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Poumay Y, Faway E. Human Epidermal Keratinocytes in Culture: A Story of Multiple Recipes for a Single Cell Type. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 36:215-224. [PMID: 37717566 PMCID: PMC10836957 DOI: 10.1159/000534137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For one half-century, cultures of human epidermal keratinocytes have opened new paths of research in skin biology and dermatology. Either performed with serum and feeder layer, in serum-free conditions, or in autocrine conditions, cells cultured as monolayers became research materials for basic science and dermatology, as well as a source for grafting, particularly to treat severely burned patients. More recently, tissue reconstruction at air-liquid interface has opened new perspectives for in vitro toxicology, studies of epidermal barrier, and modeling skin diseases. SUMMARY This review presents a brief retrospective of the emergence of keratinocyte-based culture techniques. It also presents opportunities and eventual problems that researchers might encounter when exploring the skin using such procedures. KEY MESSAGES While methodologies in tissue culture evolve, the multiplicity of procedures concomitantly increases, requiring to make some selective but difficult choice. Keeping tracks of technological evolution in epidermal cell culture should help choosing the adequate methodology for a specific investigation or innovating with new, more dedicated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Poumay
- Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Emilie Faway
- Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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2
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Progneaux A, Evrard C, De Glas V, Fontaine A, Dotreppe C, De Vuyst E, Nikkels AF, García-González V, Dumoutier L, Lambert de Rouvroit C, Poumay Y. Keratinocytes activated by IL-4/IL-13 express IL-2Rγ with consequences on epidermal barrier function. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:660-670. [PMID: 36645024 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a Th2-type inflammatory disease characterized by an alteration of epidermal barrier following the release of IL-4 and IL-13. These cytokines activate type II IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα1 receptors in the keratinocyte. Whilst IL-2Rγ, that forms type I receptor for IL-4, is only expressed in haematopoietic cells, recent studies suggest its induction in keratinocytes, which questions about its role. We studied expression of IL-2Rγ in keratinocytes and its role in alteration of keratinocyte function and epidermal barrier. IL-2Rγ expression in keratinocytes was studied using both reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) exposed to IL-4/IL-13 and AD skin. IL-2Rγ induction by type II receptor has been analyzed using JAK inhibitors and RHE knockout (KO) for IL13RA1. IL-2Rγ function was investigated in RHE KO for IL2RG. In RHE, IL-4/IL-13 induce expression of IL-2Rγ at the mRNA and protein levels. Its mRNA expression is also visualized in keratinocytes of lesional AD skin. IL-2Rγ expression is low in RHE treated with JAK inhibitors and absent in RHE KO for IL13RA1. Exposure to IL-4/IL-13 alters epidermal barrier, but this alteration is absent in RHE KO for IL2RG. A more important induction of IL-13Rα2 is reported in RHE KO for IL2RG than in not edited RHE. These results demonstrate IL-2Rγ induction in keratinocytes through activation of type II receptor. IL-2Rγ is involved in the alteration of the epidermal barrier and in the regulation of IL-13Rα2 expression. Observation of IL-2Rγ expression by keratinocytes inside AD lesional skin suggests a role for this receptor subunit in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Progneaux
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Céline Evrard
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Valérie De Glas
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Alix Fontaine
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Céline Dotreppe
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Evelyne De Vuyst
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Arjen F Nikkels
- Department of Dermatology, CHU of Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Laure Dumoutier
- Experimental Medicine Unit, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Lambert de Rouvroit
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Yves Poumay
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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3
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Modeling an Optimal 3D Skin-on-Chip within Microfluidic Devices for Pharmacological Studies. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071417. [PMID: 35890312 PMCID: PMC9316928 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical research remains hampered by an inadequate representation of human tissue environments which results in inaccurate predictions of a drug candidate’s effects and target’s suitability. While human 2D and 3D cell cultures and organoids have been extensively improved to mimic the precise structure and function of human tissues, major challenges persist since only few of these models adequately represent the complexity of human tissues. The development of skin-on-chip technology has allowed the transition from static 3D cultures to dynamic 3D cultures resembling human physiology. The integration of vasculature, immune system, or the resident microbiome in the next generation of SoC, with continuous detection of changes in metabolism, would potentially overcome the current limitations, providing reliable and robust results and mimicking the complex human skin. This review aims to provide an overview of the biological skin constituents and mechanical requirements that should be incorporated in a human skin-on-chip, permitting pharmacological, toxicological, and cosmetic tests closer to reality.
