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Sierra-Campos E, Valdez-Solana M, Avitia-Domínguez C, Campos-Almazán M, Flores-Molina I, García-Arenas G, Téllez-Valencia A. Effects of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract on Diabetes-Induced Alterations in Paraoxonase 1 and Catalase in Rats Analyzed through Progress Kinetic and Blind Docking. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090840. [PMID: 32911700 PMCID: PMC7555439 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In our study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of Moringa oleifera leaves extract on rat paraoxonase 1 (rPON1) and catalase (rCAT) activities in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Our study included three groups; group C (control, n = 5); group D (diabetic, n = 5); and group DM (M. oleifera extract-supplemented diabetic rats, n = 5). Daily oral administration of M. oleifera extract at 200 mg/kg doses produced an increase in endogenous antioxidants. Serum rPON1 (lactonase) and liver cytosol catalase activities were determined by a spectrophotometric assay using progress curve analysis. We found a decrease in the Vm value of rPON1 in diabetic rats, but dihydrocoumarin (DHC) affinity (Km) was slightly increased. The value of Vm for the DM group was found to be reduced approximately by a factor of 3 compared with those obtained for group C, whereas Km was largely changed (96 times). Catalase activity was significantly higher in the DM group. These data suggest that the activation of rPON1 and rCAT activities by M. oleifera extracts may be mediated via the effect of the specific flavonoids on the enzyme structure. In addition, through molecular blind docking analysis, rPON1 was found to have two binding sites for flavonoids. In contrast, flavonoids bound at four sites in rCAT. In conclusion, the data suggest that compounds from M. oleifera leaves extract were able to influence the catalytic activities of both enzymes to compensate for the changes provoked by diabetes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Sierra-Campos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango Campus Gómez Palacio, Avenida Artículo 123 S/N, Fracc, Filadelfia, Gómez Palacio 35010, Mexico; (M.V.-S.); (I.F.-M.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.-C.); (A.T.-V.)
| | - Mónica Valdez-Solana
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango Campus Gómez Palacio, Avenida Artículo 123 S/N, Fracc, Filadelfia, Gómez Palacio 35010, Mexico; (M.V.-S.); (I.F.-M.)
| | - Claudia Avitia-Domínguez
- Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad y Fanny Anitúa S/N, Durango 34000, Mexico; (C.A.-D.); (M.C.-A.)
| | - Mara Campos-Almazán
- Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad y Fanny Anitúa S/N, Durango 34000, Mexico; (C.A.-D.); (M.C.-A.)
| | - Ismael Flores-Molina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango Campus Gómez Palacio, Avenida Artículo 123 S/N, Fracc, Filadelfia, Gómez Palacio 35010, Mexico; (M.V.-S.); (I.F.-M.)
| | - Guadalupe García-Arenas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango Campus, Gómez Palacio 35010, Mexico;
| | - Alfredo Téllez-Valencia
- Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad y Fanny Anitúa S/N, Durango 34000, Mexico; (C.A.-D.); (M.C.-A.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.-C.); (A.T.-V.)
