin, a commonly used immunogenic carrier. Protection correlated with PfCSP serum titer. Of note, different junctional sequences elicited qualitatively different reactivities to overlapping PfCSP peptides. Overall, these results show that the junctional epitopes of PfCSP can induce protective responses when displayed on CHIK-VLP immunogens and provide a basis for the development of a next generation malaria vaccine to expand the breadth of anti-PfCSP immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Steven J. Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Lais Da Silva Pereira
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - S. Katie Farney
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Barbara J. Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Li Ou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Tyler Stephens
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (T.S.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (T.S.); (Y.T.)
| | - Lawrence T. Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Alexander Anderson
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Z.B.); (C.R.A.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Z.B.); (C.R.A.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Marlon Dillon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Azza H. Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Nicholas Hurlburt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Tracy Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Carl R. Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Z.B.); (C.R.A.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Z.B.); (C.R.A.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.D.K.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.R.F.); (W.S.); (G.-Y.C.); (S.J.C.); (L.D.S.P.); (S.K.F.); (B.J.F.); (L.O.); (L.T.W.); (M.D.); (A.H.I.); (T.L.); (B.Z.); (M.P.); (J.R.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.D.K.); (R.A.S.)
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8
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Abstract
Development of liposome-based formulations as vaccine adjuvants has been intimately associated with, and dependent on, and informed by, a fundamental understanding of biochemical and biophysical properties of liposomes themselves. The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) has a fifty-year history of experience of basic research on liposomes; and development of liposomes as drug carriers; and development of liposomes as adjuvant formulations for vaccines. Uptake of liposomes by phagocytic cells in vitro has served as an excellent model for studying the intracellular trafficking patterns of liposomal antigen. Differential fluorescent labeling of proteins and liposomal lipids, together with the use of inhibitors, has enabled the visualization of physical locations of antigens, peptides, and lipids to elucidate mechanisms underlying the MHC class I and class II pathways in phagocytic APCs. Army Liposome Formulation (ALF) family of vaccine adjuvants, which have been developed and improved since 1986, and which range from nanosize to microsize, are currently being employed in phase 1 studies with different types of candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Rao
- Chief, Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.
| | - Kristina K Peachman
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
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9
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Om K, Paquin-Proulx D, Montero M, Peachman K, Shen X, Wieczorek L, Beck Z, Weiner JA, Kim D, Li Y, Mdluli T, Shubin Z, Bryant C, Sharma V, Tokarev A, Dawson P, White Y, Appelbe O, Klatt NR, Tovanabutra S, Estes JD, Matyas GR, Ferrari G, Alving CR, Tomaras GD, Ackerman ME, Michael NL, Robb ML, Polonis V, Rolland M, Eller MA, Rao M, Bolton DL. Adjuvanted HIV-1 vaccine promotes antibody-dependent phagocytic responses and protects against heterologous SHIV challenge. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008764. [PMID: 32881968 PMCID: PMC7505435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To augment HIV-1 pox-protein vaccine immunogenicity using a next generation adjuvant, a prime-boost strategy of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara and multimeric Env gp145 was evaluated in macaques with either aluminum (alum) or a novel liposomal monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) formulation adsorbed to alum, ALFA. Binding antibody responses were robust and comparable between arms, while antibody-dependent neutrophil and monocyte phagocytotic responses were greatly enhanced by ALFA. Per-exposure vaccine efficacy against heterologous tier 2 SHIV mucosal challenge was 90% in ALFA-adjuvanted males (P = 0.002), while alum conferred no protection. Half of the ALFA-adjuvanted males remained uninfected after the full challenge series, which spanned seven months after the last vaccination. Antibody-dependent monocyte and neutrophil phagocytic responses both strongly correlated with protection. Significant sex differences in infection risk were observed, with much lower infection rates in females than males. In humans, MPLA-liposome-alum adjuvanted gp120 also increased HIV-1-specific phagocytic responses relative to alum. Thus, next-generation liposome-based adjuvants can drive vaccine elicited antibody effector activity towards potent phagocytic responses in both macaques and humans and these responses correlate with protection. Future protein vaccination strategies aiming to improve functional humoral responses may benefit from such adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kier Om
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Montero
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristina Peachman
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zoltan Beck
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Dohoon Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yifan Li
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thembi Mdluli
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhanna Shubin
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Vishakha Sharma
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrey Tokarev
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Dawson
- EMMES, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yohann White
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Oliver Appelbe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carl R. Alving
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victoria Polonis
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Eller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mangala Rao
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diane L. Bolton
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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10
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Abstract
Introduction: From its earliest days, the US. military has embraced the use of vaccines to fight infectious diseases. The Army Liposome Formulation (ALF) has been a pivotal innovation as a vaccine adjuvant that provides excellent safety and potency and could lead to dual-use military and civilian benefits. For protection of personnel against difficult disease threats found in many areas of the world, Army vaccine scientists have created novel liposome-based vaccine adjuvants.Areas covered: ALF consists of liposomes containing saturated phospholipids, cholesterol, and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as an immunostimulant. ALF exhibited safety and strong potency in many vaccine clinical trials. Improvements based on ALF include: ALF adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide (ALFA); ALF containing QS21 saponin (ALFQ); and ALFQ adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide (ALFQA). Preclinical safety and efficacy studies with ALF, LFA, ALFQ, and ALFQA are discussed in preparation for upcoming vaccine trials targeting malaria, HIV-1, bacterial diarrhea, and opioid addiction.Expert opinion: The introduction of ALF in the 1980s stimulated commercial interest in vaccines to infectious diseases, and therapeutic vaccines to cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. It is likely that ALF, ALFA, and ALFQ, will provide momentum for new types of modern vaccines with improved efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R. Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kristina K. Peachman
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory of Adjuvant & Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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11
