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Forsman H, Dahlgren C, Mårtensson J, Björkman L, Sundqvist M. Function and regulation of GPR84 in human neutrophils. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1536-1549. [PMID: 36869866 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils are components of the innate immune system and are the most abundant white blood cells in the circulation. They are professional phagocytes and express several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are essential for proper neutrophil functions. So far, the two formyl peptide receptors, FPR1 and FPR2, have been the most extensively studied group of neutrophil GPCRs, but recently, a new group, the free fatty acid (FFA) receptors, has attracted growing attention. Neutrophils express two FFA receptors, GPR84 and FFA2, which sense medium- and short-chain fatty acids respectively, and display similar activation profiles. The exact pathophysiological role of GPR84 is not yet fully understood, but it is generally regarded as a pro-inflammatory receptor that mediates neutrophil activation. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of how GPR84 affects human neutrophil functions and discuss the regulatory mechanisms that control these responses, focusing on the similarities and differences in comparison to the two FPRs and FFA2. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue GPR84 Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Björkman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Dahlstrand Rudin A, Amirbeagi F, Davidsson L, Khamzeh A, Thorbert Mros S, Thulin P, Welin A, Björkman L, Christenson K, Bylund J. The neutrophil subset defined by CD177 expression is preferentially recruited to gingival crevicular fluid in periodontitis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:349-362. [PMID: 32531826 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0520-081rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the concept of distinct subpopulations of human neutrophils has attracted much attention. One bona fide subset marker, exclusively expressed by a proportion of circulating neutrophils in a given individual, and therefore dividing neutrophils in two distinct subpopulations, is the glycoprotein CD177. CD177 is expressed on the plasma and granule membranes of 0-100% of circulating neutrophils depending on the donor. Several in vitro studies have linked CD177 to neutrophil transmigration, yet very few have looked at the role of CD177 for tissue recruitment in vivo. We investigate whether the CD177+ and CD177- neutrophil subsets differ in their propensity to migrate to both aseptic- and microbe-triggered inflamed human tissues. Microbe-triggered neutrophil migration was evaluated in samples of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with periodontitis, whereas neutrophil migration to aseptic inflammation was evaluated in synovial fluid from patients with inflammatory arthritis, as well as in exudate from experimental skin chambers applied on healthy donors. We found that the proportion of CD177+ neutrophils was significantly higher in GCF from patients with periodontitis, as compared to blood from the same individuals. Such accumulation of CD177+ neutrophils was not seen in the two models of aseptic inflammation. Moreover, the proportion of CD177+ neutrophils in circulation was significantly higher in the periodontitis patient group, as compared to healthy donors. Our data indicate that the CD177+ neutrophil subset is preferentially recruited to the gingival crevice of periodontitis patients, and may imply that this subtype is of particular importance for situations of microbe-driven inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Dahlstrand Rudin
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology. Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Firoozeh Amirbeagi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Davidsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arsham Khamzeh
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology. Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara Thorbert Mros
- Specialist Clinic of Periodontics, Gothenburg, Public Dental Service, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | - Pontus Thulin
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amanda Welin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Björkman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Unit of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Christenson
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology. Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology. Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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In Vivo Transmigrated Human Neutrophils Are Highly Primed for Intracellular Radical Production Induced by Monosodium Urate Crystals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113750. [PMID: 32466527 PMCID: PMC7312864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is an inflammatory disease caused by monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. The role of neutrophils in gout is less clear, although several studies have shown neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in acutely inflamed joints of gout patients. MSU crystals are known to induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NET formation in neutrophils isolated from blood, but there is inconclusive knowledge on the localization of ROS production as well as whether the ROS are required for NET formation. In this report we demonstrate that MSU crystals activate human neutrophils to produce ROS exclusively in intracellular compartments. Additionally, in vivo transmigrated neutrophils derived from experimental skin chambers displayed markedly increased ROS production as compared to resting blood neutrophils. We also confirmed that MSU stimulation potently induced NET formation, but this response was not primed in in vivo transmigrated neutrophils. In line with this we found that MSU-triggered NET formation was independent of ROS production and proceeded normally in neutrophils from patients with dysfunctional respiratory burst (chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and complete myeloperoxidase (MPO) deficiency). Our data indicate that in vivo transmigrated neutrophils are markedly primed for oxidative responses to MSU crystals and that MSU triggered NET formation is independent of ROS production.
