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Bruce-Tagoe TA, Danquah MK. Bioaffinity Nanoprobes for Foodborne Pathogen Sensing. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1122. [PMID: 37374709 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioaffinity nanoprobes are a type of biosensor that utilize the specific binding properties of biological molecules, such as antibodies, enzymes, and nucleic acids, for the detection of foodborne pathogens. These probes serve as nanosensors and can provide highly specific and sensitive detection of pathogens in food samples, making them an attractive option for food safety testing. The advantages of bioaffinity nanoprobes include their ability to detect low levels of pathogens, rapid analysis time, and cost-effectiveness. However, limitations include the need for specialized equipment and the potential for cross-reactivity with other biological molecules. Current research efforts focus on optimizing the performance of bioaffinity probes and expanding their application in the food industry. This article discusses relevant analytical methods, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) measurements, circular dichroism, and flow cytometry, that are used to evaluate the efficacy of bioaffinity nanoprobes. Additionally, it discusses advances in the development and application of biosensors in monitoring foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Ann Bruce-Tagoe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
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Du R, Li L, Ji J, Fan Y. Receptor-Ligand Binding: Effect of Mechanical Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109062. [PMID: 37240408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaining insight into the in situ receptor-ligand binding is pivotal for revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying the physiological and pathological processes and will contribute to drug discovery and biomedical application. An important issue involved is how the receptor-ligand binding responds to mechanical stimuli. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the effect of several representative mechanical factors, such as tension, shear stress, stretch, compression, and substrate stiffness on receptor-ligand binding, wherein the biomedical implications are focused. In addition, we highlight the importance of synergistic development of experimental and computational methods for fully understanding the in situ receptor-ligand binding, and further studies should focus on the coupling effects of these mechanical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotian Du
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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Kuroki K, Fukuhara H, Tadokoro T, Maenaka K. Low-Cost Cell-Surface-Mimic Analysis of Ligand Interactions of Biotinylated Immune Receptors Using Surface Plasmon Resonance. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2421:21-35. [PMID: 34870809 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1944-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
On the immune cell surface, many immune receptors are expressed and modulate the inhibitory or activating signals to control the immune responses. Recently, some of these receptors have been categorized as immune checkpoint receptors and targeted for cancer immunity or autoimmune diseases. To analyze the weak and fast binding typical for immune receptor-ligand interactions, a real-time surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique is useful. However, it sometimes becomes difficult to optimize the immobilization conditions and appropriate controls. Considering that receptor orientation is relevant for achieving function on the cell surface, it is important to immobilize ligand proteins using specific tags at the membrane proximal end to avoid steric hindrance and structural changes in specific binding regions. Here we introduce a sensor chip, Sensor Chip CAP (Cytiva), which enables reversible and orientation-controlled immobilization of biotinylated ligands, resulting in a significant cost-effective method. We further show preparation methods of several biotinylated immune receptor proteins for SPR analysis, which are also useful for structural and other functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Kuroki
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Hideo Fukuhara
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tadokoro
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Ray M, Nagai K, Kihara Y, Kussrow A, Kammer MN, Frantz A, Bornhop DJ, Chun J. Unlabeled lysophosphatidic acid receptor binding in free solution as determined by a compensated interferometric reader. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1244-1251. [PMID: 32513900 PMCID: PMC7397748 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d120000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Native interactions between lysophospholipids (LPs) and their cognate LP receptors are difficult to measure because of lipophilicity and/or the adhesive properties of lipids, which contribute to high levels of nonspecific binding in cell membrane preparations. Here, we report development of a free-solution assay (FSA) where label-free LPs bind to their cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), combined with a recently reported compensated interferometric reader (CIR) to quantify native binding interactions between receptors and ligands. As a test case, the binding parameters between lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor 1 (LPA1; one of six cognate LPA GPCRs) and LPA were determined. FSA-CIR detected specific binding through the simultaneous real-time comparison of bound versus unbound species by measuring the change in the solution dipole moment produced by binding-induced conformational and/or hydration changes. FSA-CIR identified KD values for chemically distinct LPA species binding to human LPA1 and required only a few nanograms of protein: 1-oleoyl (18:1; KD = 2.08 ± 1.32 nM), 1-linoleoyl (18:2; KD = 2.83 ± 1.64 nM), 1-arachidonoyl (20:4; KD = 2.59 ± 0.481 nM), and 1-palmitoyl (16:0; KD = 1.69 ± 0.1 nM) LPA. These KD values compared favorably to those obtained using the previous generation back-scattering interferometry system, a chip-based technique with low-throughput and temperature sensitivity. In conclusion, FSA-CIR offers a new increased-throughput approach to assess quantitatively label-free lipid ligand-receptor binding, including nonactivating antagonist binding, under near-native conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Ray
- Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Kazufumi Nagai
- Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Yasuyuki Kihara
- Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Amanda Kussrow
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Michael N Kammer
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Aaron Frantz
- Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Darryl J Bornhop
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Jerold Chun
- Degenerative Disease Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Domínguez-Sanchéz MA, Bustos-Cruz RH, Velasco-Orjuela GP, Quintero AP, Tordecilla-Sanders A, Correa-Bautista JE, Triana-Reina HR, García-Hermoso A, González-Ruíz K, Peña-Guzmán CA, Hernández E, Peña-Ibagon JC, Téllez-T LA, Izquierdo M, Ramírez-Vélez R. Acute Effects of High Intensity, Resistance, or Combined Protocol on the Increase of Level of Neurotrophic Factors in Physically Inactive Overweight Adults: The BrainFit Study. Front Physiol 2018; 9:741. [PMID: 29997519 PMCID: PMC6030369 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the neurotrophic factor response following one session of high-intensity exercise, resistance training or both in a cohort of physically inactive overweight adults aged 18–30 years old. A randomized, parallel-group clinical trial of 51 men (23.6 ± 3.5 years; 83.5 ± 7.8 kg; 28.0 ± 1.9 kg/m2) who are physically inactive (i.e., < 150 min of moderate-intensity exercise per week or IPAQ score of <600 MET min/week for >6 months) and are either abdominally obese (waist circumference ≥90 cm) or have a body mass index, BMI ≥25 and ≤ 30 kg/m2 were randomized to the following four exercise protocols: high-intensity exercise (4 × 4 min intervals at 85–95% maximum heart rate [HRmax] interspersed with 4 min of recovery at 75–85% HRmax) (n = 14), resistance training (12–15 repetitions per set, at 50–70% of one repetition maximum with 60 s of recovery) (n = 12), combined high-intensity and resistance exercise (n = 13), or non-exercising control (n = 12). The plasma levels of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrophin-4 (also known as neurotrophin 4/5; NT-4 or NT-4/5), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were determined before (pre-exercise) and 1-min post-exercise for each protocol session. Resistance training induced significant increases in NT-3 (+39.6 ng/mL [95% CI, 2.5–76.6; p = 0.004], and NT-4/5 (+1.3 ng/mL [95% CI, 0.3–2.3; p = 0.014]), respectively. Additionally, combined training results in favorable effects on BDNF (+22.0, 95% CI, 2.6–41.5; p = 0.029) and NT-3 (+32.9 ng/mL [95% CI, 12.3–53.4; p = 0.004]), respectively. The regression analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between changes in BDNF levels and changes in NT-4/5 levels from baseline to immediate post-exercise in the combined training group (R2 = 0.345, p = 0.034) but not the other intervention groups. The findings indicate that acute resistance training and combined exercise increase neurotrophic factors in physically inactive overweight adults. Further studies are required to determine the biological importance of changes in neurotrophic responses in overweight men and chronic effects of these exercise protocols. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02915913 (Date: September 22, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Domínguez-Sanchéz
- Grupo de Investigación Movimiento Corporal Humano, Facultad de Enfermería y Rehabilitación, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Rosa H Bustos-Cruz
- Evidence-Based Therapeutic Group, Clinical Pharmacology, Universidad de La Sabana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gina P Velasco-Orjuela
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrea P Quintero
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Tordecilla-Sanders
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge E Correa-Bautista
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Héctor R Triana-Reina
- Grupo GICAEDS, Programa de Cultura Física, Deporte y Recreación, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine González-Ruíz
- Grupo de Ejercicio Físico y Deportes, Facultad de Salud, Programa de Fisioterapia, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Peña-Guzmán
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Grupo de Investigación INAM-USTA Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Enrique Hernández
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jhonatan C Peña-Ibagon
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis A Téllez-T
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Navarrabiomed, CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Effects of an exercise program on hepatic metabolism, hepatic fat, and cardiovascular health in overweight/obese adolescents from Bogotá, Colombia (the HEPAFIT study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:330. [PMID: 29941024 PMCID: PMC6019229 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A considerable proportion of contemporary youth have a high risk of obesity-related disorders such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although there is consistent evidence for the positive effects of physical activity on several health aspects, most adolescents in Colombia are sedentary. It is, therefore, important to implement strategies that generate changes in lifestyle. The HEPAFIT study aims to examine whether a 6-month exercise program has benefits for hepatic fat content and cardiovascular health outcomes among overweight/obese adolescents from Bogotá, Colombia. Methods/design Altogether, 100 hundred overweight/obese, sedentary adolescents (aged 11–17 years) attending two public schools in Bogotá, Colombia, will be included in a parallel-group randomized controlled trial. Adolescents will be randomly assigned to an intervention group following one of four curricula: (1) the standard physical education curriculum (60 min per week of physical activity, n = 25) at low-to-moderate intensity; (2) a high-intensity physical education curriculum (HIPE, n = 25), consisting of endurance and resistance games and non-competitive activities, such as running, gymkhanas, lifting, pushing, wrestling, or hauling, for 60-min sessions, three times per week, with an energy expenditure goal of 300 to 500 kcal/session at 75–85% maximum heart rate (HRmax); (3) a low-to-moderate intensity physical education curriculum (LIPE, n = 25) consisting of endurance and resistance games and non-competitive activities (e.g., chasing, sprinting, dribbling, or hopping) for 60-min sessions, three times per week with an energy expenditure goal of 300 kcal/session at 55–75% HRmax; and (4) a combined HIPE and LIPE curriculum (n = 25). The HIPE, LIPE, and combined interventions were performed in addition to the standard physical education curriculum. The primary outcome for effectiveness is liver fat content, as measured by the controlled attenuation parameter 1 week after the end of the intervention program. Discussion The translational focus may be suitable for collecting new information in a school setting on the possible effects of physical activity interventions to reduce liver fat content and to improve metabolic profiles and the cardiometabolic health of overweight/obese adolescents. This may lead to the more efficient use of school physical education resources. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02753231. Registered on 21 April 2016. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2721-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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SERS and MD simulation studies of a kinase inhibitor demonstrate the emergence of a potential drug discovery tool. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10416-21. [PMID: 24972791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402695111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as an excellent tool for identifying the binding site of small molecules on a therapeutically important protein. As an example, we show the specific binding of the common antihypertension drug felodipine to the oncogenic Aurora A kinase protein via hydrogen bonding interactions with Tyr-212 residue to specifically inhibit its activity. Based on SERS studies, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, biochemical assays, and point mutation-based validation, we demonstrate the surface-binding mode of this molecule in two similar hydrophobic pockets in the Aurora A kinase. These binding pockets comprise the same unique hydrophobic patches that may aid in distinguishing human Aurora A versus human Aurora B kinase in vivo. The application of SERS to identify the specific interactions between small molecules and therapeutically important proteins by differentiating competitive and noncompetitive inhibition demonstrates its ability as a complementary technique. We also present felodipine as a specific inhibitor for oncogenic Aurora A kinase. Felodipine retards the rate of tumor progression in a xenografted nude mice model. This study reveals a potential surface pocket that may be useful for developing small molecules by selectively targeting the Aurora family kinases.
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Effector kinase coupling enables high-throughput screens for direct HIV-1 Nef antagonists with antiretroviral activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:82-91. [PMID: 23352142 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef, a critical AIDS progression factor, represents an important target protein for antiretroviral drug discovery. Because Nef lacks intrinsic enzymatic activity, we developed an assay that couples Nef to the activation of Hck, a Src family member and Nef effector protein. Using this assay, we screened a large, diverse chemical library and identified small molecules that block Nef-dependent Hck activity with low micromolar potency. Of these, a diphenylpyrazolo compound demonstrated submicromolar potency in HIV-1 replication assays against a broad range of primary Nef variants. This compound binds directly to Nef via a pocket formed by the Nef dimerization interface and disrupts Nef dimerization in cells. Coupling of nonenzymatic viral accessory factors to host cell effector proteins amenable to high-throughput screening may represent a general strategy for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents.
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Litvinov RI, Mekler A, Shuman H, Bennett JS, Barsegov V, Weisel JW. Resolving two-dimensional kinetics of the integrin αIIbβ3-fibrinogen interactions using binding-unbinding correlation spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35275-35285. [PMID: 22893701 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.404848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a combined experimental and theoretical approach named binding-unbinding correlation spectroscopy (BUCS), we describe the two-dimensional kinetics of interactions between fibrinogen and the integrin αIIbβ3, the ligand-receptor pair essential for platelet function during hemostasis and thrombosis. The methodology uses the optical trap to probe force-free association of individual surface-attached fibrinogen and αIIbβ3 molecules and forced dissociation of an αIIbβ3-fibrinogen complex. This novel approach combines force clamp measurements of bond lifetimes with the binding mode to quantify the dependence of the binding probability on the interaction time. We found that fibrinogen-reactive αIIbβ3 pre-exists in at least two states that differ in their zero force on-rates (k(on1) = 1.4 × 10(-4) and k(on2) = 2.3 × 10(-4) μm(2)/s), off-rates (k(off1) = 2.42 and k(off2) = 0.60 s(-1)), and dissociation constants (K(d)(1) = 1.7 × 10(4) and K(d)(2) = 2.6 × 10(3) μm(-2)). The integrin activator Mn(2+) changed the on-rates and affinities (K(d)(1) = 5 × 10(4) and K(d)(2) = 0.3 × 10(3) μm(-2)) but did not affect the off-rates. The strength of αIIbβ3-fibrinogen interactions was time-dependent due to a progressive increase in the fraction of the high affinity state of the αIIbβ3-fibrinogen complex characterized by a faster on-rate. Upon Mn(2+)-induced integrin activation, the force-dependent off-rates decrease while the complex undergoes a conformational transition from a lower to higher affinity state. The results obtained provide quantitative estimates of the two-dimensional kinetic rates for the low and high affinity αIIbβ3 and fibrinogen interactions at the single molecule level and offer direct evidence for the time- and force-dependent changes in αIIbβ3 conformation and ligand binding activity, underlying the dynamics of fibrinogen-mediated platelet adhesion and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Andrey Mekler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Henry Shuman
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Joel S Bennett
- Department of Hematology-Oncology Division of the Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Valeri Barsegov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854.
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
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