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Cawlfield A, Genito CJ, Beck Z, Bergmann-Leitner ES, Bitzer AA, Soto K, Zou X, Hadiwidjojo SH, Gerbasi RV, Mullins AB, Noe A, Waters NC, Alving CR, Matyas GR, Dutta S. Safety, toxicity and immunogenicity of a malaria vaccine based on the circumsporozoite protein (FMP013) with the adjuvant army liposome formulation containing QS21 (ALFQ). Vaccine 2019; 37:3793-3803. [PMID: 31151801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) confer protection against controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Although CSP is highly immunogenic, it does not induce long lasting protection and efforts to improve CSP-specific immunological memory and duration of protection are underway. We have previously reported that the clinical grade CSP vaccine FMP013 was immunogenic and protective against malaria challenge in mice when combined with the Army Liposomal Formulation adjuvant containing immune modulators 3D-PHAD™ and QS21 (ALFQ). To move forward with clinical evaluation, we now report the safety, toxicity and immunogenicity of clinical grade FMP013 and ALFQ in Rhesus macaques. Three groups of Rhesus (n = 6) received half or full human dose of FMP013 + ALFQ on a 0-1-2 month schedule, which showed mild local site reactions with no hematologic derangements in red blood cell homeostasis, liver function or kidney function. Immunization induced a transient systemic inflammatory response, including elevated white blood cell counts, mild fever, and a few incidences of elevated creatine kinase, receding to normal range by day 7 post vaccination. Optimal immunogenicity in Rhesus was observed using a 1 mL ALFQ + 20 µg FMP013 dose. Doubling the FMP013 antigen dose to 40 µg had no effect while halving the ALFQ adjuvant dose to 0.5 mL lowered immunogenicity. Similar to data generated in mice, FMP013 + ALFQ induced serum antibodies that reacted to all regions of the CSP molecule and a Th1-biased cytokine response in Rhesus. Rhesus antibody response to FMP013 + ALFQ was found to be non-inferior to historical benchmarks including that of RTS,S + AS01 in humans. A four-dose GLP toxicity study in rabbits confirmed no local site reactions and transient systemic inflammation associated with ALFQ adjuvant administration. These safety and immunogenicity data support the clinical progression and testing of FMP013 + ALFQ in a CHMI trial in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Cawlfield
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Christopher J Genito
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Elke S Bergmann-Leitner
- Flow-cytometeric Center, Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Alexis A Bitzer
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kimberly Soto
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zou
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Sri H Hadiwidjojo
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Robert V Gerbasi
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Anna B Mullins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Amy Noe
- Leidos Life Sciences, 5202 Presidents Court, Suite 110, Fredrick, MD 21703, USA
| | - Norman C Waters
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Carl R Alving
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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12
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Singh P, Beck Z, Matyas GR, Alving CR. Saturated phospholipids are required for nano- to micron-size transformation of cholesterol-containing liposomes upon QS21 addition. J Liposome Res 2018; 29:247-250. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2018.1538239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Singh
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Carl R. Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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13
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Rao M, Onkar S, Peachman KK, White Y, Trinh HV, Jobe O, Zhou Y, Dawson P, Eller MA, Matyas GR, Alving CR. Liposome-Encapsulated Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 gp120 Induces Potent V1V2-Specific Antibodies in Humans. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1541-1550. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Rao
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sayali Onkar
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristina K Peachman
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yohann White
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hung V Trinh
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ousman Jobe
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Michael A Eller
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gary R Matyas
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Carl R Alving
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
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14
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Beck Z, Torres OB, Matyas GR, Lanar DE, Alving CR. Immune response to antigen adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide particles: Effects of co-adsorption of ALF or ALFQ adjuvant to the aluminum-antigen complex. J Control Release 2018; 275:12-19. [PMID: 29432824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum salts have been used as vaccine adjuvants for >50 years, and they are currently present in at least 146 licensed vaccines worldwide. In this study we examined whether adsorption of Army Liposome Formulation (ALF) to an aluminum salt that already has an antigen adsorbed to it might result in improved immune potency of the aluminum-adsorbed antigen. ALF is composed of a family of anionic liposome-based adjuvants, in which the liposomes contain synthetic phospholipids having dimyristoyl fatty acyl groups, cholesterol and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). For certain candidate vaccines, ALF has been added to aluminum hydroxide (AH) gel as a second adjuvant to form ALFA. Here we show that different methods of preparation of ALF changed the physical structures of both ALF and ALFA. Liposomes containing the saponin QS21 (ALFQ) have also been mixed with AH to form ALFQA as an effective combination. In this study, we first adsorbed one of two different antigens to AH, either tetanus toxoid conjugated to 34 copies of a hapten (MorHap), which has been used in a candidate heroin vaccine, or gp140 protein derived from the envelope protein of HIV-1. We then co-adsorbed ALF or ALFQ to the AH to form ALFA or ALFQA. In each case, the immune potency of the antigen adsorbed to AH was greatly increased by co-adsorbing either ALF or ALFQ to the AH. Based on IgG subtype and cytokine analysis by ELISPOT, ALFA induced predominately a Th2-type response and ALFQ and ALFQA each induced more balanced Th1/Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Beck
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Oscar B Torres
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - David E Lanar
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, US Military Malaria Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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15
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Sulima A, Jalah R, Antoline JFG, Torres OB, Imler GH, Deschamps JR, Beck Z, Alving CR, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Matyas GR. A Stable Heroin Analogue That Can Serve as a Vaccine Hapten to Induce Antibodies That Block the Effects of Heroin and Its Metabolites in Rodents and That Cross-React Immunologically with Related Drugs of Abuse. J Med Chem 2017; 61:329-343. [PMID: 29236495 PMCID: PMC5767880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
An
improved synthesis of a haptenic heroin surrogate 1 (6-AmHap)
is reported. The intermediate needed for the preparation
of 1 was described in the route in the synthesis of 2 (DiAmHap). A scalable procedure was developed to install
the C-3 amido group. Using the Boc protectng group in 18 allowed preparation of 1 in an overall yield of 53%
from 4 and eliminated the necessity of preparing the
diamide 13. Hapten 1 was conjugated to tetanus
toxoid and mixed with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A
as an adjuvant. The 1 vaccine induced high anti-1 IgG levels that reduced heroin-induced antinociception and
locomotive behavioral changes following repeated subcutaneous and
intravenous heroin challenges in mice and rats. Vaccinated mice had
reduced heroin-induced hyperlocomotion following a 50 mg/kg heroin
challenge. The 1 vaccine-induced antibodies bound to
heroin and other abused opioids, including hydrocodone, oxycodone,
hydromorphone, oxymorphone, and codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine , 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Joshua F G Antoline
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Oscar B Torres
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine , 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Gregory H Imler
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory , Washington D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory , Washington D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Zoltan Beck
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine , 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Carl R Alving
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Gary R Matyas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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16
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Jobe O, Kim J, Tycksen E, Onkar S, Michael NL, Alving CR, Rao M. Human Primary Macrophages Derived In Vitro from Circulating Monocytes Comprise Adherent and Non-Adherent Subsets with Differential Expression of Siglec-1 and CD4 and Permissiveness to HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1352. [PMID: 29123518 PMCID: PMC5662875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a major target for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, macrophages are largely heterogeneous and may exhibit differences in permissiveness to HIV-1 infection. This study highlights the interplay of macrophage heterogeneity in HIV-1 pathogenesis. We show that monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) could be divided into two distinct subsets: CD14+Siglec-1hiCD4+ (non-adherent MDM) and CD14+Siglec-1LoCD4− (adherent MDM). The CD14+Siglec-1hiCD4+MDM subset represented the smaller proportion in the macrophage pool, and varied among different donors. Fractionation and subsequent exposure of the two MDM subsets to HIV-1 revealed opposite outcomes in terms of HIV-1 capture and infection. Although the CD14+Siglec-1hiCD4+MDM captured significantly more HIV-1, infection was significantly higher in the CD14+Siglec-1LoCD4−MDM subset. Thus, CD14+Siglec-1hiCD4+MDM were less permissive to infection. Depletion of CD14+Siglec-1hiCD4+MDM or a decrease in their percentage, resulted in increased infection of MDM, suggestive of a capacity of these cells to capture and sequester HIV-1 in an environment that hinders its infectivity. Increased expression of innate restriction factors and cytokine genes were observed in the non-adherent CD14+Siglec-1hiCD4+MDM, both before and after HIV-1 infection, compared to the adherent CD14+Siglec-1LoCD4−MDM. We speculate that the differential expression of gene expression profiles in the two macrophage subsets may provide an explanation for the differences observed in HIV-1 infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousman Jobe