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Lioudaki S, Verikokos C, Kouraklis G, Ioannou C, Chatziioannou E, Perrea D, Klonaris C. Paraoxonase-1: Characteristics and Role in Atherosclerosis and Carotid Artery Disease. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 17:141-146. [PMID: 29189170 DOI: 10.2174/1570161115666171129212359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a calcium-dependent enzyme that is synthesized in the liver and then secreted in blood where it is bound to high density lipoprotein (HDL). PON-1 is a hydrolase with a wide range of substrates, including lipid peroxides. It is considered responsible for many of the antiatherogenic properties of HDL. PON-1 prevents low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, a process that is considered to contribute to the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. PON-1 activity and levels are influenced by gene polymorphisms; of the 2 common variants, one is in position 192 (Q192R) and one in position 55 (M55L). Also, many drugs affect PON-1 activity. The role of PON-1 in carotid atherosclerosis is inconsistent. Some studies show an association of PON-1 polymorphisms with carotid plaque formation, whereas others do not. The aim of this review is to summarize the characteristics of PON-1, its interactions with drugs and its role in atherosclerosis and especially its relationship with carotid artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lioudaki
- Vascular Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, Medical School of Crete, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - C Verikokos
- 2nd Department of Surgery, "Laiko Hospital", Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Kouraklis
- 2nd Department of Surgery, "Laiko Hospital", Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - C Ioannou
- Vascular Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, Medical School of Crete, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - E Chatziioannou
- Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - D Perrea
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas", Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - C Klonaris
- 1st Department of Surgery, "Laiko Hospital", Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Lioudaki S, Verikokos C, Kouraklis G, Kontopodis N, Markakis G, Ioannou C, Daskalopoulou A, Perrea D, Klonaris C. Paraoxonase-1 and Symptomatic Status in Carotid Artery Disease. Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 64:355-360. [PMID: 31626928 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated hydrolase that appears to have a protective action against atherosclerosis. The aim of our study is to identify whether PON-1 levels may be associated with the manifestation of symptoms in patients with carotid artery stenosis. METHODS We studied all patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy in the Vascular Surgery Department of Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece, from July 2012 to July 2014. Medical history was recorded and PON-1 glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides levels were measured. Variables were compared between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to evaluate the accuracy of PON-1 to predict symptoms. RESULTS A total of 74 patients were included, 41 were asymptomatic and the mean age was 68.5 years. The 2 groups appear to differ significantly with regards to the PON-1 levels, with the symptomatic group showing lower levels (5.3 ± 1.19 vs. 4.6 ± 1.36 ng/mL; P = 0.025). ROC analysis demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.654 (P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS Reduced PON-1 levels showed a significant association with symptomatic status, which was independent of other traditional cardiovascular factors. Further studies are required to prospectively assess the role of PON-1 in predicting cerebrovascular events in patients with carotid artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Lioudaki
- 2nd Department of Surgery, "Laikon Hospital", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Christos Verikokos
- 2nd Department of Surgery, "Laikon Hospital", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Grigorios Kouraklis
- 2nd Department of Surgery, "Laikon Hospital", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kontopodis
- Vascular Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgios Markakis
- School of Health and Welfare Services, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Ioannou
- Vascular Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aphrodite Daskalopoulou
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Perrea
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Klonaris
- 1st Department of Surgery, "Laikon Hospital", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Martini D, Del Bo’ C, Porrini M, Ciappellano S, Riso P. Role of polyphenols and polyphenol-rich foods in the modulation of PON1 activity and expression. J Nutr Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Towards Understanding the Catalytic Mechanism of Human Paraoxonase 1: Experimental and In Silico Mutagenesis Studies. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:1642-1662. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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High-density Lipoprotein and Inflammation and Its Significance to Atherosclerosis. Am J Med Sci 2016; 352:408-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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Expression and purification of biologically active recombinant human paraoxonase 1 from inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 115:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Wu PT, Fitschen PJ, Kistler BM, Jeong JH, Chung HR, Aviram M, Phillips SA, Fernhall B, Wilund KR. Effects of Pomegranate Extract Supplementation on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Physical Function in Hemodialysis Patients. J Med Food 2015; 18:941-9. [PMID: 25826143 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral supplementation with pomegranate extract on cardiovascular risk, physical function, oxidative stress, and inflammation in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Thirty-three HD subjects were randomized to the pomegranate (POM) or placebo (CON) group. Patients in POM ingested a 1000 mg capsule of a purified pomegranate polyphenol extract 7 days/week for 6 months. Individuals in CON ingested a noncaloric placebo capsule using the same protocol. Measurements were conducted at baseline and repeated 6 months following the start of the intervention. Brachial blood pressure (BP) was obtained using an automatic digital BP monitor. Cardiovascular risk was assessed using ultrasound and arterial tonometry. Blood samples were collected for the measurements of circulating markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and antioxidant capacity. Muscle strength and physical function were assessed by isokinetic dynamometry, a validated shuttle walk test, and a battery of tests to assess functional fitness. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were reduced by 24 ± 13.7 and 10 ± 5.3 mmHg, respectively, in POM (P < .05). However, the BP differences in POM were no longer significant after controlling for baseline BP. The paraoxonase-1 activity increased by 26.6% (P < .05) in POM, compared to no significant change in CON. However, pomegranate supplementation had no effect on other markers of cardiovascular disease risk, inflammation and oxidative stress, or measures of physical function and muscle strength. While pomegranate extract supplementation may reduce BP and increase the antioxidant activity in HD patients, it does not improve other markers of cardiovascular risk, physical function, or muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tzu Wu
- 1 School of Nursing, University of California-Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California, USA .,3 Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter J Fitschen
- 2 Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Brandon M Kistler
- 3 Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jin Hee Jeong
- 3 Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Hae Ryong Chung
- 3 Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Aviram
- 4 Technion Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rambam Medical Center , Haifa, Israel
| | - Shane A Phillips
- 5 Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bo Fernhall
- 6 Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kenneth R Wilund
- 2 Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois, USA .,3 Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Exploring the role of paraoxonases in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20997-1010. [PMID: 25405733 PMCID: PMC4264208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonases (PON) are three enzymes (PON1, PON2 and PON3) that play a role in the organism’s antioxidant system; alterations in which are associated with diseases involving oxidative stress. In this review, we summarize the evidence of PON related to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerosis. We searched three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Database) with no date limit. All of the articles selected investigated PON enzymatic activity and/or PON gene polymorphisms. The selection focused on PON in relation to atherosclerosis, CAD and myocardial infarction. The exclusion criteria were a sample size <100 patients, non-human studies, editorials and systematic reviews without restrictions on the country of origin. With these criteria, we identified thirty-five prospective studies published between 1986 and 2014 with a total of 28,164 participants. The relationship between PON gene polymorphisms and CAD was not conclusive, but most studies support the concept that alterations in PON1 enzymatic activity levels do influence atheroma formation. Conversely, relationships between PON2 and PON3 vs. CAD have not been extensively investigated. Our review of the current data concludes that the bases of paraoxonases involvement in atherosclerosis are poorly understood and that this issue requires future comprehensive, multi-centered studies.
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Human paraoxonase 1 as a pharmacologic agent: limitations and perspectives. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:854391. [PMID: 25386619 PMCID: PMC4217237 DOI: 10.1155/2014/854391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human PON1 (h-PON1) is a multifaceted enzyme and can hydrolyze (and inactivate) a wide range of substrates. The enzyme shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiatherogenic, ant-diabetic, antimicrobial, and organophosphate (OP)-detoxifying properties. However, there are certain limitations regarding large-scale production and use of h-PON1 as a therapeutic candidate. These include difficulties in producing recombinant h-PON1 (rh-PON1) using microbial expression system, low hydrolytic activity of wild-type h-PON1 towards certain substrates, and low storage stability of the purified enzyme. This review summarizes the work done in our laboratory to address these limitations. Our results show that (a) optimized polynucleotide sequence encoding rh-PON1 can express the protein in an active form in E. coli and can be used to generate variant of the enzyme having enhanced hydrolytic activity, (b) in vitro refolding of rh-PON1 enzyme can dramatically increase the yield of an active enzyme, (c) common excipients can be used to stabilize purified rh-PON1 enzyme when stored under different storage conditions, and (d) variants of rh-PON1 enzyme impart significant protection against OP-poisoning in human blood (ex vivo) and mouse (in vivo) model of OP-poisoning. The rh-PON1 variants and their process of production discussed here will help to develop h-PON1 as a therapeutic candidate.