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Evrard C, Faway E, De Vuyst E, Svensek O, De Glas V, Bergerat D, Salmon M, De Backer O, Flamion B, Le-Buanec H, Lambert de Rouvroit C, Poumay Y. Deletion of TNFAIP6 Gene in Human Keratinocytes Demonstrates a Role for TSG-6 to Retain Hyaluronan Inside Epidermis. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100054. [PMID: 34909750 PMCID: PMC8659394 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TSG-6 is a soluble protein secreted in the extracellular matrix by various cell types in response to inflammatory stimuli. TSG-6 interacts with extracellular matrix molecules, particularly hyaluronan (HA), and promotes cutaneous wound closure in mice. Between epidermal cells, the discrete extracellular matrix contains HA and a tiny amount of TSG-6. However, challenges imposed to keratinocytes in reconstructed human epidermis revealed strong induction of TSG-6 expression, after exposure to T helper type 2 cytokines to recapitulate the atopic dermatitis phenotype or after fungal infection that causes secretion of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides. After both types of challenge, enhanced release of TSG-6 happens simultaneously with increased HA production. TSG-6 deficiency in N/TERT keratinocytes was created by inactivating TNFAIP6 using CRISPR/Cas9. Some TSG-6 -/- keratinocytes analyzed through scratch assays tend to migrate more slowly but produce reconstructed human epidermis that exhibits normal morphology and differentiation. Few significant alterations were noticed by transcriptomic analysis. Nevertheless, reduced HA content in TSG-6 -/- reconstructed human epidermis was observed, along with enhanced HA release into the culture medium, and this phenotype was even more pronounced after the challenging conditions. Reintroduction of cells producing TSG-6 in reconstructed human epidermis reduced HA leakage. Our results show a role for TSG-6 in sequestering HA between epidermal cells in response to inflammation.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- HA, hyaluronan
- HAS, hyaluronan synthase
- KC, keratinocyte
- KLK, kallikrein
- RHE, reconstructed human epidermis
- RNA-seq, RNA sequencing
- Th, T helper type
- crRNA, CRISPR RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Evrard
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Emilie Faway
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Evelyne De Vuyst
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Olivier Svensek
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Valérie De Glas
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | | | - Olivier De Backer
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Bruno Flamion
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Hélène Le-Buanec
- Laboratory of Oncodermatology, Immunology, and Cutaneous Stem Cells, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U976, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lambert de Rouvroit
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Yves Poumay
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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Rajnochová Svobodová A, Ryšavá A, Čížková K, Roubalová L, Ulrichová J, Vrba J, Zálešák B, Vostálová J. Effect of the flavonoids quercetin and taxifolin on UVA-induced damage to human primary skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 21:59-75. [PMID: 34837635 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet (UV) part of solar radiation can permanently affect skin tissue. UVA photons represent the most abundant UV component and stimulate the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative damage to various biomolecules. Several plant-derived polyphenols are known as effective photoprotective agents. This study evaluated the potential of quercetin (QE) and its structurally related flavonoid taxifolin (TA) to reduce UVA-caused damage to human primary dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) obtained from identical donors. Cells pre-treated with QE or TA (1 h) were then exposed to UVA light using a solar simulator. Both flavonoids effectively prevented oxidative damage, such as ROS generation, glutathione depletion, single-strand breaks formation and caspase-3 activation in NHDF. These protective effects were accompanied by stimulation of Nrf2 nuclear translocation, found in non-irradiated and irradiated NHDF and NHEK, and expression of antioxidant proteins, such as heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and catalase. For most parameters, QE was more potent than TA. On the other hand, TA demonstrated protection within the whole concentration range, while QE lost its protective ability at the highest concentration tested (75 μM), suggesting its pro-oxidative potential. In summary, QE and TA demonstrated UVA-protective properties in NHEK and NHDF obtained from identical donors. However, due to the in vitro phototoxic potential of QE, published elsewhere and discussed herein, further studies are needed to evaluate QE safety in dermatological application for humans as well as to confirm our results on human skin ex vivo and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Rajnochová Svobodová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Ryšavá