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jiae Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Genome Technology Access Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sayali Onkar
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Nelson L Michael
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Pathogenesis, Host Genetics Section, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mangala Rao
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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17
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Genito CJ, Beck Z, Phares TW, Kalle F, Limbach KJ, Stefaniak ME, Patterson NB, Bergmann-Leitner ES, Waters NC, Matyas GR, Alving CR, Dutta S. Liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A and QS-21 serve as an effective adjuvant for soluble circumsporozoite protein malaria vaccine FMP013. Vaccine 2017; 35:3865-3874. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Torres OB, Matyas GR, Rao M, Peachman KK, Jalah R, Beck Z, Michael NL, Rice KC, Jacobson AE, Alving CR. Heroin-HIV-1 (H2) vaccine: induction of dual immunologic effects with a heroin hapten-conjugate and an HIV-1 envelope V2 peptide with liposomal lipid A as an adjuvant. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:13. [PMID: 29263870 PMCID: PMC5604742 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic heroin analog (MorHap) and a synthetic 42 amino acid V2 loop peptide from A/E strain of HIV-1 gp120 envelope protein that was previously used in a successful phase III vaccine trial were constructed as antigens together with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A as an adjuvant, to explore the feasibility of producing a dual use vaccine both for treatment of heroin addiction and prevention of HIV-1 infection among injection drug users. The V2 peptide was tethered by a palmitoyl fatty acyl tail embedded in the liposomal lipid bilayer, and the heroin analog was conjugated to tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein that was mixed with the adjuvant. Upon comparison of a linear V2 peptide with a cyclic peptide, differences were found in the secondary configurations by circular dichroism, with the tethered cyclic peptide (palm-cyclic peptide) entirely in a random coil, and the tethered linear V2 peptide (palm-linear V2 peptide) entirely in a beta-sheet. Upon immunization of mice, palm-cyclic peptide induced anti-cyclic peptide endpoint titers >106 and was considered to be a better immunogen overall than palm-linear V2 peptide for inducing antibodies to gp120 and gp70-V1V2. The antibodies also inhibited the binding of V2 peptide to the HIV-1 α4β7 integrin receptor. Antibody titers to MorHap, even with the presence of injected cyclic peptide, were very high, and resulted in inhibition of the hyper-locomotion and antinociception effects of injected heroin. From these initial experiments, we conclude that with a potent adjuvant and mostly synthetic constituents, a vaccine directed to heroin and HIV-1 (H2 vaccine) could be a feasible objective. A vaccine designed to treat heroin addiction while at the same time preventing HIV infection elicited strong immune responses in mice. Scientists from the US government led by Carl Alving from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Bethesda, Maryland, created a dual vaccine formulated with three main components: a segment of a protein expressed on the surface of HIV; synthetic molecules that resemble heroin and its degradation products; and a potent adjuvant to stimulate the immune system. Mice immunized with this vaccine had high antibody titers against the HIV surface protein as well as heroin and its derivatives. These mice also showed dulled responses to injected heroin. The findings suggest this vaccine strategy could help fight heroin abuse and the high risk of HIV infection among intravenous drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar B Torres
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, 20817 MD USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Kristina K Peachman
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, 20817 MD USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, 20817 MD USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, 20817 MD USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA.,National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA.,National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Carl R Alving
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
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19
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Trinh HV, Pham P, Hamlin C, Bose M, Tovanabutra S, Kijak G, Sanders-Buell E, Eller LA, Alving CR, Kim JH, Michael NL, Robb ML, Rao M. Antibody responses induced to the C1 region of HIV-1 gp120 in acute HIV-1 infection and after vaccination. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.122.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Based on the analysis of secondary immune correlates, the RV144 phase III trial demonstrated a reduced risk of infection in vaccine recipients with high levels of ADCC activity and low HIV-1 Env specific plasma IgA antibodies (Abs). Ab responses to the HIV-1 Env constant 1 (C1) region constituted the dominant ADCC Ab response. To further explore the binding Ab profiles and determine differences in the Ab responses to the C1 region (100 amino acids) induced by vaccine versus natural HIV-1 infection, plasma samples from an early acute HIV-1 infection Thai cohort (RV217) and a phase II clinical trial, RV135 (ALVAC prime and gp120 SF2/CM235 boost adjuvanted with MF59) were evaluated by Biacore. Based on the sequencing data from 16 RV217 individuals at 3 time points (week 1, weeks 4–6 and weeks 21–27 post infection), consensus 40-mer C1 peptides with 10-mer-overlapping amino acid sequences were initially screened for binding responses in RV217 and RV135 plasma samples. This was then followed with 16-mer peptides with 8-mer overlapping amino acid sequences to match the viral sequences in individual RV217 patients at these 3 time points. Vaccinees (RV135) induced Ab responses that recognized linear C1 peptides spanning amino acids 31-46, 55-70, 61-76, 77-92, and 85-100, whereas HIV-1 infected individuals (RV217) recognized linear C1 peptides spanning amino acids 1-16, 55-70, and 77-92. Future experiments will examine the functional role of these C1-specific Abs, in particular ADCC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Viet Trinh
- 1Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF)
| | - Peter Pham
- 1Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF)
| | - Christopher Hamlin
- 1Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF)
| | - Meera Bose
- 1Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF)
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- 1Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF)
| | - Gustavo Kijak
- 1Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF)
| | - Eric Sanders-Buell
- 1Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF)
| | - Leigh A. Eller
- 1Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF)
| | | | | | | | - Merlin L. Robb
- 1Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF)
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20
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liposomes are well-known as drug carriers, and are now critical components of two of six types of adjuvants present in licensed vaccines. The liposomal vaccine adjuvant field has long been dynamic and innovative, and research in this area is further examined as new commercial products appear in parallel with new vaccines. In an arena where successful products exist the potential for new types of vaccines with liposomal adjuvants, and alternative liposomal adjuvants that could emerge for new types of vaccines, are discussed. AREAS COVERED Major areas include: virosomes, constructed from phospholipids and proteins from influenza virus particles; liposomes containing natural and synthetic neutral or anionic phospholipids, cholesterol, natural or synthetic monophosphoryl lipid A, and QS21 saponin; non-phospholipid cationic liposomes; and combinations and mixtures of liposomes and immunostimulating ingredients as adjuvants for experimental vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A and QS21 have considerable momentum that will result soon in emergence of prophylactic vaccines to malaria and shingles, and possible novel cancer vaccines. The licensed virosome vaccines to influenza and hepatitis A will be replaced with virosome vaccines to other infectious diseases. Alternative liposomal formulations are likely to emerge for difficult diseases such as tuberculosis or HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Alving
