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Tello Martín ML, Lavega R, Carrasco JC, Pérez M, Pérez-Pulido AJ, Thon M, Pérez Benito E. Influence of Agaricus bisporus establishment and fungicidal treatments on casing soil metataxonomy during mushroom cultivation. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:442. [PMID: 35701764 PMCID: PMC9199190 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cultivation of edible mushroom is an emerging sector with a potential yet to be discovered. Unlike plants, it is a less developed agriculture where many studies are lacking to optimize the cultivation. In this work we have employed high-throughput techniques by next generation sequencing to screen the microbial structure of casing soil employed in mushroom cultivation (Agaricus bisporus) while sequencing V3-V4 of the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and the ITS2 region of rRNA for. In addition, the microbiota dynamics and evolution (bacterial and fungal communities) in peat-based casing along the process of incubation of A. bisporus have been studied, while comparing the effect of fungicide treatment (chlorothalonil and metrafenone). Statistically significant changes in populations of bacteria and fungi were observed. Microbial composition differed significantly based on incubation day, changing radically from the original communities in the raw material to a specific microbial composition driven by the A. bisporus mycelium growth. Chlorothalonil treatment seems to delay casing colonization by A. bisporus. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota appeared as the most dominant bacterial phyla. We observed a great change in the structure of the bacteria populations between day 0 and the following days. Fungi populations changed more gradually, with A. bisporus displacing the rest of the species as the cultivation cycle progresses. A better understanding of the microbial communities in the casing will hopefully allow us to increase the biological efficiency of the crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Tello Martín
- Mushroom Technological Research Center of La Rioja (CTICH), Ctra. Calahorra km 4, 26560, Autol, La Rioja, Spain.
| | - Rebeca Lavega
- Mushroom Technological Research Center of La Rioja (CTICH), Ctra. Calahorra km 4, 26560, Autol, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Jaime Carrasco Carrasco
- Mushroom Technological Research Center of La Rioja (CTICH), Ctra. Calahorra km 4, 26560, Autol, La Rioja, Spain.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, SParks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Margarita Pérez
- Mushroom Technological Research Center of La Rioja (CTICH), Ctra. Calahorra km 4, 26560, Autol, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Antonio J Pérez-Pulido
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD, UPO-CSIC-JA). Faculty of Experimental Sciences (Genetics Dept.), University Pablo de Olavide (Sevilla), 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Michael Thon
- Universidad de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Calle Río Duero 12, 37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ernesto Pérez Benito
- Universidad de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Calle Río Duero 12, 37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
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2
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Kıvrık M, Süfer Ö, Bozok F. A RESEARCH ON QUALITY EVALUATION OF EIGHT WILD EDIBLE MACROFUNGI COLLECTED FROM EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100967. [PMID: 35103384 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eight edible macrofungal species ( Suillus collinitus, Rhizopogon roseolus, Lactarius sanguifluus, Lycoperdon molle, Ganoderma adspersum, Pleurotus cornucopiae, Lycoperdon perlatum, Macrolepiota procera ) grown in Osmaniye were studied. Besides the evaluation of fresh forms, the mushrooms were dried at 40˚C, and the color, texture, protein and mineral contents, and bioactivities (total phenolic content, (TPC) and antioxidant activities by DPPH, FRAP and ABTS techniques) were determined. The protein, macro and micro mineral contents of dried samples were in range of 11.31-55.31%, 132.75-50844.80 and 0.30-812.05 mg/kg, respectively. TPC of fresh samples were 10227.13-42216.89 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/kg dry matter (DM) in methanolic solution, 3625.31-28809.99 mg GAE/kg DM in ethanolic solution, and decreased by drying process. ABTS method yielded higher results in fresh specimens, however DPPH method in ethanol and FRAP method in methanol were the superior in dried forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kıvrık
- Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi: Osmaniye Korkut Ata Universitesi, Biology, Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Karacaoğlan Yerleşkesi, 80000, Osmaniye, TURKEY
| | - Özge Süfer
- Osmaniye Korkut Ata University: Osmaniye Korkut Ata Universitesi, Food Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü Karacaoğlan Yerleşkesi, 80000, Osmaniye, TURKEY
| | - Fuat Bozok
- Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi: Osmaniye Korkut Ata Universitesi, biology, Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Karacaoğlan Yerleşkesi, 80000, Osmaniye, TURKEY
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Carrasco J, García‐Delgado C, Lavega R, Tello ML, De Toro M, Barba‐Vicente V, Rodríguez‐Cruz MS, Sánchez‐Martín MJ, Pérez M, Preston GM. Holistic assessment of the microbiome dynamics in the substrates used for commercial champignon (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1933-1947. [PMID: 32716608 PMCID: PMC7533343 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms strongly influence and are required to generate the selective substrate that provides nutrients and support for fungal growth, and ultimately to induce mushroom fructification under controlled environmental conditions. In this work, the fungal and bacterial microbiota living in the different substrates employed in a commercial crop (compost phase I, II and III, flush 1 and 2, and casing material on day 1, 6 and 8 after compost casing and during flush 1 and 2) have been characterized along the different stages of cultivation by metataxonomic analysis (16S rRNA and ITS2), analysis of phospholipid fatty acid content (PLFAs) and RT-qPCR. Additionally, laccase activity and the content of lignin and complex carbohydrates in compost and casing have been quantified. The bacterial diversity in compost and casing increased throughout the crop cycle boosted by the connection of both substrates. As reflected by the PLFAs, the total living bacterial biomass appears to be negatively correlated with the mycelium of the crop. Agaricus bisporus was the dominant fungal species in colonized substrates, displacing the pre-eminent Ascomycota, accompanied by a sustained increase in laccase activity, which is considered to be a major product of protein synthesis during the mycelial growth of champignon. From phase II onwards, the metabolic machinery of the fungal crop degrades lignin and carbohydrates in compost, while these components are hardly degraded in casing, which reflects the minor role of the casing for nourishing the crop. The techniques employed in this study provide a holistic and detailed characterization of the changing microbial composition in commercial champignon substrates. The knowledge generated will contribute to improve compost formulations (selection of base materials) and accelerate compost production, for instance, through biotechnological interventions in the form of tailored biostimulants and to design environmentally sustainable bio-based casing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Carrasco