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Čížková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Roubalová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Ulrichová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vrba
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Zálešák
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Vostálová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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6
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Veit JGS, Poumay Y, Mendes D, Kreitinger J, Walker L, Paquet A, Menigot C, Zolezzi F, Paller AS, Diaz P. Preclinical assessment of dual CYP26[A1/B1] inhibitor, DX308, as an improved treatment for keratinization disorders. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2021; 1:e22. [PMID: 35664983 PMCID: PMC9060145 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Retinoid‐based therapies are commonly used in the treatment of disorders of keratinization and other skin disorders but can result in non‐specific effects and adverse reactions. Use of retinoic acid metabolism blocking agents (RAMBAs) such as DX308 may address these shortcomings. Objectives Characterize the therapeutic potential of recently discovered, CYP26‐selective RAMBA, DX308. Materials and Methods Preliminary in vitro assessment of potential off‐target activity, metabolic and toxicologic profiling. Studies to assess safety and efficacy of topical treatment in correcting abnormal skin morphology in rhino mice. Extensive gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing and qPCR in 3D epidermis grown with keratinocytes (KCs) from keratinization disorders and healthy controls, to investigate modulation of retinoid biopathways. Results In vitro, DX308 does not interact with off‐target nuclear receptors or CYP450s, is not genotoxic, and is stable in skin, despite vigorous hepatic metabolism. In vivo, topical DX308 induces comedolysis and epidermal thickening without apparent adverse effects. Gene expression profiling shows potent modulation of retinoid‐responsive genes by DX308 in both healthy and keratinization disorder KCs. Pathway analysis suggests DX308 may inhibit inflammatory and immune responses in KCs. Conclusions These preliminary studies suggest that DX308 is an efficacious topical therapeutic with a favourable metabolic and safety profiles. DX308 may present an improved therapeutic alternative for the treatment of keratinization disorders and other retinoid‐responsive skin ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G S Veit
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA.,URPHYM-NARILIS University of Namur Namur Belgium.,R&D DermaXon LLC Missoula Montana USA
| | - Y Poumay
- URPHYM-NARILIS University of Namur Namur Belgium
| | - D Mendes
- R&D DermaXon LLC Missoula Montana USA
| | | | - L Walker
- R&D DermaXon LLC Missoula Montana USA
| | | | | | | | - A S Paller
- Department of Dermatology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
| | - P Diaz
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA.,R&D DermaXon LLC Missoula Montana USA
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Effect of UVA radiation on the Nrf2 signalling pathway in human skin cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 209:111948. [PMID: 32679512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The harmful effects of low energy UVA photons (315-400 nm) are associated with the massive production of reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative stress. In response to oxidative damage, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is translocated to the nucleus and drives the expression of detoxication and antioxidant enzymes. UVA's effect on Nrf2 has been quite well characterised in dermal fibroblasts. However, there is a dearth of such information for keratinocytes. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of UVA radiation on the Nrf2 pathway and oxidative stress related proteins in primary human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF), epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. NHDF were exposed to doses of 2.5-7.5 J/cm2, NHEK and HaCaT to 10-20 J/cm2 using a solar simulator. Effects on Nrf2 translocation were evaluated after 1, 3 and 6 h and Nrf2-controlled proteins (heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), interleukine-6 (IL-6), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2)) after 3, 6 and 24 h. The results showed the fastest Nrf2 translocation was in UVA-irradiated HaCaT (1 h), persisting until the subsequent time interval (3 h), while in primary keratinocytes the effect of radiation was minimal. In NHDF, UVA-stimulated Nrf2 translocation was conspicuous 3 h after UVA treatment. In NHDF, most of the studied proteins (NQO1, HO-1, GSR, GSTM1 and MMP-1) showed the highest level 24 h after UVA exposure, except for MMP-2 and IL-6 which had their highest level at a shorter time incubation interval (3 h). In NHEK, NQO1, HO-1 and GST were increased 6 h after UVA exposure, GSR and MMP-2 level was slightly below or above the control level, and MMP-1 and IL-6 increased at shorter time intervals. When comparing NHEK and HaCaT, these cells displayed contrary responses in most of the Nrf2-controlled proteins. Thus, primary keratinocytes cannot be replaced with HaCaT when studying cell signalling such as the Nrf2 driven pathway and Nrf2-controlled proteins.
