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Asar M, Newton-Northup J, Soendergaard M. Improving Pharmacokinetics of Peptides Using Phage Display. Viruses 2024; 16:570. [PMID: 38675913 PMCID: PMC11055145 DOI: 10.3390/v16040570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phage display is a versatile method often used in the discovery of peptides that targets disease-related biomarkers. A major advantage of this technology is the ease and cost efficiency of affinity selection, also known as biopanning, to identify novel peptides. While it is relatively straightforward to identify peptides with optimal binding affinity, the pharmacokinetics of the selected peptides often prove to be suboptimal. Therefore, careful consideration of the experimental conditions, including the choice of using in vitro, in situ, or in vivo affinity selections, is essential in generating peptides with high affinity and specificity that also demonstrate desirable pharmacokinetics. Specifically, in vivo biopanning, or the combination of in vitro, in situ, and in vivo affinity selections, has been proven to influence the biodistribution and clearance of peptides and peptide-conjugated nanoparticles. Additionally, the marked difference in properties between peptides and nanoparticles must be considered. While peptide biodistribution depends primarily on physiochemical properties and can be modified by amino acid modifications, the size and shape of nanoparticles also affect both absorption and distribution. Thus, optimization of the desired pharmacokinetic properties should be an important consideration in biopanning strategies to enable the selection of peptides and peptide-conjugated nanoparticles that effectively target biomarkers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Asar
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA;
| | | | - Mette Soendergaard
- Cell Origins LLC, 1601 South Providence Road Columbia, Columbia, MO 65203, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA
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2
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Abston E, Zhou IY, Saenger JA, Shuvaev S, Akam E, Esfahani SA, Hariri LP, Rotile NJ, Crowley E, Montesi SB, Humblet V, Arabasz G, Khandekar M, Catana C, Fintelmann FJ, Caravan P, Lanuti M. Noninvasive Quantification of Radiation-Induced Lung Injury Using a Targeted Molecular Imaging Probe. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 118:1228-1239. [PMID: 38072325 PMCID: PMC11184492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a progressive inflammatory process seen after irradiation for lung cancer. The disease can be insidious, often characterized by acute pneumonitis followed by chronic fibrosis with significant associated morbidity. No therapies are approved for RILI, and accurate disease quantification is a major barrier to improved management. Here, we sought to noninvasively quantify RILI using a molecular imaging probe that specifically targets type 1 collagen in mouse models and patients with confirmed RILI. METHODS AND MATERIALS Using a murine model of lung radiation, mice were imaged with EP-3533, a type 1 collagen probe, to characterize the development of RILI and to assess disease mitigation after losartan treatment. The human analog probe 68Ga-CBP8, targeting type 1 collagen, was tested on excised human lung tissue containing RILI and was quantified via autoradiography. 68Ga-CBP8 positron emission tomography was used to assess RILI in vivo in 6 human subjects. RESULTS Murine models demonstrated that probe signal correlated with progressive RILI severity over 6 months. The probe was sensitive to mitigation of RILI by losartan. Excised human lung tissue with RILI had increased binding versus unirradiated control tissue, and 68Ga-CBP8 uptake correlated with collagen proportional area. Human imaging revealed significant 68Ga-CBP8 uptake in areas of RILI and minimal background uptake. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the ability of a molecular imaging probe targeted at type 1 collagen to detect RILI in preclinical models and human disease, suggesting a role for targeted molecular imaging of collagen in the assessment of RILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Abston
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Iris Y Zhou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan A Saenger
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sergey Shuvaev
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eman Akam
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shadi A Esfahani
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lida P Hariri
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Crowley
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sydney B Montesi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Grae Arabasz
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melin Khandekar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ciprian Catana
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Florian J Fintelmann
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Lanuti
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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3
