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Abstract
Peptide libraries are a highly useful tool for drug development. While most preparations of peptide libraries are laborious during either the synthesis or its screening, the SPOT synthesis offers the possibility of directly synthesizing large numbers of peptides on a planar surface. As a positionally addressable, multiple solid-phase synthesis technique, the synthesis allows a very convenient handling during the screening of that peptide library in a form of an array. This publication will provide protocols for the basic procedures of the SPOT synthesis and references to some important literature regarding that technique and its application.
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2
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Ruhs S, Strätz N, Quarch K, Masch A, Schutkowski M, Gekle M, Grossmann C. Modulation of transcriptional mineralocorticoid receptor activity by casein kinase 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15340. [PMID: 29127314 PMCID: PMC5681688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases is a multifunctional process in which the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor, is involved as proven by numerous clinical studies. The development of pathophysiological MR actions depends on the existence of additional factors e.g. inflammatory cytokines and seems to involve posttranslational MR modifications e.g. phosphorylation. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional serine/threonine kinase that can be activated under inflammatory conditions as the MR. Sequence analysis and inhibitor experiments revealed that CK2 acts as a positive modulator of MR activity by facilitating MR-DNA interaction with subsequent rapid MR degradation. Peptide microarrays and site-directed mutagenesis experiments identified the highly conserved S459 as a functionally relevant CK2 phosphorylation site of the MR. Moreover, MR-CK2 protein-protein interaction mediated by HSP90 was shown by co-immunoprecipitation. During inflammation, cytokine stimulation led to a CK2-dependent increased expression of proinflammatory genes. The additional MR activation by aldosterone during cytokine stimulation augmented CK2-dependent NFκB signaling which enhanced the expression of proinflammatory genes further. Overall, in an inflammatory environment the bidirectional CK2-MR interaction aggravate the existing pathophysiological cellular situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ruhs
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06112, Germany.
| | - Nicole Strätz
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06112, Germany
| | - Katja Quarch
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06112, Germany
| | - Antonia Masch
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Division of Enzymology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06110, Germany
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Division of Enzymology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06110, Germany
| | - Michael Gekle
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06112, Germany
| | - Claudia Grossmann
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06112, Germany
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3
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Palma A, Tinti M, Paoluzi S, Santonico E, Brandt BW, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, Masch A, Heringa J, Schutkowski M, Castagnoli L, Cesareni G. Both Intrinsic Substrate Preference and Network Context Contribute to Substrate Selection of Classical Tyrosine Phosphatases. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4942-4952. [PMID: 28159843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.757518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation is a widespread post-translational modification mechanism underlying cell physiology. Thus, understanding the mechanisms responsible for substrate selection by kinases and phosphatases is central to our ability to model signal transduction at a system level. Classical protein-tyrosine phosphatases can exhibit substrate specificity in vivo by combining intrinsic enzymatic specificity with the network of protein-protein interactions, which positions the enzymes in close proximity to their substrates. Here we use a high throughput approach, based on high density phosphopeptide chips, to determine the in vitro substrate preference of 16 members of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. This approach helped identify one residue in the substrate binding pocket of the phosphatase domain that confers specificity for phosphopeptides in a specific sequence context. We also present a Bayesian model that combines intrinsic enzymatic specificity and interaction information in the context of the human protein interaction network to infer new phosphatase substrates at the proteome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Palma
- From the Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Tinti
- From the Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Paoluzi
- From the Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Santonico
- From the Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Bernd Willem Brandt
- the Centre for Integrative Bioinformatics, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and
| | | | - Antonia Masch
- the Institut für Biochemie & Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Jaap Heringa
- the Centre for Integrative Bioinformatics, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- the Institut für Biochemie & Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Luisa Castagnoli
- From the Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Cesareni
- From the Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy,