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Dahlgren C, Holdfeldt A, Lind S, Mårtensson J, Gabl M, Björkman L, Sundqvist M, Forsman H. Neutrophil Signaling That Challenges Dogmata of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Regulated Functions. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:203-220. [PMID: 32296763 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation as well as recruitment of neutrophils, the most abundant leukocyte in human blood, to sites of infection/inflammation largely rely on surface-exposed chemoattractant receptors. These receptors belong to the family of 7-transmembrane domain receptors also known as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) due to the fact that part of the downstream signaling relies on an activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. The neutrophil GPCRs share significant sequence homologies but bind many structurally diverse activating (agonistic) and inhibiting (antagonistic) ligands, ranging from fatty acids to purines, peptides, and lipopeptides. Recent structural and functional studies of neutrophil receptors have generated important information on GPCR biology in general; this knowledge aids in the overall understanding of general pharmacological principles, governing regulation of neutrophil function and inflammatory processes, including novel leukocyte receptor activities related to ligand recognition, biased/functional selective signaling, allosteric modulation, desensitization mechanisms and reactivation, and communication (cross-talk) between GPCRs. This review summarizes the recent discoveries and pharmacological hallmarks with focus on neutrophil GPCRs. In addition, unmet challenges are dealt with, including recognition by the receptors of diverse ligands and how biased signaling mediates different biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - André Holdfeldt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Simon Lind
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Michael Gabl
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Lena Björkman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
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Nilsson AK, Sjöbom U, Christenson K, Hellström A. Lipid profiling of suction blister fluid: comparison of lipids in interstitial fluid and plasma. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:164. [PMID: 31443723 PMCID: PMC6708155 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent technical advances in the extraction of dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) have stimulated interest in using this rather unexploited biofluid as an alternative to blood for detection and prediction of disease. However, knowledge about the presence of useful biomarkers for health monitoring in ISF is still limited. In this study, we characterized the lipidome of human suction blister fluid (SBF) as a surrogate for pure ISF and compared it to that of plasma. METHODS Plasma and SBF samples were obtained from 18 healthy human volunteers after an overnight fast. Total lipids were extracted and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. One hundred ninety-three lipid species covering 10 complex lipid classes were detected and quantified in both plasma and SBF using multiple reaction monitoring. A fraction of the lipid extract was subjected to alkaline transesterification and fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The total concentration of lipids in SBF was 17% of the plasma lipid concentration. The molar fraction of lipid species within lipid classes, as well as total fatty acids, showed a generally high correlation between plasma and SBF. However, SBF had larger fractions of lysophospholipids and diglycerides relative to plasma, and consequently less diacylphospholipids and triglycerides. Principal component analysis revealed that the interindividual variation in SBF lipid profiles was considerably larger than the within-subject variation between plasma and SBF. CONCLUSIONS Plasma and SBF lipid profiles show high correlation and SBF could be used interchangeably with blood for the analysis of major lipids used in health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders K Nilsson
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience at Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Drottning Silvias Barn- och Ungdomssjukhus, Tillväxtcentrum, Vitaminvägen 21, 416 50, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Ulrika Sjöbom
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Christenson
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Björkman L, Christenson K, Davidsson L, Mårtensson J, Amirbeagi F, Welin A, Forsman H, Karlsson A, Dahlgren C, Bylund J. Neutrophil recruitment to inflamed joints can occur without cellular priming. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:1123-1130. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0918-369r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Björkman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
| | - Karin Christenson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Cancer CenterInstitute of BiomedicineSahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
- Department of Oral Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of OdontologySahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
| | - Lisa Davidsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jonas Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
| | - Firoozeh Amirbeagi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
- Department of Oral Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of OdontologySahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
| | - Amanda Welin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
| | - Anna Karlsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
- Department of Oral Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of OdontologySahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
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7