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8
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Veit JGS, De Glas V, Balau B, Liu H, Bourlond F, Paller AS, Poumay Y, Diaz P. Characterization of CYP26B1-Selective Inhibitor, DX314, as a Potential Therapeutic for Keratinization Disorders. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:72-83.e6. [PMID: 32505549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of CYP450-mediated retinoic acid (RA) metabolism by RA metabolism blocking agents increases endogenous retinoids and is an alternative to retinoid therapy. Currently available RA metabolism blocking agents (i.e., liarozole and talarozole) tend to have fewer adverse effects than traditional retinoids but lack target specificity. Substrate-based inhibitor DX314 has enhanced selectivity for RA-metabolizing enzyme CYP26B1 and may offer an improved treatment option for keratinization disorders such as congenital ichthyosis and Darier disease. In this study, we used RT-qPCR, RNA sequencing, pathway, upstream regulator, and histological analyses to demonstrate that DX314 can potentiate the effects of all-trans-RA in healthy and diseased reconstructed human epidermis. We unexpectedly discovered that DX314, but not all-trans-RA or previous RA metabolism blocking agents, appears to protect epidermal barrier integrity. In addition, DX314-induced keratinization and epidermal proliferation effects are observed in a rhino mice model. Altogether, the results indicate that DX314 inhibits all-trans-RA metabolism with minimal off-target activity and shows therapeutic similarity to topical retinoids in vitro and in vivo. Findings of a barrier-protecting effect require further mechanistic study but may lead to a unique strategy in barrier-reinforcing therapies. DX314 is a promising candidate compound for further study and development in the context of keratinization disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim G S Veit
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | | | - Benoît Balau
- URPHYM-NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Haoming Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Florence Bourlond
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Amy S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yves Poumay
- URPHYM-NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Philippe Diaz
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA; DermaXon LLC, Missoula, Montana, USA.
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9
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Mound A, Lozanova V, Warnon C, Hermant M, Robic J, Guere C, Vie K, Lambert de Rouvroit C, Tyteca D, Debacq-Chainiaux F, Poumay Y. Non-senescent keratinocytes organize in plasma membrane submicrometric lipid domains enriched in sphingomyelin and involved in re-epithelialization. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:958-971. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Oostendorp C, Meyer S, Sobrio M, van Arendonk J, Reichmann E, Daamen WF, van Kuppevelt TH. Evaluation of cultured human dermal- and dermo-epidermal substitutes focusing on extracellular matrix components: Comparison of protein and RNA analysis. Burns 2017; 43:520-530. [PMID: 28041746 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of full-thickness skin defects with split-thickness skin grafts is generally associated with contraction and scar formation and cellular skin substitutes have been developed to improve skin regeneration. The evaluation of cultured skin substitutes is generally based on qualitative parameters focusing on histology. In this study we focused on quantitative evaluation to provide a template for comparison of human bio-engineered skin substitutes between clinical and/or research centers, and to supplement histological data. We focused on extracellular matrix proteins since these components play an important role in skin regeneration. As a model we analyzed the human dermal substitute denovoDerm and the dermo-epidermal skin substitute denovoSkin. The quantification of the extracellular matrix proteins type III collagen and laminin 5 in tissue homogenates using western blotting analysis and ELISA was not successful. The same was true for assaying lysyl oxidase, an enzyme involved in crosslinking of matrix molecules. As an alternative, gene expression levels were measured using qPCR. Various RNA isolation procedures were probed. The gene expression profile for specific dermal and epidermal genes could be measured reliably and reproducibly. Differences caused by changes in the cell culture conditions could easily be detected. The number of cells in the skin substitutes was measured using the PicoGreen dsDNA assay, which was found highly quantitative and reproducible. The (dis) advantages of assays used for quantitative evaluation of skin substitutes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corien Oostendorp
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sarah Meyer
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, Zurich University Children's Hospital, August Forel Strasse 7, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monia Sobrio
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, Zurich University Children's Hospital, August Forel Strasse 7, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Joyce van Arendonk
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst Reichmann
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, Zurich University Children's Hospital, August Forel Strasse 7, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Willeke F Daamen
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Rajnochová Svobodová A, Ryšavá A, Psotová M, Kosina P, Zálešák B, Ulrichová J, Vostálová J. The Phototoxic Potential of the Flavonoids, Taxifolin and Quercetin. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1240-1247. [PMID: 28303596 DOI: 10.1111/php.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin, one of the most abundant polyphenols in the plant kingdom has been shown to be photodegraded on exposure to UV light. Despite the fact, it is a component of several dermatological preparations. Its phototoxic potential has not been evaluated to date. The aim of this study was to assess whether photo-induced degradation of quercetin is linked to phototoxic effects on living cells. Its dihydro derivative, taxifolin, was included in the study. For evaluation, the 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test according to OECD TG 432 was used. To better approximate human skin, HaCaT keratinocytes, normal human epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts were used, apart from the Balb/c 3T3 cell line. Quercetin showed a dose-dependent photodegradation in aqueous and organic environments and a phototoxic effect on all used cells. Quercetin pretreatment and following UVA exposure resulted in increased reactive oxygen species production and intracellular glutathione level depletion in human dermal fibroblasts. Taxifolin was found completely nonphototoxic and photostable. As only in vitro methodology was used, further studies using 3D skin models and/or human volunteers are needed to confirm whether exposure to sunlight, tanning sunbeds and/or phototherapy in people using cosmetics containing quercetin is a health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Rajnochová Svobodová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Ryšavá