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Labots M, Gotink KJ, Dekker H, Azijli K, van der Mijn JC, Huijts CM, Piersma SR, Jiménez CR, Verheul HMW. Evaluation of a tyrosine kinase peptide microarray for tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy selection in cancer. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e279. [PMID: 27980342 PMCID: PMC5192072 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized cancer medicine aims to accurately predict the response of individual patients to targeted therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Clinical implementation of this concept requires a robust selection tool. Here, using both cancer cell lines and tumor tissue from patients, we evaluated a high-throughput tyrosine kinase peptide substrate array to determine its readiness as a selection tool for TKI therapy. We found linearly increasing phosphorylation signal intensities of peptides representing kinase activity along the kinetic curve of the assay with 7.5–10 μg of lysate protein and up to 400 μM adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Basal kinase activity profiles were reproducible with intra- and inter-experiment coefficients of variation of <15% and <20%, respectively. Evaluation of 14 tumor cell lines and tissues showed similar consistently high phosphorylated peptides in their basal profiles. Incubation of four patient-derived tumor lysates with the TKIs dasatinib, sunitinib, sorafenib and erlotinib primarily caused inhibition of substrates that were highly phosphorylated in the basal profile analyses. Using recombinant Src and Axl kinase, relative substrate specificity was demonstrated for a subset of peptides, as their phosphorylation was reverted by co-incubation with a specific inhibitor. In conclusion, we demonstrated robust technical specifications of this high-throughput tyrosine kinase peptide microarray. These features required as little as 5–7 μg of protein per sample, facilitating clinical implementation as a TKI selection tool. However, currently available peptide substrates can benefit from an enhancement of the differential potential for complex samples such as tumor lysates. We propose that mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics may provide such an enhancement by identifying more discriminative peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette Labots
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristy J Gotink
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Dekker
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kaamar Azijli
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Charlotte M Huijts
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander R Piersma
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jiménez
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk M W Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Abstract
The automated SPOT (synthetic peptide arrays on membrane support technique) synthesis technology has entrenched as a rapid and robust method to generate peptide libraries on cellulose membrane supports. The synthesis method is based on conventional Fmoc chemistry building up peptides with free N-terminal amino acids starting at their cellulose-coupled C-termini. Several hundreds of peptide sequences can be assembled with this technique on one membrane comprising a strong binding potential due to high local peptide concentrations. Peptide orientation on SPOT membranes qualifies this array type for assaying substrate specificities of N-recognins, the recognition elements of the N-end rule pathway of targeted protein degradation (NERD). Pioneer studies described binding capability of mammalian and yeast enzymes depending on a peptide's N-terminus. SPOT arrays have been successfully used to describe substrate specificity of N-recognins which are the recognition elements of the N-end rule pathway of targeted protein degradation (NERD). Here, we describe the implementation of SPOT binding assays with focus on the identification of N-recognin substrates, applicable also for plant NERD enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Klecker
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany.,ScienceCampus Halle - Plant-Based Bioeconomy, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany. .,ScienceCampus Halle - Plant-Based Bioeconomy, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Secondary Structure Determination of Peptides and Proteins After Immobilization. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1352:35-50. [PMID: 26490466 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3037-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The presentation of immobilized peptides and other small biomolecules attached to surfaces can be greatly affected by the attachment chemistry and linking moieties, resulting in altered activity and specificity. For this reason, it is critical to understand how the various aspects of surface immobilization-underlying substrate properties, tether structure, and site of linkage-affect the secondary and quaternary structures of the immobilized species. Here, we present methods for attaching cysteine-containing peptides to quartz surfaces and determining the secondary structure of surface-immobilized peptides. We specifically show that, even when covalently immobilized, changes in peptide conformation can still occur, with measurement occurring in real time.
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Thongwichian R, Kosten J, Benary U, Rose HM, Stuiver M, Theillet FX, Dose A, Koch B, Yokoyama H, Schwarzer D, Wolf J, Selenko P. A Multiplexed NMR-Reporter Approach to Measure Cellular Kinase and Phosphatase Activities in Real-Time. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6468-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Uwe Benary
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC Berlin), Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Birgit Koch
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hideki Yokoyama
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jana Wolf
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC Berlin), Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Yim YY, Betke K, Hamm H. Using peptide arrays created by the SPOT method for defining protein-protein interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1278:307-320. [PMID: 25859957 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2425-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating sites of protein-protein interactions can be an arduous task involving extensive mutagenesis work and attempts to express and purify individual proteins in sufficient quantities. Peptide mapping is a useful alternative to traditional methods as it allows rapid detection of regions and/or individual residues important for binding, and it can be readily applied to numerous proteins at once. Here we describe the use of the ResPep SL SPOT method to evaluate protein-protein binding interactions such as that between G-protein βγ subunits and SNARE proteins, identifying both regions of interest and subsequently individual residues which can then be manipulated in further biochemical assays to confirm their validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Young Yim
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 442 Robinson Research Building, 23rd Ave. South @ Pierce, Nashville, TN, 37232-6600, USA
