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Giovannini S, Weibel L, Schittek B, Sinnberg T, Schaller M, Lemberg C, Fehrenbacher B, Biesemeier A, Nordin R, Ivanova I, Kurz B, Svilenska T, Berger C, Bourquin JP, Kulik A, Fassihi H, Lehmann A, Sarkany R, Kobert N, van Toorn M, Marteijn JA, French LE, Rocken M, Vermeulen W, Kamenisch Y, Berneburg M. Skin cancer induction by the antimycotic drug voriconazole is caused by impaired DNA damage detection due to chromatin compaction. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)01920-1. [PMID: 39047967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Phototoxicity and skin cancer are severe adverse effects of the anti-fungal drug Voriconazole (VOR). These adverse effects resemble those seen in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), caused by defective DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER), and we show that VOR decreases NER capacity. We show that VOR treatment does not perturb the expression of NER, or other DNA damage-related genes, but that VOR localizes to heterochromatin, in complexes containing histone acetyltransferase GCN5. Impairment of GCN5 binding to histone H3 reduced acetylation of H3, restricting damage-dependent chromatin unfolding, thereby reducing NER initiation. Restoration of H3 histone acetylation using histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), rescued VOR-induced NER repression, thus offering a preventive therapeutic option. These findings underline the importance of DNA damage-dependent chromatin remodeling as an important prerequisite of functional DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Giovannini
- Department of Dermatology, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Weibel
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Sinnberg
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christina Lemberg
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 266a, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Fehrenbacher
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Antje Biesemeier
- Division of Experimental Vitreoretinal Surgery and Core Facility for Electron Microscopy, Center for Ophthalmology, Schleichstr. 12/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), MRT - Materials Research and Technology Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Renate Nordin
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Irina Ivanova
- Department of Dermatology, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernadett Kurz
- Department of Dermatology, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Teodora Svilenska
- Department of Dermatology, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Berger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Bourquin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kulik
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hiva Fassihi
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, Guy's Hospital Great Maze Pond London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Alan Lehmann
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Robert Sarkany
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, Guy's Hospital Great Maze Pond London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Nikita Kobert
- ICB Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marvin van Toorn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jurgen A Marteijn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilan University Munich, Munich, Germany; Dr. Philip Frost, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Martin Rocken
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Wim Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - York Kamenisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Cheong A, Nagel ZD. Human Variation in DNA Repair, Immune Function, and Cancer Risk. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899574. [PMID: 35935942 PMCID: PMC9354717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage constantly threatens genome integrity, and DNA repair deficiency is associated with increased cancer risk. An intuitive and widely accepted explanation for this relationship is that unrepaired DNA damage leads to carcinogenesis due to the accumulation of mutations in somatic cells. But DNA repair also plays key roles in the function of immune cells, and immunodeficiency is an important risk factor for many cancers. Thus, it is possible that emerging links between inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity and cancer risk are driven, at least in part, by variation in immune function, but this idea is underexplored. In this review we present an overview of the current understanding of the links between cancer risk and both inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity and inter-individual variation in immune function. We discuss factors that play a role in both types of variability, including age, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. In conclusion, we propose a research paradigm that incorporates functional studies of both genome integrity and the immune system to predict cancer risk and lay the groundwork for personalized prevention.
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Ge J, Ngo LP, Kaushal S, Tay IJ, Thadhani E, Kay JE, Mazzucato P, Chow DN, Fessler JL, Weingeist DM, Sobol RW, Samson LD, Floyd SR, Engelward BP. CometChip enables parallel analysis of multiple DNA repair activities. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 106:103176. [PMID: 34365116 PMCID: PMC8439179 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage can be cytotoxic and mutagenic, and it is directly linked to aging, cancer, and other diseases. To counteract the deleterious effects of DNA damage, cells have evolved highly conserved DNA repair pathways. Many commonly used DNA repair assays are relatively low throughput and are limited to analysis of one protein or one pathway. Here, we have explored the capacity of the CometChip platform for parallel analysis of multiple DNA repair activities. Taking advantage of the versatility of the traditional comet assay and leveraging micropatterning techniques, the CometChip platform offers increased throughput and sensitivity compared to the traditional comet assay. By exposing cells to DNA damaging agents that create substrates of Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, and Non-Homologous End Joining, we show that the CometChip is an effective method for assessing repair deficiencies in all three pathways. With these applications of the CometChip platform, we expand the utility of the comet assay for precise, high-throughput, parallel analysis of multiple DNA repair activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Le P Ngo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Simran Kaushal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Ian J Tay
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Elina Thadhani
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Jennifer E Kay