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Psotová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kosina
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Zálešák
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Ulrichová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Vostálová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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12
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Rajnochová Svobodová A, Zálešák B, Biedermann D, Ulrichová J, Vostálová J. Phototoxic potential of silymarin and its bioactive components. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 156:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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TMEM45A Is Dispensable for Epidermal Morphogenesis, Keratinization and Barrier Formation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147069. [PMID: 26785122 PMCID: PMC4718520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
TMEM45A gene encodes an initially uncharacterized predicted transmembrane protein. We previously showed that this gene is highly expressed in keratinocytes where its expression correlates with keratinization, suggesting a role in normal epidermal physiology. To test this hypothesis, we generated TMEM45A knockout mice and found that these mice develop without any evident phenotype. The morphology of the epidermis assessed by histology and by labelling differentiation markers in immunofluorescence was not altered. Toluidine blue permeability assay showed that the epidermal barrier develops normally during embryonic development. We also showed that depletion of TMEM45A in human keratinocytes does not alter their potential to form in vitro 3D-reconstructed epidermis. Indeed, epidermis with normal morphogenesis were generated from TMEM45A-silenced keratinocytes. Their expression of differentiation markers quantified by RT-qPCR and evidenced by immunofluorescence labelling as well as their barrier function estimated by Lucifer yellow permeability were similar to the control epidermis. In summary, TMEM45A gene expression is dispensable for epidermal morphogenesis, keratinization and barrier formation. If this protein plays a role in the epidermis, its experimental depletion can possibly be compensated by other proteins in the two experimental models analyzed in this study.
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Malaisse J, Pendaries V, Hontoir F, De Glas V, Van Vlaender D, Simon M, Lambert de Rouvroit C, Poumay Y, Flamion B. Hyaluronan Does Not Regulate Human Epidermal Keratinocyte Proliferation and Differentiation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:6347-58. [PMID: 26627828 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.661348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is synthesized by three HA synthases (HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3) and secreted in the extracellular matrix. In human skin, large amounts of HA are found in the dermis. HA is also synthesized by keratinocytes in the epidermis, although its epidermal functions are not clearly identified yet. To investigate HA functions, we studied the effects of HA depletion on human keratinocyte physiology within in vitro reconstructed human epidermis. Inhibition of HA synthesis with 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) did not modify the expression profile of the epidermal differentiation markers involucrin, keratin 10, and filaggrin during tissue reconstruction. In contrast, when keratinocytes were incubated with 4MU, cell proliferation was decreased. In an attempt to rescue the proliferation function, HA samples of various mean molecular masses were added to keratinocyte cultures treated with 4MU. These samples were unable to rescue the initial proliferation rate. Furthermore, treatments with HA-specific hyaluronidase, although removing almost all HA from keratinocyte cultures, did not alter the differentiation or proliferation processes. The differences between 4MU and hyaluronidase effects did not result from differences in intracellular HA, sulfated glycosaminoglycan concentration, apoptosis, or levels of HA receptors, all of which remained unchanged. Similarly, knockdown of UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH) using lentiviral shRNA effectively decreased HA production but did not affect proliferation rate. Overall, these data suggest that HA levels in the human epidermis are not directly correlated with keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation and that incubation of cells with 4MU cannot equate with HA removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Malaisse
- From the URPHYM, NARILIS, University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Valérie Pendaries
- the UMR5165/U1056, CNRS-INSERM, University of Toulouse, UDEAR, 31013 Toulouse CEDEX 6, France, and
| | - Fanny Hontoir
- the URVI, NARILIS, University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Valérie De Glas
- From the URPHYM, NARILIS, University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Michel Simon
- the UMR5165/U1056, CNRS-INSERM, University of Toulouse, UDEAR, 31013 Toulouse CEDEX 6, France, and
| | | | - Yves Poumay
- From the URPHYM, NARILIS, University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Bruno Flamion
- From the URPHYM, NARILIS, University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium,
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15