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Abston E, Zhou IY, Saenger JA, Shuvaev S, Akam E, Esfahani SA, Hariri LP, Rotile NJ, Crowley E, Montesi SB, Humblet V, Arabasz G, Catana C, Fintelmann FJ, Caravan P, Lanuti M. Noninvasive Quantification of Radiation-Induced Lung Injury using a Targeted Molecular Imaging Probe. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.25.23295897. [PMID: 37808864 PMCID: PMC10557816 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.23295897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Rationale Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a progressive inflammatory process commonly seen following irradiation for lung cancer. The disease can be insidious, often characterized by acute pneumonitis followed by chronic fibrosis with significant associated morbidity. No therapies are approved for RILI, and accurate disease quantification is a major barrier to improved management. Objective To noninvasively quantify RILI, utilizing a molecular imaging probe that specifically targets type 1 collagen in mouse models and patients with confirmed RILI. Methods Using a murine model of lung radiation, mice were imaged with EP-3533, a type 1 collagen probe to characterize the development of RILI and to assess disease mitigation following losartan treatment. The human analog probe targeted against type 1 collagen, 68Ga-CBP8, was tested on excised human lung tissue containing RILI and quantified via autoradiography. Finally, 68Ga-CBP8 PET was used to assess RILI in vivo in six human subjects. Results Murine models demonstrated that probe signal correlated with progressive RILI severity over six-months. The probe was sensitive to mitigation of RILI by losartan. Excised human lung tissue with RILI had increased binding vs unirradiated control tissue and 68Ga-CBP8 uptake correlated with collagen proportional area. Human imaging revealed significant 68Ga-CBP8 uptake in areas of RILI and minimal background uptake. Conclusions These findings support the ability of a molecular imaging probe targeted at type 1 collagen to detect RILI in preclinical models and human disease, suggesting a role for targeted molecular imaging of collagen in the assessment of RILI.Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04485286, NCT03535545).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Abston
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Iris Y Zhou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan A Saenger
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergey Shuvaev
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eman Akam
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shadi A Esfahani
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lida P Hariri
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth Crowley
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sydney B Montesi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Grae Arabasz
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ciprian Catana
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florian J Fintelmann
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Lanuti
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Mecwan M, Li J, Falcone N, Ermis Sen M, Hassani A, Haghniaz R, Mandal K, Sharma S, Maity S, Zehtabi F, Zamanian B, Herculano R, Akbari M, John JV, Khademhosseini A. Recent advances in biopolymer-based hemostatic materials. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac063. [PMID: 36196294 PMCID: PMC9522468 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Hemorrhage is the leading cause of trauma-related deaths, in hospital and pre-hospital settings. Hemostasis is a complex mechanism that involves a cascade of clotting factors and proteins that result in the formation of a strong clot. In certain surgical and emergency situations, hemostatic agents are needed to achieve faster blood coagulation to prevent the patient from experiencing a severe hemorrhagic shock. Therefore, it is critical to consider appropriate materials and designs for hemostatic agents. Many materials have been fabricated as hemostatic agents, including synthetic and naturally derived polymers. However, compared to synthetic polymers, natural polymers or biopolymers, which include polysaccharides and polypeptides, have greater biocompatibility, biodegradability, and processibility. Thus, in this review, we focus on biopolymer-based hemostatic agents of different forms, such as powder, particles, sponges, and hydrogels. Finally, we discuss biopolymer-based hemostats currently in clinical trials and offer insight into next-generation hemostats for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Mecwan
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Jinghang Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Natashya Falcone
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Menekse Ermis Sen
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Alireza Hassani
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Kalpana Mandal
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Surjendu Maity
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Fatemeh Zehtabi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Behnam Zamanian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Rondinelli Herculano
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bioengineering & Biomaterials Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences , Humanities and Languages, Assis, SP, Brazil
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- University of Victoria Department of Mechanical Engineering, , Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology , Akademicka 2A, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Johnson V John
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation , Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
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Hu B, Bao G, Xu X, Yang K. The Topical Hemostatic Materials for Coagulopathy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1946-1959. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02523f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Medical sciences have witnessed significant progresses in hemostatic materials which have saved lives by supporting natural hemostatic ability. However, for the treatment of coagulopathy, where natural hemostatic ability is dysfunctional,...