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordS Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
- Centro Tecnológico de Investigación del Champiñón de La Rioja (CTICH)AutolSpain
| | - Carlos García‐Delgado
- Departamento de Geología y GeoquímicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA‐CSIC)SalamancaSpain
| | - Rebeca Lavega
- Centro Tecnológico de Investigación del Champiñón de La Rioja (CTICH)AutolSpain
| | - María L. Tello
- Centro Tecnológico de Investigación del Champiñón de La Rioja (CTICH)AutolSpain
| | - María De Toro
- Plataforma de Genómica y BioinformáticaCentro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR)LogroñoSpain
| | - Víctor Barba‐Vicente
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA‐CSIC)SalamancaSpain
| | | | | | - Margarita Pérez
- Centro Tecnológico de Investigación del Champiñón de La Rioja (CTICH)AutolSpain
| | - Gail M. Preston
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordS Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
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Kumla J, Suwannarach N, Lumyong S. A New Report on Edible Tropical Bolete, Phlebopus spongiosus in Thailand and Its Fruiting Body Formation without the Need for a Host Plant. MYCOBIOLOGY 2020; 48:263-275. [PMID: 32952409 PMCID: PMC7476539 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1784592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phlebopus spongiosus is a well-known edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom indigenous to southern Vietnam. The mushroom specimens collected from northern Thailand in this study were identified as P. spongiosus. This identification was based on morphological characteristics and the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. Pure cultures were isolated and the relevant suitable mycelial growth conditions were investigated. The results indicated that the fungal mycelia grew well on L-modified Melin-Norkans, and Murashige and Skoog agar all of which were adjusted to a pH of 5.0 at 30 °C. Sclerotia-like structures were observed on cultures. The ability of this mushroom to produce fruiting bodies in the absence of a host plant was determined by employing a bag cultivation method. Fungal mycelia completely covered the cultivation substrate after 90-95 days following inoculation of mushroom spawn. Under the mushroom house conditions, the highest amount of primordial formation was observed after 10-15 days at a casing with soil:vermiculite (1:1, v/v). The primordia developed into a mature stage within one week. Moreover, identification of the cultivated fruiting bodies was confirmed by both morphological and molecular methods. This is the first record of P. spongiosus found in Thailand and its ability to form fruiting bodies without a host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaturong Kumla
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and
Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and
Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and
Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of
Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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Carrasco J, Preston GM. Growing edible mushrooms: a conversation between bacteria and fungi. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:858-872. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Carrasco
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of Oxford, S Parks Rd Oxford OX1 3RB UK
- Centro Tecnológico de Investigación del Champiñón de La Rioja (CTICH) Autol Spain
| | - Gail M. Preston
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of Oxford, S Parks Rd Oxford OX1 3RB UK
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Yang RH, Bao DP, Guo T, Li Y, Ji GY, Ji KP, Tan Q. Bacterial Profiling and Dynamic Succession Analysis of Phlebopus portentosus Casing Soil Using MiSeq Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1927. [PMID: 31507552 PMCID: PMC6716355 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebopusportentosus (Berk. and Broome) Boedijin is a popular edible mushroom found in China and Thailand. To date, P. portentosus is the only species in the order Boletales that can be successfully cultivated worldwide. The use of a casing layer or casing soil overlaying the substrate is a crucial step in the production of this mushroom. In this study, bacterial profiling and dynamic succession analyses of casing soil during the cultivation of P. portentosus were performed. One hundred and fifty samples were collected, and MiSeq sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was conducted. After performing a decontamination procedure, only 38 samples were retained, including 6 casing soil-originated samples (OS), 6 casing soil samples (FHCS) and 5 upper substrate samples (FHCU) from the period of complete colonization by mycelia; 6 casing soil samples (PCS) and 5 upper substrate samples (PCU) from the primordium period; and 6 casing soil samples (FCS) and 4 upper substrate samples (FCU) from fruit body period. The results revealed that bacterial diversity increased sharply from the hyphal to the primordium stage and then decreased during harvesting. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) analysis suggested that the community composition during different stages was significantly different in casing soil. The most abundant phyla in all of the samples were Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Saccharibacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Burkholderia was the most abundant genus in all the samples except the OS samples. The relative abundance of Burkholderia in the FHCS samples (55.79%) decreased to 35.14% in the PCS samples and then increased to 45.60% in the FCS samples. The abundances of Acidobacterium, Rhizobium, Acidisphaera, Bradyrhizobium, and Bacillus increased from the FHCS to PCS samples. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) suggested that Acidobacterium and Acidisphaera are micromarkers for PCS, whereas Bradyrhizobium, Roseiarcus, and Pseudolabrys were associated with fruit body stages. The network analyses resulted in 23 edges, including 4 negative and 19 positive edges. Extensive mutualistic interactions may occur among casing soil bacteria. Furthermore, these bacteria play important roles in mycelial elongation, primordium formations, and the production of increased yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Heng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Peng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Yan Ji
- Hongzhen Agricultural Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Jinghong, China
| | - Kai-Ping Ji
- Hongzhen Agricultural Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Jinghong, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai, China
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