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Pivodová V, Franková J, Galandáková A, Ulrichová J. In Vitro AuNPs' Cytotoxicity and Their Effect on Wound Healing. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2015; 2:7. [PMID: 29942372 PMCID: PMC5997374 DOI: 10.5772/61132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, due to their unique properties, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been used in many biological applications. However, little is known about their toxicity when they come into contact with a biological system. Based on the proposal that AuNPs can have a positive effect on wound healing, the present study investigated the influence of negatively-charged-surface AuNPs (average diameter 25–50 nm) on the viability of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Moreover, we evaluated the effect of AuNPs on the secretion of proteins involved in wound healing, such as interleukin-8 and – 12 (IL-8, IL-12), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast grow factor (bFGF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The results showed that AuNPs were not toxic to NHDF and NHEK. They showed a decrease in AuNPs' production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α, as well as proteins involved in angiogenesis such as VEGF and bFGF. Thus, we suggest that AuNPs could have anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pivodová
- The Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic.,The Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Franková
- The Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Galandáková
- The Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic.,The Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Ulrichová
- The Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic.,The Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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16
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Malaisse J, Hermant M, Hayez A, Poumay Y, Lambert de Rouvroit C. Meaning of relative gene expression in multilayered cultures of epidermal keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:754-6. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Malaisse
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory; URPHYM-NARILIS; University of Namur; Namur Belgium
| | - Maryse Hermant
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory; URPHYM-NARILIS; University of Namur; Namur Belgium
| | - Aurélie Hayez
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory; URPHYM-NARILIS; University of Namur; Namur Belgium
| | - Yves Poumay
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory; URPHYM-NARILIS; University of Namur; Namur Belgium
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17
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Hayez A, Malaisse J, Roegiers E, Reynier M, Renard C, Haftek M, Geenen V, Serre G, Simon M, de Rouvroit CL, Michiels C, Poumay Y. High TMEM45A expression is correlated to epidermal keratinization. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:339-44. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Hayez
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory-URPhyM-NARILIS; University of Namur; Namur Belgium
| | - Jérémy Malaisse
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory-URPhyM-NARILIS; University of Namur; Namur Belgium
| | - Edith Roegiers
- Research Unit for Cell biology-NARILIS; University of Namur; Namur Belgium
| | - Marie Reynier
- UMR5165/U1056 CNRS-INSERM-University of Toulouse; UDEAR; Toulouse France
| | - Chantal Renard
- Center of Immunoendocrinology; GIGA-I; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Marek Haftek
- Laboratoire de Recherche Dermatologique; University of Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Vincent Geenen
- Center of Immunoendocrinology; GIGA-I; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Guy Serre
- UMR5165/U1056 CNRS-INSERM-University of Toulouse; UDEAR; Toulouse France
| | - Michel Simon
- UMR5165/U1056 CNRS-INSERM-University of Toulouse; UDEAR; Toulouse France
| | | | - Carine Michiels
- Research Unit for Cell biology-NARILIS; University of Namur; Namur Belgium
| | - Yves Poumay
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory-URPhyM-NARILIS; University of Namur; Namur Belgium
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18
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Malaisse J, Bourguignon V, De Vuyst E, Lambert de Rouvroit C, Nikkels AF, Flamion B, Poumay Y. Hyaluronan metabolism in human keratinocytes and atopic dermatitis skin is driven by a balance of hyaluronan synthases 1 and 3. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2174-2182. [PMID: 24658508 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan synthesized directly into the extracellular matrix by three hyaluronan synthases (HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3). HA is abundantly synthesized by keratinocytes but its epidermal functions remain unclear. We used culture models to grow human keratinocytes as autocrine monolayers or as reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) to assess HA synthesis and HAS expression levels during the course of keratinocyte differentiation. In both the models, epidermal differentiation downregulates HAS3 mRNA expression while increasing HAS1 without significant changes in hyaluronidase expression. HA production correlates with HAS1 mRNA expression level during normal differentiation. To investigate the regulation of HAS gene expression during inflammatory conditions linked to perturbed differentiation, lesional and non-lesional skin biopsies of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients were analyzed. HAS3 mRNA expression level increases in AD lesions compared with healthy and non-lesional skin. Simultaneously, HAS1 expression decreases. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is upregulated in AD epidermis. An AD-like HAS expression pattern is observed in RHE incubated with HB-EGF. These results indicate that HAS1 is the main enzyme responsible for HA production by normal keratinocytes and thus, must be considered as an actor of normal keratinocyte differentiation. In contrast, HAS3 can be induced by HB-EGF and seems mainly involved in AD epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Malaisse
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPHYM), NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Virginie Bourguignon
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPHYM), NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Evelyne De Vuyst
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPHYM), NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Arjen F Nikkels
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bruno Flamion
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPHYM), NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Yves Poumay
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPHYM), NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