- a Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research , US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- a Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research , US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA.,b US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- a Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research , US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- a Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research , US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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21
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Jobe O, Trinh HV, Kim J, Alsalmi W, Tovanabutra S, Ehrenberg PK, Peachman KK, Gao G, Thomas R, Kim JH, Michael NL, Alving CR, Rao VB, Rao M. Effect of cytokines on Siglec-1 and HIV-1 entry in monocyte-derived macrophages: the importance of HIV-1 envelope V1V2 region. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:1089-106. [PMID: 26667473 PMCID: PMC4952014 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0815-361r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
M-CSF increased Siglec-1 expression on macrophages, rendering them more permissive to HIV-1 infection due to interaction with V1V2 region of gp120 and associated sialic acids. Monocytes and monocyte–derived macrophages express relatively low levels of CD4. Despite this, macrophages can be effectively infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Macrophages have a critical role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission; however, the mechanism or mechanisms of virus infection are poorly understood. We report that growth factors, such as granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and macrophage colony-stimulating factor affect the phenotypic profile and permissiveness of macrophages to human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of monocyte–derived macrophages derived from granulocyte macrophage and macrophage colony-stimulating factors was predominantly facilitated by the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-1. The number of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin receptors on macrophage colony-stimulating factor–derived monocyte–derived macrophages was significantly greater than on granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor–derived monocyte–derived macrophages, and correspondingly, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection was greater in the macrophage colony-stimulating factor–derived monocyte–derived macrophages. Single-genome analysis and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed that the differences in infectivity was not due to differences in viral fitness or in viral variants with differential infectivity but was due to reduced viral entry into the granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor–derived monocyte–derived macrophages. Anti-sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin, trimeric glycoprotein 145, and scaffolded V1V2 proteins were bound to sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin and significantly reduced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry and infection. Furthermore, sialic acid residues present in the V1V2 region of the envelope protein mediated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 interaction with sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin and entry into macrophage colony-stimulating factor–derived monocyte–derived macrophages. Removal of sialic acid residues or glycans from scaffolded V1V2 protein decreased human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectivity. These results highlight the importance of sialic acids on the V1V2 region in binding to sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin and suggest that the unusually long surface-exposed sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin might aid in the capture and entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into monocyte–derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousman Jobe
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Hung V Trinh
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiae Kim
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wadad Alsalmi
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Pathogenesis, Viral Sequencing Core, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; and
| | - Philip K Ehrenberg
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; Host Genetics Section, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; and
| | - Kristina K Peachman
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Guofen Gao
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rasmi Thomas
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; Host Genetics Section, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; and
| | - Jerome H Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Pathogenesis, Viral Sequencing Core, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; and
| | - Nelson L Michael
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Pathogenesis, Viral Sequencing Core, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; and
| | - Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Venigalla B Rao
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA;
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22
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Peachman KK, Karasavvas N, Chenine AL, McLinden R, Rerks-Ngarm S, Jaranit K, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Tovanabutra S, Zolla-Pazner S, Michael NL, Kim JH, Alving CR, Rao M. Identification of New Regions in HIV-1 gp120 Variable 2 and 3 Loops that Bind to α4β7 Integrin Receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143895. [PMID: 26625359 PMCID: PMC4666614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut mucosal homing integrin receptor α4β7 present on activated CD4+ T cells interacts with the HIV-1 gp120 second variable loop (V2). Case control analysis of the RV144 phase III vaccine trial demonstrated that plasma IgG binding antibodies specific to scaffolded proteins expressing the first and second variable regions (V1V2) of HIV envelope protein gp120 containing the α4β7 binding motif correlated inversely with risk of infection. Subsequently antibodies to the V3 region were also shown to correlate with protection. The integrin receptor α4β7 was shown to interact with the LDI/V motif on V2 loop but recent studies suggest that additional regions of V2 loop could interact with the α4β7. Thus, there may be several regions on the V2 and possibly V3 loops that may be involved in this binding. Using a cell line, that constitutively expressed α4β7 receptors but lacked CD4, we examined the contribution of V2 and V3 loops and the ability of V2 peptide-, V2 integrin-, V3-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and purified IgG from RV144 vaccinees to block the V2/V3-α4β7 interaction. Results We demonstrate that α4β7 on RPMI8866 cells bound specifically to its natural ligand mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) as well as to cyclic-V2 and cyclic-V3 peptides. This binding was inhibited by anti-α4β7-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) ACT-1, mAbs specific to either V2 or V3 loops, and by purified primary virions or infectious molecular clones expressing envelopes from acute or chronic subtypes A, C, and CRF01_AE viruses. Plasma from HIV-1 infected Thai individuals as well as purified IgG from uninfected RV144 vaccinees inhibited (0–50%) the binding of V2 and V3 peptides to α4β7. Conclusion Our results indicate that in addition to the tripeptide LDI/V motif, other regions of the V2 and V3 loops of gp120 were involved in binding to α4β7 receptors and this interaction was blocked by anti-V2 peptide, anti-V2 integrin, and anti-V3 antibodies. The ability of purified IgG from some of the uninfected RV144 vaccinees to inhibit α4β7 raises the hypothesis that anti-V2 and anti-V3 antibodies may play a role in blocking the gp120-α4β7 interaction after vaccination and thus prevent HIV-1 acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina K. Peachman
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Agnes-Laurence Chenine
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Robert McLinden
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | | | | | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Royal Thai Army, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Veterans Administration New York Harbor Health Care System and NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Carl R. Alving