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Multi-targeted 1H/ 19F MRI unmasks specific danger patterns for emerging cardiovascular disorders. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5847. [PMID: 34615876 PMCID: PMC8494909 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of the transition from stable to acute coronary syndromes driven by vascular inflammation, thrombosis with subsequent microembolization, and vessel occlusion leading to irreversible myocardial damage is still an unsolved problem. Here, we introduce a multi-targeted and multi-color nanotracer platform technology that simultaneously visualizes evolving danger patterns in the development of progressive coronary inflammation and atherothrombosis prior to spontaneous myocardial infarction in mice. Individual ligand-equipped perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions are used as targeting agents and are differentiated by their specific spectral signatures via implementation of multi chemical shift selective 19F MRI. Thereby, we are able to identify areas at high risk of and predictive for consecutive development of myocardial infarction, at a time when no conventional parameter indicates any imminent danger. The principle of this multi-targeted approach can easily be adapted to monitor also a variety of other disease entities and constitutes a technology with disease-predictive potential.
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Abstract
Molecular magnetic resonance (MR) imaging utilizes molecular probes to provide added biochemical or cellular information to what can already be achieved with anatomical and functional MR imaging. This review provides an overview of molecular MR and focuses specifically on molecular MR contrast agents that provide contrast by shortening the T1 time. We describe the requirements for a successful molecular MR contrast agent and the challenges for clinical translation. The review highlights work from the last 5 years and places an emphasis on new contrast agents that have been validated in multiple preclinical models. Applications of molecular MR include imaging of inflammation, fibrosis, fibrogenesis, thromboembolic disease, and cancers. Molecular MR is positioned to move beyond detection of disease to the quantitative staging of disease and measurement of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Caravan
- The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Cardle II, Jensen MC, Pun SH, Sellers DL. Optimized serum stability and specificity of an αvβ6 integrin-binding peptide for tumor targeting. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100657. [PMID: 33857478 PMCID: PMC8138772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrin αvβ6 is an antigen expressed at low levels in healthy tissue but upregulated during tumorigenesis, which makes it a promising target for cancer imaging and therapy. A20FMDV2 is a 20-mer peptide derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus that exhibits nanomolar and selective affinity for αvβ6 versus other integrins. Despite this selectivity, A20FMDV2 has had limited success in imaging and treating αvβ6+ tumors in vivo because of its poor serum stability. Here, we explore the cyclization and modification of the A20FMDV2 peptide to improve its serum stability without sacrificing its affinity and specificity for αvβ6. Using cysteine amino acid substitutions and cyclization by perfluoroarylation with decafluorobiphenyl, we synthesized six cyclized A20FMDV2 variants and discovered that two retained binding to αvβ6 with modestly improved serum stability. Further d-amino acid substitutions and C-terminal sequence optimization outside the cyclized region greatly prolonged peptide serum stability without reducing binding affinity. While the cyclized A20FMDV2 variants exhibited increased nonspecific integrin binding compared with the original peptide, additional modifications with the non-natural amino acids citrulline, hydroxyproline, and d-alanine were found to restore binding specificity, with some modifications leading to greater αvβ6 integrin selectivity than the original A20FMDV2 peptide. The peptide modifications detailed herein greatly improve the potential of utilizing A20FMDV2 to target αvβ6 in vivo, expanding opportunities for cancer targeting and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian I Cardle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael C Jensen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Drew L Sellers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Wahsner J, Gale EM, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Caravan P. Chemistry of MRI Contrast Agents: Current Challenges and New Frontiers. Chem Rev 2019; 119:957-1057. [PMID: 30350585 PMCID: PMC6516866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 827] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tens of millions of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams are performed annually around the world. The contrast agents, which improve diagnostic accuracy, are almost exclusively small, hydrophilic gadolinium(III) based chelates. In recent years concerns have arisen surrounding the long-term safety of these compounds, and this has spurred research into alternatives. There has also been a push to develop new molecularly targeted contrast agents or agents that can sense pathological changes in the local