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Patrizia Mazzucato
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Danielle N Chow
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Jessica L Fessler
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - David M Weingeist
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, United States; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Scott R Floyd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27514, United States
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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Latimer JJ, Alhamed A, Sveiven S, Almutairy A, Klimas NG, Abreu M, Sullivan K, Grant SG. Preliminary Evidence for a Hormetic Effect on DNA Nucleotide Excision Repair in Veterans with Gulf War Illness. Mil Med 2021; 185:e47-e52. [PMID: 31334811 PMCID: PMC7353836 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Veterans of the 1991 Gulf War were potentially exposed to a mixture of stress, chemicals and radiation that may have contributed to the persistent symptoms of Gulf War Illness (GWI). The genotoxic effects of some of these exposures are mediated by the DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. We hypothesized that individuals with relatively low DNA repair capacity would suffer greater damage from cumulative genotoxic exposures, some of which would persist, causing ongoing problems. Materials and Methods Blood samples were obtained from symptomatic Gulf War veterans and age-matched controls. The unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, a functional measurement of NER capacity, was performed on cultured lymphocytes, and lymphocyte mRNA was extracted and analyzed by sequencing. Results Despite our hypothesis that GWI would be associated with DNA repair deficiency, NER capacity in lymphocytes from affected GWI veterans actually exhibited a significantly elevated level of DNA repair (p = 0.016). Both total gene expression and NER gene expression successfully differentiated individuals with GWI from unaffected controls. The observed functional increase in DNA repair capacity was accompanied by an overexpression of genes in the NER pathway, as determined by RNA sequencing analysis. Conclusion We suggest that the observed elevations in DNA repair capacity and NER gene expression are indicative of a “hormetic,” i.e., induced or adaptive protective response to battlefield exposures. Normally such effects are short-term, but in these individuals this response has resulted in a long-term metabolic shift that may also be responsible for the persistent symptoms of GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean J Latimer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328.,South University Drive, AutoNation Institute for Breast Cancer Research, 3321, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
| | - Abdullah Alhamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328.,South University Drive, AutoNation Institute for Breast Cancer Research, 3321, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
| | - Stefanie Sveiven
- South University Drive, AutoNation Institute for Breast Cancer Research, 3321, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
| | - Ali Almutairy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328.,South University Drive, AutoNation Institute for Breast Cancer Research, 3321, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
| | - Nancy G Klimas
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328.,Department of Medicine, Miami VA Healthcare System, 1201 NW 16th St, Miami, FL 33313
| | - Maria Abreu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
| | - Kimberly Sullivan
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Stephen G Grant
- South University Drive, AutoNation Institute for Breast Cancer Research, 3321, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328.,Department of Public Health, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
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Ferrucci L, Gonzalez‐Freire M, Fabbri E, Simonsick E, Tanaka T, Moore Z, Salimi S, Sierra F, de Cabo R. Measuring biological aging in humans: A quest. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13080. [PMID: 31833194 PMCID: PMC6996955 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global population of individuals over the age of 65 is growing at an unprecedented rate and is expected to reach 1.6 billion by 2050. Most older individuals are affected by multiple chronic diseases, leading to complex drug treatments and increased risk of physical and cognitive disability. Improving or preserving the health and quality of life of these individuals is challenging due to a lack of well-established clinical guidelines. Physicians are often forced to engage in cycles of "trial and error" that are centered on palliative treatment of symptoms rather than the root cause, often resulting in dubious outcomes. Recently, geroscience challenged this view, proposing that the underlying biological mechanisms of aging are central to the global increase in susceptibility to disease and disability that occurs with aging. In fact, strong correlations have recently been revealed between health dimensions and phenotypes that are typical of aging, especially with autophagy, mitochondrial function, cellular senescence, and DNA methylation. Current research focuses on measuring the pace of aging to identify individuals who are "aging faster" to test and develop interventions that could prevent or delay the progression of multimorbidity and disability with aging. Understanding how the underlying biological mechanisms of aging connect to and impact longitudinal changes in health trajectories offers a unique opportunity to identify resilience mechanisms, their dynamic changes, and their impact on stress responses. Harnessing how to evoke and control resilience mechanisms in individuals with successful aging could lead to writing a new chapter in human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology BranchBiomedical Research CenterNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Marta Gonzalez‐Freire
- Translational Gerontology BranchBiomedical Research CenterNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Elisa Fabbri
- Translational Gerontology BranchBiomedical Research CenterNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
- Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Eleanor Simonsick
- Translational Gerontology BranchBiomedical Research CenterNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology BranchBiomedical Research CenterNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Zenobia Moore
- Translational Gerontology BranchBiomedical Research CenterNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Shabnam Salimi
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Felipe Sierra
- Division of Aging BiologyNational Institute on AgingNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology BranchBiomedical Research CenterNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
