1
|
Role of Microalgae as a Source for Biofuel Production in the Future: A Short Review. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.16.2.10503.396-412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The continued burning of fossil fuels since the beginning of the last century led to higher emissions of greenhouse gases and thus leads to global warming. Microalgae are one of the most important sources of green hydrocarbons because this type of algae has a high percentage of lipids and has rapid growth, consumes the carbon dioxide in large quantities. Besides, the cultivation of these types of algae does not require arable land. This review aims to explain the suitability of microalgae as a biofuel source depending on the fat content, morphology, and other parameters and their effect on the conversion processes of microalgae oil into biofuels by different zeolite catalytic reactions. It also discusses in detail the major chemical processes that convert microalgae oil to chemical products. This review sheds light on one of the most important groups of microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris microalgae). This review includes a historical overview and a comprehensive description of the structure needed to develop this type of algae. The most important methods of production, their advantages and disadvantages are also deliberated in this work. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Collapse
|
2
|
Coelho D, Lopes PA, Cardoso V, Ponte P, Brás J, Madeira MS, Alfaia CM, Bandarra NM, Gerken HG, Fontes CMGA, Prates JAM. Novel combination of feed enzymes to improve the degradation of Chlorella vulgaris recalcitrant cell wall. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5382. [PMID: 30926940 PMCID: PMC6440988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a rational combination of 200 pre-selected Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZymes) and sulfatases were tested, individually or combined, according to their ability to degrade Chlorella vulgaris cell wall to access its valuable nutritional compounds. The disruption of microalgae cell walls by a four-enzyme mixture (Mix) in comparison with the control, enabled to release up to 1.21 g/L of reducing sugars (p < 0.001), led to an eight-fold increase in oligosaccharides release (p < 0.001), and reduced the fluorescence intensity by 47% after staining with Calcofluor White (p < 0.001). The Mix treatment was successful in releasing proteins (p < 0.001), some MUFA (p < 0.05), and the beneficial 18:3n-3 fatty acid (p < 0.05). Even if no variation was detected for chlorophylls (p > 0.05), total carotenoids were increased in the supernatant (p < 0.05) from the Mix treatment, relative to the control. Taken together, these results indicate that this four-enzyme Mix displays an effective capacity to degrade C. vulgaris cell wall. Thus, these enzymes may constitute a good approach to improve the bioavailability of C. vulgaris nutrients for monogastric diets, in particular, and to facilitate the cost-effective use of microalgae by the feed industry, in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Coelho
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula A Lopes
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vânia Cardoso
- NZYTech - Genes and Enzymes, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício E, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Ponte
- NZYTech - Genes and Enzymes, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício E, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Brás
- NZYTech - Genes and Enzymes, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício E, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta S Madeira
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina M Alfaia
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Narcisa M Bandarra
- DivAV, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 1495-006, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Henri G Gerken
- Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, 7418 Innovation Way South, Building ISTB-3, Room 103, Mesa, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Carlos M G A Fontes
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal.,NZYTech - Genes and Enzymes, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício E, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José A M Prates
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal. .,NZYTech - Genes and Enzymes, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício E, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cerón García MDC, González López CV, Fernández Sevilla JM, Molina Grima E. Preparative Recovery of Carotenoids from Microalgal Biomass. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1852:107-115. [PMID: 30109627 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8742-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are widespread substances with important physiological roles, and some of them, such as lutein, astaxanthin, or vaucherioxanthin, are high-value products that can be used as high-quality food color and antioxidants, and some have an alleged role in the prevention of disorders such as AMD. Carotenoid extracts are currently obtained from plant sources, but microalgae have been demonstrated to be a competitive source likely to become an alternative. The extraction of carotenoids from microalgae possesses specific problems that arise from the different structure and composition of the source biomass. Here is presented a method for the recovery of carotenoid extracts from microalgal biomass in the kilogram scale.
Collapse
|