environment. This comprehensive review describes the state of the art of clinically approved contrast agents, their mechanism of action, and factors influencing their safety. From there we describe different mechanisms of generating MR image contrast such as relaxation, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and direct detection and the types of molecules that are effective for these purposes. Next we describe efforts to make safer contrast agents either by increasing relaxivity, increasing resistance to metal ion release, or by moving to gadolinium(III)-free alternatives. Finally we survey approaches to make contrast agents more specific for pathology either by direct biochemical targeting or by the design of responsive or activatable contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wahsner
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eric M. Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Aurora Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Martinez MD, Trac DQ, Brown ME, Maher KO, Davis ME. Identification of targeting peptides for the diagnosis of myocarditis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:787-801. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Current diagnostic tests for myocarditis are invasive and have low diagnostic value. Our aim was to identify potential targeting peptides to detect early myocarditis following intravenous delivery. Materials & methods: We used an animal model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis and a phage display library to identify potential targeting peptides. After several steps, we selected two peptides, MyH-PhD-05 and MyH-PhD-120, for in vivo screening using fluorescent imaging. Immunofluorescence and proteonomic analysis was used to identify potential cellular and molecular targets of MyH-PhD-05. Echocardiography was used to assess functional changes. Results: Peptide MyH-PhD-05 was able to detect animals with severe myocarditis even in the absence of functional changes. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that MyH-PhD-05 colocalizes with CD4+ T cells and monocytes (CD11b+) in cardiac infiltrates. Conclusion: We identified potential targeting peptides for the diagnosis of myocarditis. Future studies will focus on better identification of potential targets and translating this technology to clinically relevant imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario D Martinez
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University & Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David Q Trac
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University & Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Milton E Brown
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University & Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kevin O Maher
- Children's Heart Research & Outcomes Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael E Davis
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University & Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children's Heart Research & Outcomes Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Kim H, Lee SJ, Kim JS, Davies-Venn C, Cho HJ, Won SJ, Dejene E, Yao Z, Kim I, Paik CH, Bluemke DA. Pharmacokinetics and microbiodistribution of 64Cu-labeled collagen-binding peptides in chronic myocardial infarction. Nucl Med Commun 2016; 37:1306-1317. [PMID: 27623511 PMCID: PMC5077647 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and microbiodistribution of Cu-labeled collagen-binding peptides. METHODS The affinity constant (KD), association (ka), and dissociation rate constant (kd) for the peptide collagelin or its analog (named CRPA) binding to collagen were measured by biolayer interferometric analysis. Rats (n=4-5) with myocardial infarction or normal were injected intravenously with the Cu-labeled peptides or Cu-DOTA as a control. Dynamic PET imaging was performed for 60 min at 7-8 weeks after infarct. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging was performed to identify the viable myocardium. To validate the PET images, slices of heart samples from the base to the apex were analyzed using autoradiography and histology. RESULT The peptides bound to collagen with a KD of ∼0.9 µmol/l. The Cu-peptides and Cu-DOTA accumulated in the infarct area (confirmed by autoradiography and histology images) within 1 min of injection and were excreted rapidly through the renal system. The blood clearance curves were biphasic with elimination half-lives of 21.9±2.4, 26.2±4.6, and 21.2±2.1 min for Cu-CRPA, Cu-collagelin, and the control Cu-DOTA, respectively. The clearance half-lives from the focal fibrotic tissue (24.1±1.5, 25.6±8.0, and 21.4±1.3 min, respectively) and remote myocardium (20.8±0.7, 21.0±5.5, and 19.1±2.4 min, respectively) were not significantly different. The uptake ratios of infarct-to-remote myocardium (1.93±0.18, 2.15±0.38, and 1.88±0.08, respectively) for Cu-CRPA, Cu-collagelin, and Cu-DOTA remained stable for the time period between 10 and 60 min. CONCLUSION The distribution of the Cu-collagelin probes corresponds to the heterogeneous distribution of expanded extracellular space in the setting of myocardial infarction. The overall washout rate from the fibrous tissue was determined by the slow washout rate (t1/2≥20 min) of the peptides from the extracellular space to the vasculature, not by the dissociation rate (t1/2<2 min) of the Cu-peptides from collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Kim
