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Weiler N, Sampaio KL, Scherer M, Sinzger C. Generation of UL128-shRNA transduced fibroblasts for the release of cell-free virus from clinical human cytomegalovirus isolates. Biotechniques 2023; 75:183-194. [PMID: 37846844 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2023-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Working with recent isolates of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is complicated by their strictly cell-associated growth with lack of infectivity in the supernatant. Adaptation to cell-free growth is associated with disruption of the viral UL128 gene locus. The authors transduced fibroblasts with a lentiviral vector encoding UL128-specific-shRNA to allow the release of cell-free infectivity without genetic alteration. Transduced cells were cocultured with fibroblasts containing cell-associated isolates, and knockdown of the UL128 protein was validated by immunoblotting. Cell-free infectivity increased 1000-fold in isolate cocultures with UL128-shRNA compared with controls, and virions could be purified by density gradients. Transduced fibroblasts also allowed direct isolation of HCMV from a clinical specimen and cell-free transfer to other cell types. In conclusion, UL128-shRNA-transduced fibroblasts allow applications previously unsuitable for recent isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Weiler
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Myriam Scherer
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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2
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Braun B, Sinzger C. Transmission of cell-associated human cytomegalovirus isolates between various cell types using polymorphonuclear leukocytes as a vehicle. Med Microbiol Immunol 2021; 210:197-209. [PMID: 34091753 PMCID: PMC8286230 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are regarded as vehicles for the hematogenous dissemination of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). In cell culture, this concept has been validated with cell-free laboratory strains but not yet with clinical HCMV isolates that grow strictly cell-associated. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate whether PMNs can also transmit such isolates from initially infected fibroblasts to other cell types, which might further clarify the role of PMNs in HCMV dissemination and provide a model to search for potential inhibitors. PMNs, which have been isolated from HCMV-seronegative individuals, were added for 3 h to fibroblasts infected with recent cell-associated HCMV isolates, then removed and transferred to various recipient cell cultures. The transfer efficiency in the recipient cultures was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining of viral immediate early antigens. Soluble derivatives of the cellular HCMV entry receptor PDGFRα were analyzed for their potential to interfere with this transfer. All of five tested HCMV isolates could be transferred to fibroblasts, endothelial and epithelial cells with transfer rates ranging from 2 to 9%, and the transferred viruses could spread focally in these recipient cells within 1 week. The PDGFRα-derived peptides IK40 and GT40 reduced transfer by 40 and 70% when added during the uptake step. However, when added during the transfer step, only IK40 was effective, inhibiting transmission by 20% on endothelial cells and 50–60% on epithelial cells and fibroblasts. These findings further corroborate the assumption of cell-associated HCMV dissemination by PMNs and demonstrate that it is possible to inhibit this transmission mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenike Braun
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
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3
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Human cytomegalovirus infection is correlated with enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase protein expression in breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:2083-2095. [PMID: 31203442 PMCID: PMC6658585 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Purpose While enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and their derived metabolites is associated with breast cancer (BC) risk, the precise link between BC carcinogenesis and enhanced inflammatory activity remains to be clarified. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) may induce expression of COX-2 and 5-LO and is frequently found in breast cancer biopsies. Thus, we investigated whether there is an association between HCMV proteins and expression of COX-2 and 5-LO in human BC tissue and BC cell lines. Materials and methods Paraffin embedded biopsies obtained from 49 patients with breast cancer and 26 tissue samples from adjacent, benign breast tissues were retrospectively examined for HCMV-immediate early (IE), HCMV-Late (LA), COX-2, and 5-LO proteins by immunohistochemistry. In vitro, uninfected and HCMV-infected BC cell lines were examined for COX-2 and 5-LO transcripts and proteins by PCR and flow cytometry. Results Extensive expression of COX-2, 5-LO and HCMV-IE proteins were preferentially detected in BC samples. We found a statistically significant concordant correlation between extensive HCMV-IE and COX-2 (P < 0.0001) as well as with HCMV-IE and 5-LO (P = 0.0003) in infiltrating BC. In vitro, HCMV infection induced COX-2 and 5-LO transcripts and COX-2 proteins in MCF-7 cells (P =0.008, P =0.018, respectively). In MDA-MB-231 cells that already had high base line levels of COX-2 expression, HCMV induced both COX-2 and 5-LO proteins but not transcripts. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate a significant correlation between extensive HCMV-IE protein expression and overexpression of COX-2 and 5-LO in human breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00432-019-02946-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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The Susceptibility of Primary Dermis Fibroblasts from the Chinese Tree Shrew to Human Cytomegalovirus Infection. Virol Sin 2019; 34:270-277. [PMID: 30989428 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a universal pathogen leading to neonatal defects and transplant failure, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has strict species specificity and this has prevented the development of a suitable animal model for the pathogenesis study. The mechanism of cross-species barrier remains elusive and there are so far no non-human cell culture models that support HCMV replication. The Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) is a small laboratory animal and evolutionary closely related with primates. We investigated the susceptibility of primary tree shrew dermis fibroblasts (TSDF) to HCMV infection. Infection with a GFP-expressing HCMV virus resulted in green fluorescence in infected cells with the expression of IE1, UL44 and pp28. The titers of cell-free viruses reached 103 PFU/mL at 96 hpi, compared to titers of 104 PFU/mL observed in primary human foreskin fibroblasts. Our results suggested that TSDF was semi-permissive for HCMV infection. The TSDF model could be further used to investigate key factors influencing cross-species multiplication of HCMV.