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jalah R, Torres OB, Mayorov AV, Li F, Antoline JFG, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Deschamps JR, Beck Z, Alving CR, Matyas GR. Efficacy, but not antibody titer or affinity, of a heroin hapten conjugate vaccine correlates with increasing hapten densities on tetanus toxoid, but not on CRM197 carriers. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1041-53. [PMID: 25970207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against drugs of abuse have induced antibodies in animals that blocked the biological effects of the drug by sequestering the drug in the blood and preventing it from crossing the blood-brain barrier. Drugs of abuse are too small to induce antibodies and, therefore, require conjugation of drug hapten analogs to a carrier protein. The efficacy of these conjugate vaccines depends on several factors including hapten design, coupling strategy, hapten density, carrier protein selection, and vaccine adjuvant. Previously, we have shown that 1 (MorHap), a heroin/morphine hapten, conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) and mixed with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A [L(MPLA)] as adjuvant, partially blocked the antinociceptive effects of heroin in mice. Herein, we extended those findings, demonstrating greatly improved vaccine induced antinociceptive effects up to 3% mean maximal potential effect (%MPE). This was obtained by evaluating the effects of vaccine efficacy of hapten 1 vaccine conjugates with varying hapten densities using two different commonly used carrier proteins, TT and cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197). Immunization of mice with these conjugates mixed with L(MPLA) induced very high anti-1 IgG peak levels of 400-1500 μg/mL that bound to both heroin and its metabolites, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine. Except for the lowest hapten density for each carrier, the antibody titers and affinity were independent of hapten density. The TT carrier based vaccines induced long-lived inhibition of heroin-induced antinociception that correlated with increasing hapten density. The best formulation contained TT with the highest hapten density of ≥30 haptens/TT molecule and induced %MPE of approximately 3% after heroin challenge. In contrast, the best formulation using CRM197 was with intermediate 1 densities (10-15 haptens/CRM197 molecule), but the %MPE was approximately 13%. In addition, the chemical synthesis of 1, the optimization of the conjugation method, and the methods for the accurate quantification of hapten density are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Jalah
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Oscar B Torres
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Alexander V Mayorov
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Fuying Li
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Joshua F G Antoline
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Zoltan Beck
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Carl R Alving
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Gary R Matyas
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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24
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Beck Z, Matyas GR, Alving CR. Detection of liposomal cholesterol and monophosphoryl lipid A by QS-21 saponin and Limulus polyphemus amebocyte lysate. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 2015; 1848:775-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Steers NJ, Peachman KK, Alving CR, Rao M. Isolation and purification of proteasomes from primary cells. Curr Protoc Immunol 2014; 107:16.4.1-16.4.20. [PMID: 25367127 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1604s107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proteasomes play an important role in cell homeostasis and in orchestrating the immune response by systematically degrading foreign proteins and misfolded or damaged host cell proteins. We describe a protocol to purify functionally active proteasomes from human CD4(+) T cells and dendritic cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The purification is a three-step process involving ion-exchange chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. This method can be easily adapted to purify proteasomes from cell lines or from organs. Methods to characterize and visualize the purified proteasomes are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Steers
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristina K Peachman
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carl R Alving
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Mangala Rao
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Li F, Cheng K, Antoline JFG, Iyer MR, Matyas GR, Torres OB, Jalah R, Beck Z, Alving CR, Parrish DA, Deschamps JR, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Synthesis and immunological effects of heroin vaccines. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7211-32. [PMID: 24995943 PMCID: PMC4146676 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01053a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three haptens have been synthesized with linkers for attachment to carrier macromolecules at either the piperidino-nitrogen or via an introduced 3-amino group. Two of the haptens, with a 2-oxopropyl functionality at either C6, or at both the C3 and C6 positions on the 4,5-epoxymorphinan framework, as well as the third hapten (DiAmHap) with diamido moieties at both the C3 and C6 positions, should be much more stable in solution, or in vivo in a vaccine, than a hapten with an ester in one of those positions, as found in many heroin-based haptens. A "classical" opioid synthetic scheme enabled the formation of a 3-amino-4,5-epoxymorphinan which could not be obtained using palladium chemistry. Our vaccines are aimed at the reduction of the abuse of heroin and, as well, at the reduction of the effects of its predominant metabolites, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine. One of the haptens, DiAmHap, has given interesting results in a heroin vaccine and is clearly more suited for the purpose than the other two haptens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuying Li
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Trinh HV, Jobe O, Gao G, Alving CR, Rao V, Rao M. Characterization of the Binding Affinity of Siglec-1 to gp120, gp145, and V2 Loop via Sialic Acid Binding Motif. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.5228.abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hung V. Trinh
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program (MHRP)/HJF, Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ousman Jobe
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program (MHRP)/HJF, Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Guofen Gao
- Catholic University of America, Department of Biology, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Carl R. Alving
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Venigalla Rao
- Catholic University of America, Department of Biology, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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28
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Torres OB, Jalah R, Rice KC, Li F, Antoline JFG, Iyer MR, Jacobson AE, Boutaghou MN, Alving CR, Matyas GR. Characterization and optimization of heroin hapten-BSA conjugates: method development for the synthesis of reproducible hapten-based vaccines. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5927-37. [PMID: 25084736 PMCID: PMC4156789 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A potential new treatment for drug addiction is immunization with vaccines that induce antibodies that can abrogate the addictive effects of the drug of abuse. One of the challenges in the development of a vaccine against drugs of abuse is the availability of an optimum procedure that gives reproducible and high yielding hapten-protein conjugates. In this study, a heroin/morphine surrogate hapten (MorHap) was coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) using maleimide-thiol chemistry. MorHap-BSA conjugates with 3, 5, 10, 15, 22, 28, and 34 haptens were obtained using different linker and hapten ratios. Using this optimized procedure, MorHap-BSA conjugates were synthesized with highly reproducible results and in high yields. The number of haptens attached to BSA was compared by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) assay, modified Ellman's test and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Among the three methods, MALDI-TOF MS discriminated subtle differences in hapten density. The effect of hapten density on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) performance was evaluated with seven MorHap-BSA conjugates of varying hapten densities, which were used as coating antigens. The highest antibody binding was obtained with MorHap-BSA conjugates containing 3-5 haptens. This is the first report that rigorously analyzes, optimizes and characterizes the conjugation of haptens to proteins that can be used for vaccines against drugs of abuse. The effect of hapten density on the ELISA detection of antibodies against haptens demonstrates the importance of careful characterization of the hapten density by the analytical techniques described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar B. Torres
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | - Fuying Li
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | - Joshua F. G. Antoline
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | - Malliga R. Iyer
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | - Arthur E. Jacobson
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415 USA
| | | | - Carl R. Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
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29
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Alving CR, Matyas GR, Torres O, Jalah R, Beck Z. Adjuvants for vaccines to drugs of abuse and addiction. Vaccine 2014; 32:5382-9. [PMID: 25111169 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic vaccines to drugs of abuse, including nicotine, cocaine, heroin, oxycodone, methamphetamine, and others are being developed. The theoretical basis of such vaccines is to induce antibodies that sequester the drug in the blood in the form of antibody-bound drug that cannot cross the blood brain barrier, thereby preventing psychoactive effects. Because the drugs are haptens a successful vaccine relies on development of appropriate hapten-protein carrier conjugates. However, because induction of high and prolonged levels of antibodies is required for an effective vaccine, and because injection of T-independent haptenic drugs of abuse does not induce memory recall responses, the role of adjuvants during immunization plays a critical role. As reviewed herein, preclinical studies often use strong adjuvants such as complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvant and others that cannot be, or in the case of many newer adjuvants, have never been, employed in humans. Balanced against this, the only adjuvant that has been included in candidate vaccines in human clinical trials to nicotine and cocaine has been aluminum hydroxide gel. While aluminum salts have been widely utilized worldwide in numerous licensed vaccines, the experience with human responses to aluminum salt-adjuvanted vaccines to haptenic drugs of abuse has suggested that the immune responses are too weak to allow development of a successful vaccine. What is needed is an adjuvant or combination of adjuvants that are safe, potent, widely available, easily manufactured, and cost-effective. Based on our review of the field we recommend the following adjuvant combinations either for research or for product development for human use: aluminum salt with adsorbed monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA); liposomes containing MPLA [L(MPLA)]; L(MPLA) adsorbed to aluminum salt; oil-in-water emulsion; or oil-in-water emulsion containing MPLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Oscar Torres