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sung-Jin Lee
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jin Su Kim
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Cynthia Davies-Venn
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hong-Jun Cho
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Samuel Jaeyoon Won
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eden Dejene
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhengsheng Yao
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Insook Kim
- Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Chang H. Paik
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David A. Bluemke
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Ngambenjawong C, Pineda JMB, Pun SH. Engineering an Affinity-Enhanced Peptide through Optimization of Cyclization Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2854-2862. [PMID: 27779387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptide cyclization is a strategy used to improve stability and activity of peptides. The most commonly used cyclization method is disulfide bridge formation of cysteine-containing peptides, as is typically found in nature. Over the years, an increasing number of alternative chemistries for peptide cyclization with improved efficiency, kinetics, orthogonality, and stability have been reported. However, there has been less appreciation for the opportunity to fine-tune peptide activity via the diverse chemical entities introduced at the site of linkage by different cyclization strategies. Here, we demonstrate how cyclization optimization of an M2 "anti-inflammatory" macrophage-binding peptide (M2pep) resulted in a significant increase in binding affinity of the optimized analog to M2 macrophages while maintaining binding selectivity compared to M1 "pro-inflammatory" macrophages. In this study, we report synthesis and evaluation of four cyclic M2pep(RY) analogs with diverse cyclization strategies: (1) Asp-[amide]-Lys, (2) azido-Lys-[triazole(copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC))]-propargyl-Gly, (3) Cys-[decafluorobiphenyl (DFBP)]-Cys, and (4) Cys-[decafluorobiphenyl sulfone (DFS)]-Cys, whereby the chemical entity or linker at the linkage site is shown in the square bracket and is between the residues involved in cyclization. These peptides are compared to a disulfide-cyclized M2pep(RY) that we previously reported as a serum-stable, affinity-enhanced analog to the original linear M2pep. DFBP-cyclized M2pep(RY) exhibits the highest binding activity to M2 macrophages with apparent dissociation constant (KD) about 2.03 μM compared to 36.3 μM for the original disulfide-cyclized M2pep(RY) and 220 μM for the original linear peptide. DFS-cyclized M2pep(RY) also binds more strongly than the original cyclized analog, whereas amide- and triazole-cyclized M2pep(RY) analogs bind less strongly. We verified that DFBP alone has negligible binding to M2 macrophages and the incorporation of diphenylalanine to the original sequence improves binding activity at the expense of solubility and increased toxicity. In conclusion, we report development of cyclic M2pep(RY) analogs with diverse cyclization strategies leading to the discovery of DFBP-cyclized M2pep(RY) with enhanced M2 macrophage-binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanon Ngambenjawong
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Julio Marco B Pineda
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Ngambenjawong C, Gustafson HH, Pineda JM, Kacherovsky NA, Cieslewicz M, Pun SH. Serum Stability and Affinity Optimization of an M2 Macrophage-Targeting Peptide (M2pep). Theranostics 2016; 6:1403-14. [PMID: 27375788 PMCID: PMC4924508 DOI: 10.7150/thno.15394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major stromal component of the tumor microenvironment in several cancers. TAMs are a potential target for adjuvant cancer therapies due to their established roles in promoting proliferation of cancer cells, angiogenesis, and metastasis. We previously discovered an M2 macrophage-targeting peptide (M2pep) which was successfully used to target and deliver a pro-apoptotic KLA peptide to M2-like TAMs in a CT-26 colon carcinoma model. However, the effectiveness of in vivo TAM-targeting using M2pep is limited by its poor serum stability and low binding affinity. In this study, we synthesized M2pep derivatives with the goals of increasing serum stability and binding affinity. Serum stability evaluation of M2pepBiotin confirmed its rapid degradation attributed to exolytic cleavage from the N-terminus and endolytic cleavages at the W10/W11 and S16/K17 sites. N-terminal acetylation of M2pepBiotin protected the peptide against the exolytic degradation while W10w and K(17,18,19)k substitutions were able to effectively protect endolytic degradation at their respective cleavage sites. However, no tested amino acid changes at the W10 position resulted in both protease resistance at that site and retention of binding activity. Therefore, cyclization of M2pep was investigated. Cyclized M2pep better resisted serum degradation without compromising binding activity to M2 macrophages. During the serum stability optimization process, we also discovered that K9R and W10Y substitutions significantly enhanced binding affinity of M2pep. In an in