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Rümke LW, Smit WL, Bossink A, Limonard GJM, Muilwijk D, Haas LEM, Reusken C, van der Wal S, Thio BJ, van Os YMG, Gremmels H, Beekman JM, Nijhuis M, Wensing AMJ, Heron M, Thijsen SFT. Impaired SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response in patients with severe COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1046639. [PMID: 37168853 PMCID: PMC10165493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1046639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses are of pivotal importance to understand SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) interferon-γ release assay with wild-type spike, membrane and nucleocapsid peptide pools, we longitudinally characterized functional SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses in a cohort of patients with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19. All patients were included before emergence of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. Our most important finding was an impaired development of early IFN-γ-secreting virus-specific T-cells in severe patients compared to patients with moderate disease, indicating that absence of virus-specific cellular responses in the acute phase may act as a prognostic factor for severe disease. Remarkably, in addition to reactivity against the spike protein, a substantial proportion of the SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response was directed against the conserved membrane protein. This may be relevant for diagnostics and vaccine design, especially considering new variants with heavily mutated spike proteins. Our data further strengthen the hypothesis that dysregulated adaptive immunity plays a central role in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidewij W. Rümke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter L. Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ailko Bossink
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gijs J. M. Limonard
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Danya Muilwijk
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lenneke E. M. Haas
- Department of Intensive Care, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, WHO Reference Laboratory for COVID-19, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Sanne van der Wal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bing J. Thio
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M. G. van Os
- Occupational Health Office, Department of Human Resources, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Gremmels
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M. Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M. J. Wensing
- Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Heron
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Michiel Heron,
| | - Steven F. T. Thijsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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van Gorkom T, Voet W, Sankatsing SUC, Nijhuis CDM, Ter Haak E, Kremer K, Thijsen SFT. Prospective comparison of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays for the diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 199:337-356. [PMID: 31665540 PMCID: PMC7008225 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial cellular tests are used to diagnose Lyme borreliosis (LB), but studies on their clinical validation are lacking. This study evaluated the utility of an in‐house and a commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay for the diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). Prospectively, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from patients and controls and analysed using an in‐house Borrelia ELISpot assay and the commercial LymeSpot assay. B. burgdorferi B31 whole cell lysate and a mixture of outer surface proteins were used to stimulate the PBMCs and the numbers of interferon‐gamma‐secreting T cells were measured. Results were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Eighteen active and 12 treated LNB patients, 10 healthy individuals treated for an early (mostly cutaneous) manifestation of LB in the past and 47 untreated healthy individuals were included. Both assays showed a poor diagnostic performance with sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive values ranging from 44.4–66.7%, 42.0–72.5%, 21.8–33.3% and 80.5–87.0%, respectively. The LymeSpot assay performed equally poorly when the calculation method of the manufacturer was used. Both the in‐house and the LymeSpot assay are unable to diagnose active LNB or to monitor antibiotic treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- T van Gorkom
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - W Voet
- Department of Neurology, Diakonessenhuis Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - S U C Sankatsing
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diakonessenhuis Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C D M Nijhuis
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - E Ter Haak