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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30
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Steers NJ, Currier JR, Jobe O, Tovanabutra S, Ratto-Kim S, Marovich MA, Kim JH, Michael NL, Alving CR, Rao M. Designing the epitope flanking regions for optimal generation of CTL epitopes. Vaccine 2014; 32:3509-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Rao M, Peachman KK, Kim J, Gao G, Alving CR, Michael NL, Rao VB. HIV-1 variable loop 2 and its importance in HIV-1 infection and vaccine development. Curr HIV Res 2014; 11:427-38. [PMID: 24191938 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x113116660064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine that can prevent the transmission of HIV-1 at the site of exposure to the host is one of the best hopes to control the HIV-1 pandemic. The trimeric envelope spike consisting of heterodimers, gp120 and gp41, is essential for virus entry and thus has been a key target for HIV-1 vaccine development. However, it has been extremely difficult to identify the types of antibodies required to block the transmission of various HIV-1 strains and the immunogens that can elicit such antibodies due to the high genetic diversity of the HIV-1 envelope. The modest efficacy of the gp120 HIV-1 vaccine used in the RV144 Thai trial, including the studies on the immune correlates of protection, and the discovery of vaccine-induced immune responses to certain signature regions of the envelope have shown that the gp120 variable loop 2 (V2) is an important region. Since there is evidence that the V2 region interacts with the integrin α4β7 receptor of the host cell, and that this interaction might be important for virus capture, induction of antibodies against V2 loop could be postulated as one of the mechanisms to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1. Immunogens that can induce these antibodies should therefore be taken into consideration when designing HIV-1 vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Rao
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, USMHRP at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Rm 2A08, Sliver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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32
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Matyas GR, Rice KC, Cheng K, Li F, Antoline JFG, Iyer MR, Jacobson AE, Mayorov AV, Beck Z, Torres OB, Alving CR. Facial recognition of heroin vaccine opiates: type 1 cross-reactivities of antibodies induced by hydrolytically stable haptenic surrogates of heroin, 6-acetylmorphine, and morphine. Vaccine 2014; 32:1473-9. [PMID: 24486371 PMCID: PMC4090106 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel synthetic compounds similar to heroin and its major active metabolites, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine, were examined as potential surrogate haptens for the ability to interface with the immune system for a heroin vaccine. Recent studies have suggested that heroin-like haptens must degrade hydrolytically to induce independent immune responses both to heroin and to the metabolites, resulting in antisera containing mixtures of antibodies (type 2 cross-reactivity). To test this concept, two unique hydrolytically stable haptens were created based on presumed structural facial similarities to heroin or to its active metabolites. After conjugation of a heroin-like hapten (DiAmHap) to tetanus toxoid and mixing with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A, high titers of antibodies after two injections in mice had complementary binding sites that exhibited strong type 1 ("true") specific cross-reactivity with heroin and with both of its physiologically active metabolites. Mice immunized with each surrogate hapten exhibited reduced antinociceptive effects caused by injection of heroin. This approach obviates the need to create hydrolytically unstable synthetic heroin-like compounds to induce independent immune responses to heroin and its active metabolites for vaccine development. Facial recognition of hydrolytically stable surrogate haptens by antibodies together with type 1 cross-reactivities with heroin and its metabolites can help to guide synthetic chemical strategies for efficient development of a heroin vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 4N03, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA
| | - Kejun Cheng
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 4N03, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA
| | - Fuying Li
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 4N03, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA
| | - Joshua F G Antoline
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 4N03, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 4N03, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 4N03, Bethesda, MD 20892-9415, USA
| | - Alexander V Mayorov
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Oscar B Torres
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Beck Z, Jagodzinski LL, Eller MA, Thelian D, Matyas GR, Kunz AN, Alving CR. Platelets and erythrocyte-bound platelets bind infectious HIV-1 in plasma of chronically infected patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81002. [PMID: 24282562 PMCID: PMC3839895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV-1 infection is associated with persistent viremia in most patients, but it remains unclear how free virus may survive the potential hostile effects of plasma. We investigated whether sites might exist on the surfaces of circulating blood cells for protection of infectious HIV-1 particles. Red blood cells (RBC) either from blood of uninfected normal individuals, or from blood obtained without EDTA from chronically infected HIV-1 patients, invariably contained a small number of RBC having attached platelets as determined by flow cytometry, light microscopy, and immunofluorescence microscopy. After mixing normal RBC with platelet-rich plasma, discrete populations of RBC, platelets, and complexes of platelets attached to RBC were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Upon incubation of purified cells or platelets with HIV-1 followed by washing and co-incubation with CD4-positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), platelets, and platelet-RBC complexes, but not platelet-free RBC, caused infection of PBMC. Infection was prevented by pre-treating the platelet-RBC complexes with EDTA. Plasma and RBC (comprising a RBC/platelet-RBC mixture) from chronically infected patients with low viral loads were also co-incubated with PBMC ex vivo to determine the presence of infectious HIV-1. All freshly isolated plasmas from the HIV-1-infected donors, obtained in the absence of anticoagulant, were noninfectious. Interestingly, the RBC from most of the patients caused cell-cell infection of PBMC that was prevented by stripping the RBC with EDTA. A monoclonal antibody to DC-SIGN partially inhibited cell-cell HIV-1 infection of PBMC by normal RBC pre-incubated with platelets and HIV-1. We conclude: (a) platelet-free EDTA-free plasma from chronically infected HIV-1 patients, although containing viral RNA, is an environment that lacks detectable infectious HIV-1; (b) platelets and platelet-RBC complexes, but not purified RBC, bind infectious HIV-1; (c) DC-SIGN, and possibly other C-type lectins, may represent binding sites for infectious HIV-1 on platelets and platelet-RBC complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Beck
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Linda L. Jagodzinski
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Doris Thelian
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anjali N. Kunz
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carl R. Alving
