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Cai W, Zhou W, Han Z, Lei J, Zhuang J, Zhu P, Wu X, Yuan W. Master regulator genes and their impact on major diseases. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9952. [PMID: 33083114 PMCID: PMC7546222 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Master regulator genes (MRGs) have become a hot topic in recent decades. They not only affect the development of tissue and organ systems but also play a role in other signal pathways by regulating additional MRGs. Because a MRG can regulate the concurrent expression of several genes, its mutation often leads to major diseases. Moreover, the occurrence of many tumors and cardiovascular and nervous system diseases are closely related to MRG changes. With the development in omics technology, an increasing amount of investigations will be directed toward MRGs because their regulation involves all aspects of an organism’s development. This review focuses on the definition and classification of MRGs as well as their influence on disease regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Cai
- The Center for Heart Development, State Key Laboratory of Development Biology of Freshwater Fish, Key Laboratory of MOE for Development Biology and Protein Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wanbang Zhou
- College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe Han
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Junrong Lei
- College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiushan Wu
- The Center for Heart Development, State Key Laboratory of Development Biology of Freshwater Fish, Key Laboratory of MOE for Development Biology and Protein Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wuzhou Yuan
- The Center for Heart Development, State Key Laboratory of Development Biology of Freshwater Fish, Key Laboratory of MOE for Development Biology and Protein Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Haga RB, Garg R, Collu F, Borda D'Agua B, Menéndez ST, Colomba A, Fraternali F, Ridley AJ. RhoBTB1 interacts with ROCKs and inhibits invasion. Biochem J 2019; 476:2499-2514. [PMID: 31431478 PMCID: PMC6744581 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RhoBTB1 is an atypical Rho GTPase with two BTB domains in addition to its Rho domain. Although most Rho GTPases regulate actin cytoskeletal dynamics, RhoBTB1 is not known to affect cell shape or motility. We report that RhoBTB1 depletion increases prostate cancer cell invasion and induces elongation in Matrigel, a phenotype similar to that induced by depletion of ROCK1 and ROCK2. We demonstrate that RhoBTB1 associates with ROCK1 and ROCK2 and its association with ROCK1 is via its Rho domain. The Rho domain binds to the coiled-coil region of ROCK1 close to its kinase domain. We identify two amino acids within the Rho domain that alter RhoBTB1 association with ROCK1. RhoBTB1 is a substrate for ROCK1, and mutation of putative phosphorylation sites reduces its association with Cullin3, a scaffold for ubiquitin ligases. We propose that RhoBTB1 suppresses cancer cell invasion through interacting with ROCKs, which in turn regulate its association with Cullin3. Via Cullin3, RhoBTB1 has the potential to affect protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel B Haga
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Ritu Garg
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Francesca Collu
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Bárbara Borda D'Agua
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Sofia T Menéndez
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Audrey Colomba
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Anne J Ridley
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K.
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
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Seetharaman S, Flemyng E, Shen J, Conte MR, Ridley AJ. The RNA-binding protein LARP4 regulates cancer cell migration and invasion. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:680-690. [PMID: 27615744 PMCID: PMC5111583 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
LARP4 is a La-related RNA-binding protein implicated in regulating mRNA translation, which interacts with poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). We previously identified LARP4 in an RNAi screen as one of several genes that regulate the shape of PC3 prostate cancer cells. Here we show that LARP4 depletion induces cell elongation in PC3 cells and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. LARP4 depletion increases cell migration and invasion, as well as inducing invasive cell protrusions in 3D Matrigel. Conversely, LARP4 over-expression reduces cell elongation and increases cell circularity. LARP4 mutations are found in a variety of cancers. Introduction of some of these cancer-associated mutations, including a truncation mutant, into LARP4 enhances its effects on cell morphology. The truncation mutant shows enhanced interaction with PABP. We propose that LARP4 inhibits migration and invasion of cancer cells, and that some cancer-associated mutations stimulate these effects of LARP4. © 2016 The Authors. Cytoskeleton Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailaja Seetharaman
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonNew Hunt's House, Guy's CampusLondonSE1 1ULUnited Kingdom
| | - Ella Flemyng
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonNew Hunt's House, Guy's CampusLondonSE1 1ULUnited Kingdom
| | - Jiazhen Shen
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonNew Hunt's House, Guy's CampusLondonSE1 1ULUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria R. Conte