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Steurer B, Turkyilmaz Y, van Toorn M, van Leeuwen W, Escudero-Ferruz P, Marteijn JA. Fluorescently-labelled CPD and 6-4PP photolyases: new tools for live-cell DNA damage quantification and laser-assisted repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3536-3549. [PMID: 30698791 PMCID: PMC6468286 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UV light induces cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproducts (6-4PPs), which can result in carcinogenesis and aging, if not properly repaired by nucleotide excision repair (NER). Assays to determine DNA damage load and repair rates are invaluable tools for fundamental and clinical NER research. However, most current assays to quantify DNA damage and repair cannot be performed in real time. To overcome this limitation, we made use of the damage recognition characteristics of CPD and 6-4PP photolyases (PLs). Fluorescently-tagged PLs efficiently recognize UV-induced DNA damage without blocking NER activity, and therefore can be used as sensitive live-cell damage sensors. Importantly, FRAP-based assays showed that PLs bind to damaged DNA in a highly sensitive and dose-dependent manner, and can be used to quantify DNA damage load and to determine repair kinetics in real time. Additionally, PLs can instantly reverse DNA damage by 405 nm laser-assisted photo-reactivation during live-cell imaging, opening new possibilities to study lesion-specific NER dynamics and cellular responses to damage removal. Our results show that fluorescently-tagged PLs can be used as a versatile tool to sense, quantify and repair DNA damage, and to study NER kinetics and UV-induced DNA damage response in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Steurer
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yasemin Turkyilmaz
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marvin van Toorn
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wessel van Leeuwen
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paula Escudero-Ferruz
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen A Marteijn
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
AbstractAn analysis of biological effects induced by environmental toxins and exposure-related evaluation of potential risks for health and environment represent central tasks in classical biomonitoring. While epidemiological data and population surveys are clearly the methodological frontline of this scientific field, cellbased in vitro assays provide information on toxin-affected cellular pathways and mechanisms, and are important sources for the identification of relevant biomarkers. This review provides an overview on currently available in vitro methods based on cultured cells, as well as some limitations and considerations that are of specific interest in the context of environmental toxicology. Today, a large number of different endpoints can be determined to pinpoint basal and specific toxicological cellular effects. Technological progress and increasingly refined protocols are extending the possibilities of cell-based in vitro assays in environmental toxicology and promoting their increasingly important role in biomonitoring.
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8
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Wienholz F, Vermeulen W, Marteijn JA. Amplification of unscheduled DNA synthesis signal enables fluorescence-based single cell quantification of transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:e68. [PMID: 28088761 PMCID: PMC5436002 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) comprises two damage recognition pathways: global genome NER (GG-NER) and transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER), which remove a wide variety of helix-distorting lesions including UV-induced damage. During NER, a short stretch of single-stranded DNA containing damage is excised and the resulting gap is filled by DNA synthesis in a process called unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). UDS is measured by quantifying the incorporation of nucleotide analogues into repair patches to provide a measure of NER activity. However, this assay is unable to quantitatively determine TC-NER activity due to the low contribution of TC-NER to the overall NER activity. Therefore, we developed a user-friendly, fluorescence-based single-cell assay to measure TC-NER activity. We combined the UDS assay with tyramide-based signal amplification to greatly increase the UDS signal, thereby allowing UDS to be quantified at low UV doses, as well as DNA-repair synthesis of other excision-based repair mechanisms such as base excision repair and mismatch repair. Importantly, we demonstrated that the amplified UDS is sufficiently sensitive to quantify TC-NER-derived repair synthesis in GG-NER-deficient cells. This assay is important as a diagnostic tool for NER-related disorders and as a research tool for obtaining new insights into the mechanism and regulation of excision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wienholz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen A Marteijn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Latimer JJ, Majekwana VJ, Pabón-Padín YR, Pimpley MR, Grant SG. Regulation and disregulation of mammalian nucleotide excision repair: a pathway to nongermline breast carcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:493-500. [PMID: 25393451 DOI: 10.1111/php.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is an important modulator of disease, especially in constitutive deficiencies such as the cancer predisposition syndrome Xeroderma pigmentosum. We have found profound variation in NER capacity among normal individuals, between cell-types and during carcinogenesis. NER is a repair system for many types of DNA damage, and therefore many types of genotoxic carcinogenic exposures, including ultraviolet light, products of organic combustion, metals and oxidative stress. Because NER is intimately related to cellular metabolism, requiring components of both the DNA replicative and transcription machinery, it has a narrow range of functional viability. Thus, genes in the NER pathway are expressed at the low levels manifested by, for example, nuclear transcription factors. As NER activity and gene expression vary by cell-type, it is inherently epigenetically regulated. Furthermore, this epigenetic modulation is disregulated during sporadic breast carcinogenesis. Loss of NER is one basis of genomic instability, a required element in cellular transformation, and one that potentially influences response to therapy. In this study, we demonstrate differences in NER capacity in eight adult mouse tissues, and place this result into the context of our previous work on mouse extraembryonic tissues, normal human tissues and sporadic early stage human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean J Latimer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL
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