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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Matyas GR, Mayorov AV, Rice KC, Jacobson AE, Cheng K, Iyer MR, Li F, Beck Z, Janda KD, Alving CR. Liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A: a potent adjuvant system for inducing antibodies to heroin hapten analogs. Vaccine 2013; 31:2804-10. [PMID: 23624097 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to create an effective immunization approach for a potential vaccine to heroin, liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A [L(MPLA)] were tested as an adjuvant system to induce antibodies to heroin hapten analogs. Four synthetic haptens and two immunization strategies were employed. In the first strategy, a hydrophobic 23 amino acid immunogenic peptide derived from the membrane proximal external region of gp41 from HIV-1 envelope protein was embedded as a carrier in the outer surface of L(MPLA), to which was conjugated a 15 amino acid universal T cell epitope and a terminal heroin hapten analog. In the second strategy, tetanus toxoid (TT) carrier protein was decorated with haptens by conjugation, and the hapten-conjugated protein was mixed with L(MPLA). After immunization of mice, each of the immunization strategies was effective for induction of IgG anti-hapten antibodies. The first immunization strategy induced a mean end-point IgG titer against one of two haptens tested of approximately 12,800; however, no detectable antibodies were induced against the liposome-associated HIV-1 carrier peptide. In the second immunization strategy, depending on the hapten used for decorating the TT, end-point IgG titers ranged from 100,000 to 6,500,000. In this strategy, in which hapten was conjugated to the TT, end-point IgG titers of 400,000 to the TT carrier were observed with each conjugate. However, upon mixing unconjugated TT with L(MPLA), anti-TT titers of 6,500,000 were observed. We conclude that L(MPLA) serves as a potent adjuvant for inducing antibodies to candidate heroin haptens. However, antibodies to the carrier peptide or protein were partly or completed inhibited by the presence of conjugated hapten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Alving CR, Rao M, Steers NJ, Matyas GR, Mayorov AV. Liposomes containing lipid A: an effective, safe, generic adjuvant system for synthetic vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:733-44. [PMID: 22873129 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) have previously exhibited considerable potency and safety in human trials with a variety of candidate vaccines, including vaccines to malaria, HIV-1 and several different types of cancer. The long history of research and development of MPLA and liposomal MPLA as vaccine adjuvants reveals that there are numerous opportunities for creation and development of generic (nonproprietary) adjuvant system formulations with these materials that are not only highly potent and safe, but also readily available as native materials or as synthetic compounds. They are easily manufactured as potentially inexpensive and easy to use adjuvant systems and might be effective even with synthetic peptides as antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope spike is a trimer of heterodimers composed of an external glycoprotein gp120 and a transmembrane glycoprotein gp41. gp120 initiates virus entry by binding to host receptors, whereas gp41 mediates fusion between viral and host membranes. Although the basic pathway of HIV-1 entry has been extensively studied, the detailed mechanism is still poorly understood. Design of gp41 recombinants that mimic key intermediates is essential to elucidate the mechanism as well as to develop potent therapeutics and vaccines. Here, using molecular genetics and biochemical approaches, a series of hypotheses was tested to overcome the extreme hydrophobicity of HIV-1 gp41 and design a soluble near full-length gp41 trimer. The two long heptad repeat helices HR1 and HR2 of gp41 ectodomain were mutated to disrupt intramolecular HR1-HR2 interactions but not intermolecular HR1-HR1 interactions. This resulted in reduced aggregation and improved solubility. Attachment of a 27-amino acid foldon at the C terminus and slow refolding channeled gp41 into trimers. The trimers appear to be stabilized in a prehairpin-like structure, as evident from binding of a HR2 peptide to exposed HR1 grooves, lack of binding to hexa-helical bundle-specific NC-1 mAb, and inhibition of virus neutralization by broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10. Fusion to T4 small outer capsid protein, Soc, allowed display of gp41 trimers on the phage nanoparticle. These approaches for the first time led to the design of a soluble gp41 trimer containing both the fusion peptide and the cytoplasmic domain, providing insights into the mechanism of entry and development of gp41-based HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofen Gao
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
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Rao M, Karasavvas N, Pinter A, Liao H, Bonsignori M, Mathieson B, Zolla-Pazner S, Haynes BF, Michael NL, Kim JH, Alving CR, Peachman KK. Detection of antibodies to the α4β7 integrin binding site on HIV-1 gp120 V2 loop using a novel cell adhesion assay. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3442056 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Beck Z, Matyas GR, Polonis VR, Alving CR. Neutralization and enhancement of trans infection by erythrocyte-bound HIV with antibodies and complement. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3442076 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Matyas GR, Jobe O, Wieczorek L, Peachman KK, Beck Z, Polonis VR, Rao M, Alving CR. Cross-clade neutralization of HIV-1 by a monoclonal antibody obtained by immunization with liposomes containing lipid A and a synthetic MPER peptide. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3442087 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Steers NJ, Ratto-Kim S, de Souza MS, Currier JR, Kim JH, Michael NL, Alving CR, Rao M. HIV-1 envelope resistance to proteasomal cleavage: implications for vaccine induced immune responses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42579. [PMID: 22880042 PMCID: PMC3412807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen processing involves many proteolytic enzymes such as proteasomes and cathepsins. The processed antigen is then presented on the cell surface bound to either MHC class I or class II molecules and induces/interacts with antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells, respectively. Preliminary immunological data from the RV144 phase III trial indicated that the immune responses were biased towards the Env antigen with a dominant CD4+ T-cell response. METHODS In this study, we examined the susceptibility of HIV-1 Env-A244 gp120 protein, one of the protein boost subunits of the RV144 Phase III vaccine trial, to proteasomes and cathepsins and identified the generated peptide epitope repertoire by mass spectrometry. The peptide fragments were tested for cytokine production in CD4(+) T-cell lines derived from RV144 volunteers. RESULTS Env-A244 was resistant to proteasomes, thus diminishing the possibility of the generation of class I epitopes by the classical MHC class I pathway. However, Env-A244 was efficiently cleaved by cathepsins generating peptide arrays identified by mass spectrometry that contained both MHC class I and class II epitopes as reported in the Los Alamos database. Each of the cathepsins generated distinct degradation patterns containing regions of light and dense epitope clusters. The sequence DKKQKVHALF that is part of the V2 loop of gp120 produced by cathepsins induced a polyfunctional cytokine response including the generation of IFN-γ from CD4(+) T-cell lines-derived from RV144 vaccinees. This sequence is significant since antibodies to the V1/V2-loop region correlated inversely with HIV-1 infection in the RV144 trial. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, the susceptibility of Env-A244 to cathepsins and not to proteasomes suggests a possible mechanism for the generation of Env-specific CD4(+)T cell and antibody responses in the RV144 vaccinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Steers
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Silvia Ratto-Kim
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark S. de Souza
- Armed Forces Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey R. Currier
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carl R. Alving
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mangala Rao
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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Zollinger WD, Babcock JG, Moran EE, Brandt BL, Matyas GR, Wassef NM, Alving CR. Phase I study of a Neisseria meningitidis liposomal vaccine containing purified outer membrane proteins and detoxified lipooligosaccharide. Vaccine 2011; 30:712-21. [PMID: 22138211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purified outer membrane proteins and purified deacylated lipooligosaccharide (dLOS) were formulated for use as a vaccine in three formulations for clinical use. The three vaccine formulations included (1) purified outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and L8-5 dLOS adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide; (2) purified OMPs and L8-5 dLOS incorporated into liposomes; and (3) purified OMPs and L7 dLOS incorporated into proteoliposomes. The vaccines were compared for immunogenicity and safety in a phase 1clinical study. Ten adult volunteers were vaccinated with each of the three vaccine formulations. Two 50 μg doses were given six weeks apart, and serum samples were obtained at 0, 2, 6, 8 and 14 weeks. Volunteers were evaluated for reactogenicity 30 min after vaccination and at days 1, 2, and 14 after each vaccination, and laboratory safety tests were done at 0, 2 and 6 weeks. Overall, the vaccines were well tolerated. Bactericidal assays against a homologous strain showed a four-fold or greater increase in titer in 6 of 7 volunteers in group one, 9 of 10 volunteers in group two, and 5 of 10 volunteers in group three. A quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbant assay showed increases in antibody against both OMPs and LOS antigens. The liposome formulation appeared to be particularly effective in presenting the dLOS as an antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell D Zollinger
- The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States.