vitro binding study of different M2pep analogs pre-incubated in mouse serum, cyclic M2pep with K9R and W10Y modifications (cyclic M2pep(RY)) retained the highest binding activity to M2 macrophages over time due to its improved serum stability. Finally, we evaluated the in vivo accumulation of sulfo-Cy5-labeled M2pep and cyclic M2pep(RY) in both the CT-26 and 4T1 breast carcinoma models. Cyclic M2pep(RY) outperformed M2pep in both tumor localization and selective accumulation in M2-like TAMs. In conclusion, we report cyclic M2pep(RY) as our lead M2pep analog with improved serum stability and M2 macrophage-binding activity. Its enhanced utility as an in vivo M2-like-TAM-targeting agent was demonstrated in two tumor models, and is expected to be applicable for other tumor models or in models of M2 macrophage-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Suzie H. Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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Chan LW, Wang X, Wei H, Pozzo LD, White NJ, Pun SH. A synthetic fibrin cross-linking polymer for modulating clot properties and inducing hemostasis. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:277ra29. [PMID: 25739763 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clotting factor replacement is the standard management of acute bleeding in congenital and acquired bleeding disorders. We present a synthetic approach to hemostasis using an engineered hemostatic polymer (PolySTAT) that circulates innocuously in the blood, identifies sites of vascular injury, and promotes clot formation to stop bleeding. PolySTAT induces hemostasis by cross-linking the fibrin matrix within clots, mimicking the function of the transglutaminase factor XIII. Furthermore, synthetic PolySTAT binds specifically to fibrin monomers and is uniformly integrated into fibrin fibers during fibrin polymerization, resulting in a fortified, hybrid polymer network with enhanced resistance to enzymatic degradation. In vivo hemostatic activity was confirmed in a rat model of trauma and fluid resuscitation in which intravenous administration of PolySTAT improved survival by reducing blood loss and resuscitation fluid requirements. PolySTAT-induced fibrin cross-linking is a novel approach to hemostasis using synthetic polymers for noninvasive modulation of clot architecture with potentially wide-ranging therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie W Chan
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue Northeast, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hua Wei
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue Northeast, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lilo D Pozzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nathan J White
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue Northeast, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Gale EM, Atanasova IP, Blasi F, Ay I, Caravan P. A Manganese Alternative to Gadolinium for MRI Contrast. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15548-57. [PMID: 26588204 PMCID: PMC4764508 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are routinely used to diagnose soft tissue and vascular abnormalities. However, safety concerns limit the use of iodinated and gadolinium (Gd)-based CT and MRI contrast media in renally compromised patients. With an estimated 14% of the US population suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD), contrast media compatible with renal impairment is sorely needed. We present the new manganese(II) complex [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) as a Gd alternative. [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) is among the most stable Mn(II) complexes at pH 7.4 (log KML = 11.40). In the presence of 25 mol equiv of Zn at pH 6.0, 37 °C, [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) is 20-fold more resistant to dissociation than [Gd(DTPA)(H2O)](2-). Relaxivity of [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) in blood plasma is comparable to commercial Gd contrast agents. Biodistribution analysis confirms that [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) clears via a mixed renal/hepatobiliary pathway with >99% elimination by 24 h. [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) was modified to form a bifunctional chelator and 4 chelates were conjugated to a fibrin-specific peptide to give Mn-FBP. Mn-FBP binds the soluble fibrin fragment DD(E) with Kd = 110 nM. Per Mn relaxivity of Mn-FBP is 4-fold greater than [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) and increases 60% in the presence of fibrin, consistent with binding. Mn-FBP provided equivalent thrombus enhancement to the state of the art Gd analogue, EP-2104R, in a rat model of arterial thrombosis. Mn metabolite analysis reveals no evidence of dechelation and the probe was >99% eliminated after 24 h. [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) is a lead development candidate for an imaging probe that is compatible with renally compromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Gale
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Iliyana P. Atanasova
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Francesco Blasi
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Ilknur Ay
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Peter Caravan
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