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Costa H, Xu X, Overbeek G, Vasaikar S, Patro CPK, Kostopoulou ON, Jung M, Shafi G, Ananthaseshan S, Tsipras G, Davoudi B, Mohammad AA, Lam H, Strååt K, Wilhelmi V, Shang M, Tegner J, Tong JC, Wong KT, Söderberg-Naucler C, Yaiw KC. Human cytomegalovirus may promote tumour progression by upregulating arginase-2. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47221-47231. [PMID: 27363017 PMCID: PMC5216936 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both arginase (ARG2) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) have been implicated in tumorigenesis. However, the role of ARG2 in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma (GBM) and the HCMV effects on ARG2 are unknown. We hypothesize that HCMV may contribute to tumorigenesis by increasing ARG2 expression. RESULTS ARG2 promotes tumorigenesis by increasing cellular proliferation, migration, invasion and vasculogenic mimicry in GBM cells, at least in part due to overexpression of MMP2/9. The nor-NOHA significantly reduced migration and tube formation of ARG2-overexpressing cells. HCMV immediate-early proteins (IE1/2) or its downstream pathways upregulated the expression of ARG2 in U-251 MG cells. Immunostaining of GBM tissue sections confirmed the overexpression of ARG2, consistent with data from subsets of Gene Expression Omnibus. Moreover, higher levels of ARG2 expression tended to be associated with poorer survival in GBM patient by analyzing data from TCGA. METHODS The role of ARG2 in tumorigenesis was examined by proliferation-, migration-, invasion-, wound healing- and tube formation assays using an ARG2-overexpressing cell line and ARG inhibitor, N (omega)-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (nor-NOHA) and siRNA against ARG2 coupled with functional assays measuring MMP2/9 activity, VEGF levels and nitric oxide synthase activity. Association between HCMV and ARG2 were examined in vitro with 3 different GBM cell lines, and ex vivo with immunostaining on GBM tissue sections. The viral mechanism mediating ARG2 induction was examined by siRNA approach. Correlation between ARG2 expression and patient survival was extrapolated from bioinformatics analysis on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). CONCLUSIONS ARG2 promotes tumorigenesis, and HCMV may contribute to GBM pathogenesis by upregulating ARG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Costa
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinling Xu
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gitta Overbeek
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suhas Vasaikar
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Pawan K Patro
- Social & Cognitive Computing Department, Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ourania N Kostopoulou
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masany Jung
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gowhar Shafi
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Positive Bioscience, Mumbai, India
| | - Sharan Ananthaseshan
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giorgos Tsipras
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Belghis Davoudi
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdul-Aleem Mohammad
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hoyin Lam
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Present affiliation: Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Klas Strååt
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Gene Technology, School of Biotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Solna, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Wilhelmi
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mingmei Shang
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Tegner
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joo Chuan Tong
- Social & Cognitive Computing Department, Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - Cecilia Söderberg-Naucler
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Koon-Chu Yaiw
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Falk JJ, Winkelmann M, Schrezenmeier H, Stöhr D, Sinzger C, Lotfi R. A two-step screening approach for the identification of blood donors with highly and broadly neutralizing capacities against human cytomegalovirus. Transfusion 2016; 57:412-422. [PMID: 27861998 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperimmunoglobulins are frequently applied for prophylaxis and treatment of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections but were only marginally effective in meta-analyses of clinical studies. This might be partially due to selection of donors rather for total anti-HCMV titers than for neutralizing capacities. To improve efficacy against HCMV infection, we aimed at developing a high-throughput screening method for identification of blood donors with highly and broadly neutralizing capacities. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Using a Gaussia luciferase-expressing reporter virus, 1000 HCMV immunoglobulin (Ig)G-positive plasma samples with known anti-HCMV immunoglobulin titers were analyzed regarding their neutralization titers against fibroblast and endothelial cell infection. Based on these results, a high-throughput screening was designed. Highly neutralizing plasma samples were further tested 1) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based neutralization assay regarding efficiency against different HCMV strains and 2) for their efficiency compared to commercially available hyperimmunoglobulins. RESULTS Total anti-HCMV immunoglobulin titers did not correlate with neutralization. Mean neutralization capacities were 15-fold higher in endothelial cells compared to fibroblasts. All plasma samples neutralizing fibroblast infection were at least equally effective against infection of endothelial cells, providing the possibility to simplify our screening method by testing only fibroblasts as target cells with a plasma dilution of 1 in 400. Of the nine tested top HCMV neutralizers, four were broadly effective against different HCMV strains. All nine were significantly superior to hyperimmunoglobulins. CONCLUSION Donors with highly and broadly neutralizing capacities can be identified by a two-step high-throughput screening approach. This may provide a basis for improved antibody-based treatment or prophylaxis of HCMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Winkelmann