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Alving CR, Rao M, Peachman KK, Asher L, Rao VB. Liposomes containing glucosyl ceramide specifically bind T4 bacteriophage: a self-assembling nanocarrier formulation. J Liposome Res 2011; 21:279-85. [PMID: 21401373 DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2011.559646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A unique formulation is described comprising liposomes containing glucosyl ceramide (GluCer) in the lipid bilayer to which bacteriophage T4 was attached. Binding of the phage T4 did not occur to glycolipids, such as galactosyl ceramide, containing an aldose in which the C-2 or C-4 conformations were not identical to glucose. These results strongly support previous proposals that glucose is a major receptor moiety for T4 binding to Escherichia coli. By using the binding of T4 to liposomal GluCer, we further describe a formulation that can be used as a self-assembling combined antigen and adjuvant carrier. A peptide antigen derived from C-trimer (Ct) of HIV-1 gp41 was fused to the highly antigenic outer capsid protein (Hoc), a nonessential protein of T4 that spontaneously binds to the T4 capsid. This resulted in display of the Ct-Hoc construct on the T4 capsid, and specific binding of a human monoclonal antibody that recognizes a peptide sequence of Ct was demonstrated. Liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) have been demonstrated to have potent adjuvant activities for experimental vaccines both in humans and animals, and because of this, mice were immunized with the Ct-Hoc-T4 construct that was bound to liposomes containing both GluCer and MPLA, resulting in the induction of high titers of Ct-specific antibodies. We conclude that liposomes containing both GluCer and MPLA can spontaneously bind to a construct of T4 that displays antigens that spontaneously binds to the capsid of T4 bacteriophage. This formulation could be utilized as an easily manufactured self-assembling antigen and adjuvant carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Alving
- Department of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
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Peachman KK, Wieczorek L, Matyas GR, Polonis VR, Alving CR, Rao M. The importance of antibody isotype in HIV-1 virus capture assay and in TZM-bl neutralization. Viral Immunol 2011; 23:627-32. [PMID: 21142448 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of murine IgM mAbs to five different clades of HIV-1 was examined using a modified ELISA-based virus capture assay. Two murine multispecific IgM mAbs that exhibit both lipid and gp41 epitope specificities, and one murine IgM mAb that exhibits lipid-binding specificity, were utilized. The binding of the IgG and the IgM isotypes of human mAb 2F5 to clades A through AE were also evaluated. The binding of 2F5 to HIV-1 was dependent upon the antibody isotype. Monoclonal IgM antibodies bound significantly lower amounts of HIV-1 than the corresponding IgG isotype. Although murine IgM mAbs bound HIV-1 to varying degrees in the virus capture assay, they failed to neutralize HIV-1 in a TZM-bl pseudovirus assay. In contrast, 2F5-IgM mAb bound certain HIV-1 isolates, and also neutralized them, although not as efficiently as the 2F5-IgG isotype. Studies on the relationship between virus binding and neutralization in a TZM-bl pseudovirus assay indicated that in most cases, mAbs that exhibited neutralization also bound the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina K Peachman
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Rao M, Peachman KK, Li Q, Matyas GR, Shivachandra SB, Borschel R, Morthole VI, Fernandez-Prada C, Alving CR, Rao VB. Highly effective generic adjuvant systems for orphan or poverty-related vaccines. Vaccine 2010; 29:873-7. [PMID: 21115053 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Safe and effective adjuvants are needed for many vaccines with limited commercial appeal, such as vaccines to infrequent (orphan) diseases or to neglected and poverty-related diseases. Here we found that three nonproprietary liposome formulations containing monophosphoryl lipid A each induced 3-fold to 5-fold increased titers of binding and neutralizing antibodies to anthrax protective antigen compared to aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed antigen in monkeys. All vaccinated monkeys were protected against lethal challenge with aerosolized Ames strain spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Rao
- Division of Retrovirology, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Matyas GR, Wieczorek L, Bansal D, Chenine AL, Sanders-Buell E, Tovanabutra S, Kim JH, Polonis V, Alving CR. Inhibition of HIV-1 infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by a monoclonal antibody that binds to phosphoinositides and induces secretion of β-chemokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:808-12. [PMID: 21040700 PMCID: PMC7173129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A murine IgG mAb, WR321, selected for the ability to bind to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, but an inability to bind to any of 17 other lipids, including phosphatidylinositol, was examined as a probe for studying interactions of HIV-1 with primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The WR321 mAb broadly neutralized CCR5-tropic strains of HIV-1 to prevent infection of the cells. The mAb also exhibited direct interaction with cells in the culture, resulting in secretion of chemokines that interfered with the interaction of HIV-1 virions with CCR5, the coreceptor for HIV-1 on the susceptible cells, leading to inhibition of infection by HIV-1. Phosphoinositides that are recognized by WR321 do not exist on the external surface of cells, but are concentrated on the inner surface (cytoplasmic leaflet) of the plasma membrane. Murine anti-phosphoinositide mAbs similar to WR321 have previously been directly microinjected into a variety of cultured cells, resulting in important changes in the functions of the cells. The present results suggest that binding of a mAb to phosphoinositides, resulting in secretion of β-chemokines into the culture medium and neutralization of infection by CCR5-tropic HIV-1 of nearby susceptible cells, occurred by uptake and binding of the mAb at an intracellular location in the cultured cells that then led to secretion of HIV-1-inhibitory β-chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Matyas
- Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Beck Z, Brown BK, Wieczorek L, Peachman KK, Matyas GR, Polonis VR, Rao M, Alving CR. Human erythrocytes selectively bind and enrich infectious HIV-1 virions. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8297. [PMID: 20011536 PMCID: PMC2788743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although CD4(+) cells represent the major target for HIV infection in blood, claims of complement-independent binding of HIV-1 to erythrocytes and the possible role of Duffy blood group antigen, have generated controversy. To examine the question of binding to erythrocytes, HIV-1 was incubated in vitro with erythrocytes from 30 healthy leukapheresis donors, and binding was determined by p24 analysis and adsorption of HIV-1 with reduction of infectivity for CD4(+) target cells. All of the cells, regardless of blood group type, bound HIV-1 p24. A typical preparation of erythrocytes bound <2.4% of the added p24, but erythrocytes selectively removed essentially all of the viral infectivity as determined by decreased infection of CD4(+) target cells; however, cell-associated HIV-1 was approximately 100-fold more efficient, via trans infection, than unadsorbed virus for infection of CD4(+) cells. All of the bound HIV-1 p24 was released by treatment of the cells with EDTA, and binding was optimized by adding Ca2+ and Mg2+ during the washing of erythrocytes containing bound HIV-1. Although the small number of contaminating leukocytes in the erythrocyte preparation also bound HIV-1 p24, there was no significant binding to CD4, and it thus appears that the binding occurred on leukocytes at non-CD4 sites. Furthermore, binding occurred to erythrocyte ghosts from which contaminating leukocytes had been previously removed. The results demonstrate that erythrocytes incubated in vitro with HIV-1 differentially adsorb all of the infectious HIV-1 virions (as opposed to non-infectious or degraded virions) in the absence of complement and independent of blood group, and binding is dependent on divalent cations. By analogy with HIV-1 bound to DC-SIGN on dendritic cells, erythrocyte-bound HIV-1 might comprise an important surface reservoir for trans infection of permissive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Beck
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruce K. Brown
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristina K. Peachman
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victoria R. Polonis
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mangala Rao
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carl R. Alving
- Division of Retrovirology, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Peachman KK, Mclean DM, Tong JC, Alving CR, Rao M. Ganglioside GM1 Binding Peptides: A Potential Adjuvant for Transcutaneous Immunization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2174/1874226200902010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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48
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Beck Z, Karasavvas N, Matyas GR, Alving CR. P12-08. Membrane-specific antibodies that simultaneously bind to gp41 of HIV-1 and membrane lipid epitopes are induced by immunization with liposomes. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767664 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Peachman K, Wieczorek L, Polonis VR, Alving CR, Rao M. P04-19. Analysis of the binding of multiple clades of HIV-1 by a modified virus capture assay. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767948 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Weaver KL, Peachman KK, Boonnak K, Wieczorek L, Matyas GR, Asher LM, Polonis VR, Marovich M, Alving CR, Rao M. P04-22. Multispecific monoclonal antibodies bind to primary human macrophages and induce the production of protective chemokines, MIP-1α and MIP-1β. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767952 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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