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De Vuyst E, Charlier C, Giltaire S, De Glas V, de Rouvroit CL, Poumay Y. Reconstruction of normal and pathological human epidermis on polycarbonate filter. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1195:191-201. [PMID: 24155233 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2013_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides methods suitable for the culture of primary human keratinocytes in serum-free culture conditions, starting from very small skin biopsies. It also explains procedures required for reconstruction of a stratified epidermis on polycarbonate filter, starting from keratinocytes cultured in serum-free conditions. Tissues reconstructed according to this method have been proven suitable for characterization of epidermal morphogenesis and for in vitro studies of the epidermal barrier. Utilization of the same method for successful isolation of keratinocytes from a patient suffering from Darier's disease and the reconstruction of a pathological epidermis which displays the same histological features as in vivo are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne De Vuyst
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, URPHYM, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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20
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Frankart A, Malaisse J, De Vuyst E, Minner F, de Rouvroit CL, Poumay Y. Epidermal morphogenesis during progressive in vitro 3D reconstruction at the air-liquid interface. Exp Dermatol 2013; 21:871-5. [PMID: 23163654 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte monolayers, cultured in immersed conditions, constitute a frequently used in vitro model system to study keratinocytes behaviour in response to environmental assaults. However, monolayers lack the keratinocyte terminal differentiation and the organization of the epidermal tissue, which are observed in vivo. Advancements of in vitro techniques were used to reconstruct three-dimensional equivalents that mimic human epidermis in terms of layering, differentiation and barrier function. Here, we update a published method and illustrate the progressive morphogenesis responsible for in vitro reconstruction. The analysis of cell proliferation, expression of differentiation markers and barrier efficacy demonstrate the excellent similarity of the reconstructed tissue with normal human epidermis. Availability of epidermal tissue during its reconstruction phase in culture appears crucial for studies intending to challenge the barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Frankart
- Research Unit for Molecular Physiology, Cell and Tissue Laboratory, NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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21
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Flamant L, Roegiers E, Pierre M, Hayez A, Sterpin C, De Backer O, Arnould T, Poumay Y, Michiels C. TMEM45A is essential for hypoxia-induced chemoresistance in breast and liver cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:391. [PMID: 22954140 PMCID: PMC3519606 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is a common characteristic of solid tumors associated with reduced response to radio- and chemotherapy, therefore increasing the probability of tumor recurrence. The aim of this study was to identify new mechanisms responsible for hypoxia-induced resistance in breast cancer cells. METHODS MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells were incubated in the presence of taxol or etoposide respectively under normoxia and hypoxia and apoptosis was analysed. A whole transcriptome analysis was performed in order to identify genes whose expression profile was correlated with apoptosis. The effect of gene invalidation using siRNA was studied on drug-induced apoptosis. RESULTS MDA-MB-231 cells incubated in the presence of taxol were protected from apoptosis and cell death by hypoxia. We demonstrated that TMEM45A expression was associated with taxol resistance. TMEM45A expression was increased both in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and in HepG2 human hepatoma cells in conditions where protection of cells against apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents was observed, i.e. under hypoxia in the presence of taxol or etoposide. Moreover, this resistance was suppressed by siRNA-mediated silencing of TMEM45A. Kaplan Meier curve showed an association between high TMEM45A expression and poor prognostic in breast cancer patients. Finally, TMEM45 is highly expressed in normal differentiated keratinocytes both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that this protein is involved in epithelial functions. CONCLUSION Altogether, our results unravel a new mechanism for taxol and etoposide resistance mediated by TMEM45A. High levels of TMEM45A expression in tumors may be indicative of potential resistance to cancer therapy, making TMEM45A an interesting biomarker for resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Flamant
- URBC-NARILIS, University of Namur-FUNDP, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
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Krüppel-like factor 9 is a circadian transcription factor in human epidermis that controls proliferation of keratinocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:10903-8. [PMID: 22711835 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118641109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks govern a wide range of cellular and physiological functions in various organisms. Recent evidence suggests distinct functions of local clocks in peripheral mammalian tissues such as immune responses and cell cycle control. However, studying circadian action in peripheral tissues has been limited so far to mouse models, leaving the implication for human systems widely elusive. In particular, circadian rhythms in human skin, which is naturally exposed to strong daytime-dependent changes in the environment, have not been investigated to date on a molecular level. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of circadian gene expression in human epidermis. Whole-genome microarray analysis of suction-blister epidermis obtained throughout the day revealed a functional circadian clock in epidermal keratinocytes with hundreds of transcripts regulated in a daytime-dependent manner. Among those, we identified a circadian transcription factor, Krüppel-like factor 9 (Klf9), that is substantially up-regulated in a cortisol and differentiation-state-dependent manner. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed strong antiproliferative effects of Klf9. Putative Klf9 target genes include proliferation/differentiation markers that also show circadian expression in vivo, suggesting that Klf9 affects keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation by controlling the expression of target genes in a daytime-dependent manner.