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Schnatbaum K, Schmoldt HU, Daneschdar M, Plum LM, Jansong J, Zerweck J, Kühne Y, Masch A, Wenschuh H, Fiedler M, Türeci Ö, Sahin U, Reimer U. Peptide microarrays enable rapid mimotope optimization for pharmacokinetic analysis of the novel therapeutic antibody IMAB362. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:545-54. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Chapman JD, Gagné JP, Poirier GG, Goodlett DR. Mapping PARP-1 auto-ADP-ribosylation sites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1868-80. [PMID: 23438649 DOI: 10.1021/pr301219h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel method for the identification of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) autopoly(ADP-ribosyl)ation sites that is suited to collision induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectrometry. By employing phosphodiesterase to remove the majority of the poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) modification, we reduce the complexity of tandem mass spectrometric analysis of pADPr-modified tryptic peptides. The simplified ribose-5'-phosphate form of the peptides produce tandem mass spectra by CID that are readily interpreted and enable effective localization of the exact sites of PARP-1-catalyzed poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. In conjunction with a phosphopeptide-like enrichment strategy that captures the ribose-5'-phosphate peptides, we identified eight novel sites of PARP-1 automodification, confirmed the localization of two sites previously reported, and provided evidence for two additional targeted peptides with ambiguous modification site assignments. Given the simplicity of the approach, the method is readily applicable to analysis of complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Chapman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, United States
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11
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Jaeger IS, Kretzschmar I, Körner J, Weiser AA, Mahrenholz CC, Potty A, Kourentzi K, Willson RC, Volkmer R, Preissner R. Mapping discontinuous protein-binding sites via structure-based peptide libraries: combiningin silicoandin vitroapproaches. J Mol Recognit 2012; 26:23-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines S. Jaeger
- Institute for Physiology, Structural Bioinformatics Group; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Lindenberger Weg 80; 13125; Berlin; Germany
| | - Ines Kretzschmar
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Molecular Libraries and Recognition Group; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Hessische Strasse 3-4; 10115; Berlin; Germany
| | - Jana Körner
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FMP); R.-Rössle-Strasse 10; 13125; Berlin; Germany
| | | | - Carsten C. Mahrenholz
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Molecular Libraries and Recognition Group; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Hessische Strasse 3-4; 10115; Berlin; Germany
| | | | - Katerina Kourentzi
- University of Houston; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Houston; TX; 77204-4004; USA
| | - Richard C. Willson
- University of Houston; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Houston; TX; 77204-4004; USA
| | - Rudolf Volkmer
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Molecular Libraries and Recognition Group; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Hessische Strasse 3-4; 10115; Berlin; Germany
| | - Robert Preissner
- Institute for Physiology, Structural Bioinformatics Group; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Lindenberger Weg 80; 13125; Berlin; Germany
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12
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Kim DH, Shin DS, Lee YS. Determination of protease subsite preference on SPOT peptide array by fluorescence quenching-based assay. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:394-9. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyun Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul; 151-747; Korea
| | - Dong-Sik Shin
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul; 151-747; Korea
| | - Yoon-Sik Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul; 151-747; Korea
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13
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Katz C, Levy-Beladev L, Rotem-Bamberger S, Rito T, Rüdiger SGD, Friedler A. Studying protein–protein interactions using peptide arrays. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:2131-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00029a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wu D, Sylvester JE, Parker LL, Zhou G, Kron SJ. Peptide reporters of kinase activity in whole cell lysates. Biopolymers 2010; 94:475-86. [PMID: 20593469 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Kinase assays are used to screen for small-molecule inhibitors that may show promise as targeted pharmaceutical therapies. Using cell lysates instead of purified kinases provides a more accurate estimate of inhibitor sensitivity and selectivity in a biological setting. This review summarizes the range of homogeneous (solution-phase) and heterogeneous (solid-supported) formats available for using peptide substrates to monitor kinase activities in cell lysates. With a focus on heterogeneous kinase assays, the peptide substrate Abltide is used as a model to optimize presentation geometries and the modular arrangement of short sequences for kinase recognition. We present results from peptides immobilized on two- and three-dimensional surfaces such as hydrogels on 96-well plates and glass slides, and fluorescent Luminex beads. We discuss methods to increase assay sensitivity using chemifluorescent ELISAs, antibody-based recognition, and label-free mass spectrometry. Monitoring the activity of specific kinases in cell lysates presents challenges that can be overcome by manipulating peptide substrates to optimize assay conditions. In particular, signal-to-background ratios were improved by (1) adding long branched hydrophilic linkers between the substrate and the surface, (2) changing the orientation of peptides relative to the surface, and (3) including peptide ligands in cis or in trans to recruit kinases to the surface. By improving the accessibility of immobilized peptide substrates to kinases in solution, the apparent rate of phosphorylation increased and assays were more sensitive to changes in endogenous kinase activities. These strategies can be generalized to improve the reactivity of most peptide substrates used in heterogeneous kinase assays with cell lysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Wu
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Wang X, Shi L, Tao Q, Bao H, Wu J, Cai D, Wang F, Zhao Y, Tian G, Li Y, Qao C, Chen H. A protein chip designed to differentiate visually antibodies in chickens which were infected by four different viruses. J Virol Methods 2010; 167:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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