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Stabilization Studies on Bacterially Produced Human Paraoxonase 1 for Improving Its Shelf Life. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3798-809. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kar S, Patel MA, Tripathy RK, Bajaj P, Pande AH. Oxidized-phospholipids in reconstituted high density lipoprotein particles affect structure and function of recombinant paraoxonase 1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1714-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aharoni S, Aviram M, Fuhrman B. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) reduces macrophage inflammatory responses. Atherosclerosis 2013; 228:353-61. [PMID: 23582715 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) was suggested to play an anti-inflammatory role. In the present study we questioned whether PON1 has a direct impact on macrophage inflammatory responses, and the possible functional implications of such effects. METHODS AND RESULTS Ex-vivo studies were performed with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) harvested from C57BL/6 and human-PON1 transgenic (PON1-Tg) mice, and for the in vitro studies the J774.A1 macrophage-like cell line was used. Pro-inflammatory (M1) activation was induced by LPS and INFγ. The spontaneous and M1-induced TNFα and IL-6 secretion were significantly reduced in BMDM derived from PON1-Tg vs. C57BL/6 mice. In vitro, PON1 dose-dependently attenuated both the spontaneous and M1-induced TNFα and IL-6 secretion, and contributed to the anti-inflammatory activity of HDL. Functionally, PON1 attenuated M1-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytosis, and necrotic macrophage death. PON1 anti-inflammatory activity was mediated, at least in part, via binding to SR-BI, but was independent of the enzyme catalytic activity or of cholesterol efflux stimulation, and did not involve binding to ABCA1. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that PON1 directly suppresses macrophage pro-inflammatory responses. These findings suggest that PON1 decreases sustained pro-inflammatory reactions, which subsequently can attenuate plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saar Aharoni
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Vaya J. The association between biomarkers in the blood and carotid plaque composition-focusing on oxidized lipids, oxysterols and plaque status. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:15-8. [PMID: 23395697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human atherosclerotic plaque is composed of a large mixture of elements, predominantly lipids and oxidized lipids, lipid-loaded macrophages and smooth muscle cells, forming foam cells. Plaque contents undergo dynamic changes during the plaque's progression, being in a constant interaction with the circulating blood. During the mutual interaction between blood and plaque and the specific biochemical processes occurring in both, specific molecules can be generated in the serum which might provide information on plaque status. This information, mostly on plaque vulnerability, is highly important for making appropriate treatment decisions before neurological symptoms appear. The present review summarizes plaque contents, mostly lipids, oxidized lipids, oxidized products of cholesterol (oxysterols), and covers the recent literature on their association with biomarkers in the blood and on the possibility of using them for providing information on plaque status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Vaya
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Tel Hai College, Israel.
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15
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Kar S, Patel MA, Tripathy RK, Bajaj P, Suvarnakar UV, Pande AH. Oxidized phospholipid content destabilizes the structure of reconstituted high density lipoprotein particles and changes their function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1200-10. [PMID: 22634518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) particles are made up of lipid and protein constituents and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is a principal protein component that facilitates various biological activities of HDL particles. Increase in Ox-PL content of HDL particles makes them 'dysfunctional' and such modified HDL particles not only lose their athero-protective properties but also acquire pro-atherogenic and pro-inflammatory functions. The details of Ox-PL-induced alteration in the molecular properties of HDL particles are not clear. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an HDL-associated enzyme that possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties; and many of the athero-protective functions of HDL are attributed to the associated PON1. In this study we have characterized the physicochemical properties of reconstituted HDL (rHDL) particles containing varying amounts of Ox-PL and have compared their PON1 stimulation capacity. Our results show that increased Ox-PL content (a) modifies the physicochemical properties of the lipid domain of the rHDL particles, (b) decreases the stability and alters the conformation as well as orientation of apoA-I molecules on the rHDL particles, and (c) decreases the PON1 stimulation capacity of the rHDL particles. Our data indicate that the presence of Ox-PLs destabilizes the structure of the HDL particles and modifies their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Kar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