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Tchemtchoua VT, Atanasova G, Aqil A, Filée P, Garbacki N, Vanhooteghem O, Deroanne C, Noël A, Jérome C, Nusgens B, Poumay Y, Colige A. Development of a chitosan nanofibrillar scaffold for skin repair and regeneration. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:3194-204. [PMID: 21761871 DOI: 10.1021/bm200680q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The final goal of the present study was the development of a 3-D chitosan dressing that would shorten the healing time of skin wounds by stimulating migration, invasion, and proliferation of the relevant cutaneous resident cells. Three-dimensional chitosan nanofibrillar scaffolds produced by electrospinning were compared with evaporated films and freeze-dried sponges for their biological properties. The nanofibrillar structure strongly improved cell adhesion and proliferation in vitro. When implanted in mice, the nanofibrillar scaffold was colonized by mesenchymal cells and blood vessels. Accumulation of collagen fibrils was also observed. In contrast, sponges induced a foreign body granuloma. When used as a dressing covering full-thickness skin wounds in mice, chitosan nanofibrils induced a faster regeneration of both the epidermis and dermis compartments. Altogether our data illustrate the critical importance of the nanofibrillar structure of chitosan devices for their full biocompatibility and demonstrate the significant beneficial effect of chitosan as a wound-healing biomaterial.
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Giltaire S, Lambert S, Poumay Y. HB-EGF synthesis and release induced by cholesterol depletion of human epidermal keratinocytes is controlled by extracellular ATP and involves both p38 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1651-9. [PMID: 21413023 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is an autocrine/paracrine keratinocyte growth factor, which binds to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family and plays a critical role during the re-epithelialization of cutaneous wound by stimulating the keratinocytes proliferation and migration. In this study, cellular stressing condition in autocrine cultures of human keratinocytes was induced by cholesterol depletion using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD). MβCD treatment induces the expression and the release of HB-EGF. By analysis of the culture media, large amounts of cellular ATP were measured particularly after 1 h of MβCD treatment. To investigate whether ATP contributes to the expression of HB-EGF, the nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue, ATP-γ-S, was used to mimic the extracellular ATP released. We report that keratinocytes stimulated with ATP-γ-S induce HB-EGF expression and activate EGFR and ERK1/2. Using an antagonist of P2 purinergic receptors, we demonstrate that HB-EGF synthesis induced by lipid rafts disruption is dependent on ATP interaction with P2 purinergic receptors. Moreover, our data suggest that both MAPKs p38 and ERK1/2 are involved together or independently in the regulation of HB-EGF gene expression. These findings provide new insight into the signaling pathway by which HB-EGF is expressed after lipid rafts disruption. In summary, after lipid raft disruption, keratinocytes release large amount of extracellular ATP. ATP induces HB-EGF synthesis and release by interacting with the P2 purinergic receptor and through p38 and ERK1/2 signaling in response to a challenging environment. A release of ATP acts as an early stress response in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Giltaire
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, URPHYM, Narilis, University of Namur (FUNDP), Namur, Belgium
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Transcriptional profiling after lipid raft disruption in keratinocytes identifies critical mediators of atopic dermatitis pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:46-58. [PMID: 20882041 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are cholesterol-rich cell signaling platforms, and their physiological role can be explored by cholesterol depletion. To characterize transcriptional changes ongoing after lipid raft disruption in epidermal keratinocytes, a cell type that synthesizes its cholesterol in situ, we performed whole-genome expression profiling. Microarray results show that over 3,000 genes are differentially regulated. In particular, IL-8, urokinase-like plasminogen activator receptor, and metalloproteinases are highly upregulated after cholesterol extraction. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR validation and protein release measurements demonstrate the physiological relevance of microarray data. Major enriched terms and functions, determined by Ingenuity Pathways Analysis, identify cholesterol biosynthesis as a major function, illustrating the specificity of keratinocyte response toward cholesterol depletion. Moreover, the inflammatory skin disorder atopic dermatitis (AD) is identified as the disease most closely associated with the profile of lipid raft-disrupted keratinocytes. This finding is confirmed in skin of AD patients, in whom transcript levels of major lipid raft target genes are similarly regulated in lesional atopic skin, compared with non-lesional and normal skin. Thus, lipid raft disruption evokes typical features of AD, thereby suggesting that lipid raft organization and signaling could be perturbed in atopic keratinocytes.
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