- University Hospital Ulm.,Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm.,University Hospital Ulm.,Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Stöhr
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm
| | | | - Ramin Lotfi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm.,University Hospital Ulm.,Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Germany
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7
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Gustafsson RKL, Jeffery HC, Yaiw KC, Wilhelmi V, Kostopoulou ON, Davoudi B, Rahbar A, Benard M, Renné T, Söderberg-Nauclér C, Butler LM. Direct infection of primary endothelial cells with human cytomegalovirus prevents angiogenesis and migration. J Gen Virol 2016; 96:3598-3612. [PMID: 26416316 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is a beta herpesvirus that establishes lifelong infection. Although the virus does not usually cause overt clinical symptoms in immunocompetent individuals it can have deleterious effects in immunocompromised patients, such as those on post-transplant medication or with HIV infection. hCMV is the most common congenital infection and can lead to serious fetal sequelae. Endothelial cells (ECs) are natural hosts for hCMV in vivo, therefore, investigations of how this cell type is modulated by infection are key to understanding hCMV pathogenesis. Previous studies have examined the effect of secretomes from hCMV-infected cells on EC angiogenesis, whereas the effect of direct infection on this process has not been so well investigated. Here, we show that placental ECs are viral targets during congenital infection and that vessels in infected tissue appear morphologically abnormal. We demonstrate that the clinical hCMV strain VR1814 impaired EC tube assembly in in vitro angiogenesis assays and inhibited wound healing ability in scratch assays. Secretomes from infected cultures did not impair angiogenesis of uninfected ECs, suggesting that cell-intrinsic changes, as opposed to secreted factors, were responsible. We observed viral gene transcription dependent downregulation of the expression of angiogenesis-associated genes, including angiopoietin-2, TEK receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. An alternative clinical hCMV stain, TB40E showed similar effects on EC angiogenesis. Together, our data indicate that direct infection with hCMV can induce an anti-migratory and anti-angiogenic EC phenotype, which could have a detrimental effect on the vasculature development in infected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus K L Gustafsson
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannah C Jeffery
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Koon-Chu Yaiw
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Wilhelmi
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ourania N Kostopoulou
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Belghis Davoudi
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melinda Benard
- INSERM UMR 1043, Hospital Purpan, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse 31024, France
| | - Thomas Renné
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Lynn M Butler
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Generation of a Gaussia luciferase-expressing endotheliotropic cytomegalovirus for screening approaches and mutant analyses. J Virol Methods 2016; 235:182-189. [PMID: 27326666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
For many questions in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) research, assays are desired that allow robust and fast quantification of infection efficiencies under high-throughput conditions. The secreted Gaussia luciferase has been demonstrated as a suitable reporter in the context of a fibroblast-adapted HCMV strain, which however is greatly restricted in the number of cell types to which it can be applied. We inserted the Gaussia luciferase expression cassette into the BAC-cloned virus strain TB40-BAC4, which displays the natural broad cell tropism of HCMV and hence allows application to screening approaches in a variety of cell types including fibroblasts, epithelial, and endothelial cells. Here, we applied the reporter virus TB40-BAC4-IE-GLuc to identify mouse hybridoma clones that preferentially neutralize infection of endothelial cells. In addition, as the Gaussia luciferase is secreted into culture supernatants from infected cells it allows kinetic analyses in living cultures. This can speed up and facilitate phenotypic characterization of BAC-cloned mutants. For example, we analyzed a UL74 stop-mutant of TB40-BAC4-IE-GLuc immediately after reconstitution in transfected cultures and found the increase of luciferase delayed and reduced as compared to wild type. Phenotypic monitoring directly in transfected cultures can minimize the risk of compensating mutations that might occur with extended passaging.