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonNew Hunt's House, Guy's CampusLondonSE1 1ULUnited Kingdom
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonNew Hunt's House, Guy's CampusLondonSE1 1ULUnited Kingdom
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Treweek JB, Gradinaru V. Extracting structural and functional features of widely distributed biological circuits with single cell resolution via tissue clearing and delivery vectors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 40:193-207. [PMID: 27393829 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The scientific community has learned a great deal from imaging small and naturally transparent organisms such as nematodes and zebrafish. The consequences of genetic mutations on their organ development and survival can be visualized easily and with high-throughput at the organism-wide scale. In contrast, three-dimensional information is less accessible in mammalian subjects because the heterogeneity of light-scattering tissue elements renders their organs opaque. Likewise, genetically labeling desired circuits across mammalian bodies is prohibitively slow and costly via the transgenic route. Emerging breakthroughs in viral vector engineering, genome editing tools, and tissue clearing can render larger opaque organisms genetically tractable and transparent for whole-organ cell phenotyping, tract tracing and imaging at depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Brooke Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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Kang CW, Park MS, Kim NH, Lee JH, Oh CW, Kim HR, Kim GD. Hexane extract from Sargassum serratifolium inhibits the cell proliferation and metastatic ability of human glioblastoma U87MG cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2602-8. [PMID: 26323587 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is the first to demonstrate the anticancer effects of a hexane extract from the brown algae Sargassum serratifolium (HES) on human cancer cell lines, including glioblastoma U87MG, cervical cancer HeLa and gastric cancer MKN-28 cells, as well as liver cancer SK-HEP 1 cells. Among these cancer cell lines, U87MG cells were most sensitive to the cell death induced by HES. HES exhibited a cytotoxic effect on U87MG cells at concentrations of 14-16 µg/ml, yet an effect was not observed in human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells. The antiproliferative effects of HES were regulated by inhibition of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway which plays a pivotal role in the proliferation of glioblastoma U87MG cells. In addition, treatment with HES led to cell morphological changes and cell cytoskeleton degradation through regulation of actin dynamic signaling. Furthermore, migration and invasion of the U87MG cells were inhibited by HES via suppression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 expression. Thus, our results suggest that HES is a potential therapeutic agent which has anticancer effects on glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Won Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan-Hee Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Woong Oh
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeung-Rak Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Do Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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Treweek JB, Chan KY, Flytzanis NC, Yang B, Deverman BE, Greenbaum A, Lignell A, Xiao C, Cai L, Ladinsky MS, Bjorkman PJ, Fowlkes CC, Gradinaru V. Whole-body tissue stabilization and selective extractions via tissue-hydrogel hybrids for high-resolution intact circuit mapping and phenotyping. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:1860-1896. [PMID: 26492141 PMCID: PMC4917295 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate fine-scale phenotyping of whole specimens, we describe here a set of tissue fixation-embedding, detergent-clearing and staining protocols that can be used to transform excised organs and whole organisms into optically transparent samples within 1-2 weeks without compromising their cellular architecture or endogenous fluorescence. PACT (passive CLARITY technique) and PARS (perfusion-assisted agent release in situ) use tissue-hydrogel hybrids to stabilize tissue biomolecules during selective lipid extraction, resulting in enhanced clearing efficiency and sample integrity. Furthermore, the macromolecule permeability of PACT- and PARS-processed tissue hybrids supports the diffusion of immunolabels throughout intact tissue, whereas RIMS (refractive index matching solution) grants high-resolution imaging at depth by further reducing light scattering in cleared and uncleared samples alike. These methods are adaptable to difficult-to-image tissues, such as bone (PACT-deCAL), and to magnified single-cell visualization (ePACT). Together, these protocols and solutions enable phenotyping of subcellular components and tracing cellular connectivity in intact biological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Ken Y Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Nicholas C Flytzanis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Benjamin E Deverman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Alon Greenbaum
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Antti Lignell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Long Cai
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Charless C Fowlkes
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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