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Lam HM, Nguyen HM, Corey E. Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts to Investigate Mechanisms of Novel Treatments and Treatment Resistance. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1786:1-27. [PMID: 29786784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7845-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment advances lead to survival benefits of patients with advanced prostate cancer. These treatments are highly efficacious in a subset of patients; however, similarly to other cancers, after initial responses the tumors develop resistance (acquired resistance) and the patients succumb to the disease. Furthermore, there is a subset of patients who do not respond to the treatment at all (de novo resistance). Preclinical testing using patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) has led to successful drug development, and PDXs will continue to provide valuable resources to generate clinically relevant data with translational potential. PDXs demonstrate tumor heterogeneity observed in patients, preserve tumor-microenvironment architecture, and provide clinically relevant treatment responses. In view of the evolving biology of the advanced prostate cancer associated with new treatments, PDXs representing these new tumor phenotypes are urgently needed for the study of treatment responses and resistance. In this chapter, we describe methodologies used to establish prostate cancer PDXs and use of these PDXs to study de novo and acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Holly M Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Ruppender N, Larson S, Lakely B, Kollath L, Brown L, Coleman I, Coleman R, Nguyen H, Nelson PS, Corey E, Snyder LA, Vessella RL, Morrissey C, Lam HM. Cellular Adhesion Promotes Prostate Cancer Cells Escape from Dormancy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130565. [PMID: 26090669 PMCID: PMC4475050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissemination of prostate cancer (PCa) cells to the bone marrow is an early event in the disease process. In some patients, disseminated tumor cells (DTC) proliferate to form active metastases after a prolonged period of undetectable disease known as tumor dormancy. Identifying mechanisms of PCa dormancy and reactivation remain a challenge partly due to the lack of in vitro models. Here, we characterized in vitro PCa dormancy-reactivation by inducing cells from three patient-derived xenograft (PDX) lines to proliferate through tumor cell contact with each other and with bone marrow stroma. Proliferating PCa cells demonstrated tumor cell-cell contact and integrin clustering by immunofluorescence. Global gene expression analyses on proliferating cells cultured on bone marrow stroma revealed a downregulation of TGFB2 in all of the three proliferating PCa PDX lines when compared to their non-proliferating counterparts. Furthermore, constitutive activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), a downstream effector of integrin-beta1 and TGF-beta2, in non-proliferating cells promoted cell proliferation. This cell proliferation was associated with an upregulation of CDK6 and a downregulation of E2F4. Taken together, our data provide the first clinically relevant in vitro model to support cellular adhesion and downregulation of TGFB2 as a potential mechanism by which PCa cells may escape from dormancy. Targeting the TGF-beta2-associated mechanism could provide novel opportunities to prevent lethal PCa metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Ruppender
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sandy Larson
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bryce Lakely
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lori Kollath
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lisha Brown
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Roger Coleman
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Holly Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Divison of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Linda A. Snyder
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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