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Oliveira BL, Blasi F, Rietz TA, Rotile NJ, Day H, Caravan P. Multimodal Molecular Imaging Reveals High Target Uptake and Specificity of 111In- and 68Ga-Labeled Fibrin-Binding Probes for Thrombus Detection in Rats. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1587-92. [PMID: 26251420 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.160754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We recently showed the high target specificity and favorable imaging properties of 64Cu and Al18F PET probes for noninvasive imaging of thrombosis. Here, our aim was to evaluate new derivatives labeled with either with 68Ga, 111In, or 99mTc as thrombus imaging agents for PET and SPECT. In this study, the feasibility and potential of these probes for thrombus imaging was assessed in detail in 2 animal models of arterial thrombosis. The specificity of the probes was further evaluated using a triple-isotope approach with multimodal SPECT/PET/CT imaging. METHODS Radiotracers were synthesized using a known fibrin-binding peptide conjugated to 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid (NODAGA), 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid monoamide (DOTA-MA), or a diethylenetriamine ligand (DETA-propanoic acid [PA]), followed by labeling with 68Ga (FBP14, 68Ga-NODAGA), 111In (FBP15, 111In-DOTA-MA), or 99mTc (FBP16, 99mTc(CO)3-DETA-PA), respectively. PET or SPECT imaging, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and metabolic stability were evaluated in rat models of mural and occlusive carotid artery thrombosis. In vivo target specificity was evaluated by comparing the distribution of the SPECT and PET probes with preformed 125I-labeled thrombi and with a nonbinding control probe using SPECT/PET/CT imaging. RESULTS All 3 radiotracers showed affinity similar to soluble fibrin fragment DD(E) (inhibition constant=0.53-0.83 μM). After the kidneys, the highest uptake of 68Ga-FBP14 and 111In-FBP15 was in the thrombus (1.0±0.2 percentage injected dose per gram), with low off-target accumulation. Both radiotracers underwent fast systemic elimination (half-life, 8-15 min) through the kidneys, which led to highly conspicuous thrombi on PET and SPECT images. 99mTc-FBP16 displayed low target uptake and distribution consistent with aggregation or degradation. Triple-isotope imaging experiments showed that both 68Ga-FBP14 and 111In-FBP15, but not the nonbinding derivative 64Cu-D-Cys-FBP8, detected the location of the 125I-labeled thrombus, confirming high target specificity. CONCLUSION 68Ga-FBP14 and 111In-FBP15 have high fibrin affinity and thrombus specificity and represent useful PET and SPECT probes for thrombus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Oliveira
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and
| | - Francesco Blasi
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and
| | - Tyson A Rietz
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and
| | - Helen Day
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and
| | - Peter Caravan
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
While there are currently many well-established topical hemostatic agents for field administration, there are still limited tools to staunch bleeding at less accessible injury sites. Current clinical methods to restore hemostasis after large volume blood loss include platelet and clotting factor transfusion, which have respective drawbacks of short shelf life and risk of viral transmission. Therefore, synthetic hemostatic agents that can be delivered intravenously and encourage stable clot formation after localizing to sites of vascular injury are particularly appealing. In the past three decades, platelet substitutes have been prepared using drug delivery vehicles such as liposomes and PLGA nanoparticles that have been modified to mimic platelet properties. Additionally, structural considerations such as particle size, shape, and flexibility have been addressed in a number of reports. Since platelets are the first responders after vascular injury, platelet substitutes represent an important class of intravenous hemostats under development. More recently, materials affecting fibrin formation have been introduced to induce faster or more stable blood clot formation through fibrin cross-linking. Fibrin represents a major structural component in the final blood clot, and a fibrin-based hemostatic mechanism acting downstream of initial platelet plug formation may be a safer alternative to platelets to avoid undesired thrombotic activity. This Review explores intravenous hemostats under development and strategies to optimize their clotting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie W Chan
- †Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nathan J White
- ‡Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Suzie H Pun
- †Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Abstract
This perspective outlines strategies towards the development of MR imaging probes that our lab has explored over the last 15 years. Namely, we discuss methods to enhance the signal generating capacity of MR probes and how to achieve tissue specificity through protein targeting or probe activation within the tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eric M Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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