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Atrahimovich D, Vaya J, Tavori H, Khatib S. Glabridin protects paraoxonase 1 from linoleic acid hydroperoxide inhibition via specific interaction: a fluorescence-quenching study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:3679-3685. [PMID: 22380866 DOI: 10.1021/jf2046009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) binds to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and is responsible for many of HDL's antiatherogenic properties. We previously showed that recombinant PON1 is inhibited by linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LA-OOH) present in the lipid fraction of the human carotid plaque (LLE) via oxidation of the enzyme's Cys284 thiol. Here we explore the effect of glabridin, an isoflavan isolated from licorice root, on preventing LA-OOH's inhibitory effect on rePON1 using the tryptophan-fluorescence-quenching technique and modeling calculations. Glabridin significantly prevented rePON1 inhibition by LLE or oxidized linoleic acid (by 22% and 15%, respectively), whereas ascorbic acid and Trolox, strong antioxidants, had no effect. Glabridin quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of rePON1 in a concentration-dependent manner. Binding parameters and modeling calculations demonstrated a major role for hydrophobic forces in the rePON1-glabridin interaction, indicating that it is not the antioxidant capacity of glabridin that protects rePON1 from LA-OOH inhibition, but rather its specific interaction with the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Atrahimovich
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, MIGAL-Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
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Abstract
In this review we summarize the findings from the literature and our own laboratory on the decreased PON1 activity in renal failure, the mechanisms proposed and the effect of interventions. In addition to profound alterations in lipoproteins, reduced serum PON1 activity has been clearly established in the past decade and could contribute to accelerated development of atherosclerosis in ESRD and in HD. PON1 lactonase activity is lower in ESRD patients. Hemodialysis partially restores PON1 lactonase and the other activities. PON1 activity recovery after dialysis suggests that uremic toxins may play a mechanistic role in PON1 inactivation. Lower PON1 activity in CRF patients is associated with low thiol concentration, high CRP, and is beneficially enhanced with vitamin C and flavonoids. Changes in HDL subclasses, namely lower HDL3 in these patients may also play a role in PON1 lower activity. Future research should focus on: (1) mechanistic studies on causes for low PON1 activity and mass; (2) prospective studies focusing on whether there is an added predictive value in measuring PON1 activity (and PON1 activity in HDL3) in this patient population; (3) intervention studies attempting to increase PON1 activity.
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Serum paraoxonase-3 concentration is associated with insulin sensitivity in peripheral artery disease and with inflammation in coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2011; 220:545-51. [PMID: 22153698 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are no data on the relationship between serum paraoxonase-3 (PON3) concentration and atherosclerosis in humans. Our aim was to investigate possible associations, using recently developed methods, in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) or coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS We studied 118 PAD and 72 CAD patients and 175 healthy volunteers. Serum PON3 was determined by in-house ELISA using polyclonal antibodies generated against a synthetic peptide with a sequence specific to PON3. Polymorphisms of the PON3 promoter were analysed by the Iplex Gold MassArray™ method. RESULTS There was a significant increase in serum PON3 concentration in both groups of patients with respect to the control group. In PAD patients, we observed significant positive correlations between PON3, insulin levels and HOMA index. These associations were not observed in CAD. There were significant positive associations between serum PON3 and β-2-microglobulin, CCL2 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in CAD patients, but not in PAD. We did not find any significant differences in PON3 gene promoter polymorphisms and their haplotypes between patients and controls, indicating that associations were not genetically determined. CONCLUSION In both atherosclerotic phenotypes, serum PON3 concentration was increased, but this was associated with decreased insulin sensitivity in PAD and with inflammation in CAD.
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Paraoxonase-1 and ischemia-modified albumin in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 67:437-41. [PMID: 21484479 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) with and/or without treatment by hemodialysis (HD) is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, leading to cardiovascular disease (CVD) including acute coronary syndromes. Therefore, the regulation of CVD is a crucial issue for ESRD patients. Given the recent reports that paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) could predict CVD-related mortality in ESRD, the two recent biomarkers may be useful for preventive strategies for CVD. This review paper presents current data on the relationships between PON-1, IMA, and ESRD. Many studies have shown that circulating PON-1 activity is lower in ESRD patients, and we have shown that its levels increase after HD. Although circulating IMA levels can increase before HD in ESRD patients, there remains to be little data. Our pilot study has shown a significant inverse correlation between PON-1 and IMA in ESRD patients. Although the pathogenic link between PON-1 and IMA remains speculative, considering both biomarkers may provide new insights into the prevention of CVD in ESRD patients.
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Gugliucci A, Kinugasa E, Kotani K, Caccavello R, Kimura S. Serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) lactonase activity is lower in end-stage renal disease patients than in healthy control subjects and increases after hemodialysis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:61-7. [PMID: 20961187 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Touro University-California, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA.
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Tavori H, Rosenblat M, Vaya J, Aviram M. Paraoxonase 1 interactions with atherosclerotic lesions and arterial macrophages protect against foam cell formation and atherosclerosis development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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