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Sundqvist M, Christenson K, Holdfeldt A, Gabl M, Mårtensson J, Björkman L, Dieckmann R, Dahlgren C, Forsman H. Similarities and differences between the responses induced in human phagocytes through activation of the medium chain fatty acid receptor GPR84 and the short chain fatty acid receptor FFA2R. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:695-708. [PMID: 29477577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GPR84 is a recently de-orphanized member of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family recognizing medium chain fatty acids, and has been suggested to play important roles in inflammation. Due to the lack of potent and selective GPR84 ligands, the basic knowledge related to GPR84 functions is very limited. In this study, we have characterized the GPR84 activation profile and regulation mechanism in human phagocytes, using two recently developed small molecules that specifically target GPR84 agonistically (ZQ16) and antagonistically (GLPG1205), respectively. Compared to our earlier characterization of the short chain fatty acid receptor FFA2R which is functionally expressed in neutrophils but not in monocytes, GPR84 is expressed in both cell types and in monocyte-derived macrophages. In neutrophils, the GPR84 agonist had an activation profile very similar to that of FFA2R. The GPR84-mediated superoxide release was low in naïve cells, but the response could be significantly primed by TNFα and by the actin cytoskeleton disrupting agent Latrunculin A. Similar to that of FFA2R, a desensitization mechanism bypassing the actin cytoskeleton was utilized by GPR84. All ZQ16-mediated cellular responses were sensitive to GLPG1205, confirming the GPR84-dependency. Finally, our data of in vivo transmigrated tissue neutrophils indicate that both GPR84 and FFA2R are involved in neutrophil recruitment processes in vivo. In summary, we show functional similarities but also some important differences between GPR84 and FFA2R in human phagocytes, thus providing some mechanistic insights into GPR84 regulation in blood neutrophils and cells recruited to an aseptic inflammatory site in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska, Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Christenson
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - André Holdfeldt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska, Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Gabl
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska, Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska, Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Björkman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska, Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Regis Dieckmann
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska, Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska, Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska, Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Holdfeldt A, Dahlstrand Rudin A, Gabl M, Rajabkhani Z, König GM, Kostenis E, Dahlgren C, Forsman H. Reactivation of Gαi‐coupled formyl peptide receptors is inhibited by Gαq‐selective inhibitors when induced by signals generated by the platelet‐activating factor receptor. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:871-880. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0317-086rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- André Holdfeldt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agnes Dahlstrand Rudin
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Michael Gabl
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zahra Rajabkhani
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gabriele M. König
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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The Neutrophil Response Induced by an Agonist for Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 (GPR43) Is Primed by Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and by Receptor Uncoupling from the Cytoskeleton but Attenuated by Tissue Recruitment. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2583-95. [PMID: 27503855 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00161-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligands with improved potency and selectivity for free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2R) have become available, and we here characterize the neutrophil responses induced by one such agonist (Cmp1) and one antagonist (CATPB). Cmp1 triggered an increase in the cytosolic concentration of Ca(2+), and the neutrophils were then desensitized to Cmp1 and to acetate, a naturally occurring FFA2R agonist. The antagonist CATPB selectively inhibited responses induced by Cmp1 or acetate. The activated FFA2R induced superoxide anion secretion at a low level in naive blood neutrophils. This response was largely increased by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in a process associated with a recruitment of easily mobilizable granules, but neutrophils recruited to an aseptic inflammation in vivo were nonresponding. Superoxide production induced by Cmp1 was increased in latrunculin A-treated neutrophils, but no reactivation of desensitized FFA2R was induced by this drug, suggesting that the cytoskeleton is not directly involved in terminating the response. The functional and regulatory differences between the receptors that recognize short-chain fatty acids and formylated peptides, respectively, imply different roles of these receptors in the orchestration of inflammation and confirm the usefulness of a selective FFA2R agonist and antagonist as tools for the exploration of the precise role of the FFA2R.
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Dahlgren C, Gabl M, Holdfeldt A, Winther M, Forsman H. Basic characteristics of the neutrophil receptors that recognize formylated peptides, a danger-associated molecular pattern generated by bacteria and mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:22-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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