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - K Kremer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - S F T Thijsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Hiza H, Fenner L, Hella J, Kuchaka D, Sasamalo M, Blauenfeldt T, Kibiki G, Kavishe RA, Mhimbira F, Ruhwald M. Boosting effect of IL-7 in interferon gamma release assays to diagnose Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202525. [PMID: 30157233 PMCID: PMC6114790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A quarter of the world’s population is estimated to be infected with Myobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Infection is detected by immune response to M. tuberculosis antigens using either tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma release (IGRA’s), tests which have low sensitivity in immunocompromised. IL-7 is an important cytokine for T-cell function with potential to augment cytokine release in in-vitro assays. This study aimed to determine whether the addition of IL-7 in interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) improves its diagnostic performance of Mtb infection. Methods 44 cases with confirmed TB and 45 household contacts without TB were recruited and 1ml of blood was stimulated in two separate IGRA’s tube set: one set of standard Quantiferon TB gold tubes mitogen, TB antigen and TB Nil; one set of customized Quantiferon TB gold tubes with added IL-7. Following IFN-γ and IP-10 release was determined using ELISA. Results We found that the addition of IL-7 led to significantly higher release of IFN-γ in individuals with active TB from 4.2IU/ml (IQR 1.4–6.9IU/ml) to 5.1IU/ml (IQR 1.5–8.1IU/ml, p = 0.0057), and we found an indication of a lower release of both IFN-γ and IP-10 in participants with negative tests. Conclusions In TB cases addition of IL-7 in IGRA tubes augments IFN-γ but not IP-10 release, and seems to lower the response in controls. Whether IL-7 boosted IGRA holds potential over standard IGRA needs to be confirmed in larger studies in high and low TB incidence countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Hiza
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Lukas Fenner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jerry Hella
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Davis Kuchaka
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Mohamed Sasamalo
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Blauenfeldt
- Statens Serum Institut, Center for Vaccine Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gibson Kibiki
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
- East African Health Research Commission, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Reginald A Kavishe
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | | | - Morten Ruhwald
- Statens Serum Institut, Center for Vaccine Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Spot Assay Measuring Borrelia burgdorferi B31-Specific Interferon Gamma-Secreting T Cells Cannot Discriminate Active Lyme Neuroborreliosis from Past Lyme Borreliosis: a Prospective Study in the Netherlands. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01695-17. [PMID: 29367297 PMCID: PMC5869815 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01695-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-tier serology testing is most frequently used for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis (LB); however, a positive result is no proof of active disease. To establish a diagnosis of active LB, better diagnostics are needed. Tests investigating the cellular immune system are available, but studies evaluating the utility of these tests on well-defined patient populations are lacking. Therefore, we investigated the utility of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay to diagnose active Lyme neuroborreliosis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of various study groups were stimulated by using Borrelia burgdorferi strain B31 and various recombinant antigens, and subsequently, the number of Borrelia-specific interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-secreting T cells was measured. We included 33 active and 37 treated Lyme neuroborreliosis patients, 28 healthy individuals treated for an early manifestation of LB in the past, and 145 untreated healthy individuals. The median numbers of B. burgdorferi B31-specific IFN-γ-secreting T cells/2.5 × 105 PBMCs did not differ between active Lyme neuroborreliosis patients (6.0; interquartile range [IQR], 0.5 to 14.0), treated Lyme neuroborreliosis patients (4.5; IQR, 2.0 to 18.6), and treated healthy individuals (7.4; IQR, 2.3 to 14.9) (P = 1.000); however, the median number of B. burgdorferi B31-specific IFN-γ-secreting T cells/2.5 × 105 PBMCs among untreated healthy individuals was lower (2.0; IQR, 0.5 to 3.9) (P ≤ 0.016). We conclude that the Borrelia ELISpot assay, measuring the number of B. burgdorferi B31-specific IFN-γ-secreting T cells/2.5 × 105 PBMCs, correlates with exposure to the Borrelia bacterium but cannot be used for the diagnosis of active Lyme neuroborreliosis.
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Ruhwald M, Aabye MG, Ravn P. IP-10 release assays in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 12:175-87. [PMID: 22369377 DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The current state-of-the-art tests for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis - the IFN-γ release assays - rely on accurate measurement of the cytokine IFN-γ. Many other potential biomarkers are expressed in concert with IFN-γ, and IP-10 in particular has shown promising results. IP-10 is produced in large amounts, allowing for the development of new and simplified test platforms, such as lateral flow. In this review, we summarize the results of 22 clinical studies exploring the use of IP-10 as an alternative marker to IFN-γ. The studies report that diagnostic accuracy of IP-10 is on par with IFN-γ, but also that IP-10 may be more robust in young children and in HIV-infected individuals with low CD4 cell counts. We conclude the review by presenting limitations of the published works and outline recent developments and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Ruhwald
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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