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9
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Claus C, Manssen L, Hübner D, Roßmark S, Bothe V, Petzold A, Große C, Reins M, Mankertz A, Frey TK, Liebert UG. Activation of the Mitochondrial Apoptotic Signaling Platform during Rubella Virus Infection. Viruses 2015; 7:6108-26. [PMID: 26703711 PMCID: PMC4690853 DOI: 10.3390/v7122928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria- as well as p53-based signaling pathways are central for the execution of the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. Their contribution to rubella virus (RV)-induced apoptosis was addressed through time-specific evaluation of characteristic parameters such as permeabilization of the mitochondrial membrane and subsequent release of the pro-apoptotic proteins apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c from mitochondria. Additionally, expression and localization pattern of p53 and selected members of the multifunctional and stress-inducible cyclophilin family were examined. The application of pifithrin μ as an inhibitor of p53 shuttling to mitochondria reduced RV-induced cell death to an extent similar to that of the broad spectrum caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk (benzyloxycarbonyl-V-A-D-(OMe)-fmk). However, RV progeny generation was not altered. This indicates that, despite an increased survival rate of its cellular host, induction of apoptosis neither supports nor restricts RV replication. Moreover, some of the examined apoptotic markers were affected in a strain-specific manner and differed between the cell culture-adapted strains: Therien and the HPV77 vaccine on the one hand, and a clinical isolate on the other. In summary, the results presented indicate that the transcription-independent mitochondrial p53 program contributes to RV-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Lena Manssen
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Denise Hübner
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sarah Roßmark
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Viktoria Bothe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Alice Petzold
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Claudia Große
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mareen Reins
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Annette Mankertz
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Teryl K Frey
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Uwe G Liebert
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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10
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Tabata T, Petitt M, Zydek M, Fang-Hoover J, Larocque N, Tsuge M, Gormley M, Kauvar LM, Pereira L. Human cytomegalovirus infection interferes with the maintenance and differentiation of trophoblast progenitor cells of the human placenta. J Virol 2015; 89:5134-47. [PMID: 25741001 PMCID: PMC4403461 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03674-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major cause of birth defects that include severe neurological deficits, hearing and vision loss, and intrauterine growth restriction. Viral infection of the placenta leads to development of avascular villi, edema, and hypoxia associated with symptomatic congenital infection. Studies of primary cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) revealed that HCMV infection impedes terminal stages of differentiation and invasion by various molecular mechanisms. We recently discovered that HCMV arrests earlier stages involving development of human trophoblast progenitor cells (TBPCs), which give rise to the mature cell types of chorionic villi-syncytiotrophoblasts on the surfaces of floating villi and invasive CTBs that remodel the uterine vasculature. Here, we show that viral proteins are present in TBPCs of the chorion in cases of symptomatic congenital infection. In vitro studies revealed that HCMV replicates in continuously self-renewing TBPC lines derived from the chorion and alters expression and subcellular localization of proteins required for cell cycle progression, pluripotency, and early differentiation. In addition, treatment with a human monoclonal antibody to HCMV glycoprotein B rescues differentiation capacity, and thus, TBPCs have potential utility for evaluation of the efficacies of novel antiviral antibodies in protecting and restoring placental development. Our results suggest that HCMV replicates in TBPCs in the chorion in vivo, interfering with the earliest steps in the growth of new villi, contributing to virus transmission and impairing compensatory development. In cases of congenital infection, reduced responsiveness of the placenta to hypoxia limits the transport of substances from maternal blood and contributes to fetal growth restriction. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of birth defects in the United States. Congenital infection can result in permanent neurological defects, mental retardation, hearing loss, visual impairment, and pregnancy complications, including intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, and stillbirth. Currently, there is neither a vaccine nor any approved treatment for congenital HCMV infection during gestation. The molecular mechanisms underlying structural deficiencies in the placenta that undermine fetal development are poorly understood. Here we report that HCMV replicates in trophoblast progenitor cells (TBPCs)-precursors of the mature placental cells, syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts, in chorionic villi-in clinical cases of congenital infection. Virus replication in TBPCs in vitro dysregulates key proteins required for self-renewal and differentiation and inhibits normal division and development into mature placental cells. Our findings provide insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms by which HCMV replication interferes with placental maturation and transport functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Tabata
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew Petitt
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Martin Zydek
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - June Fang-Hoover
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Larocque
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA The Eli & Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mitsuru Tsuge
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew Gormley
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA The Eli & Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Lenore Pereira
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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