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Tu B, Zhu Z, Lu P, Fang R, Peng C, Tong J, Ning R. Proteomic and lipidomic landscape of the infrapatellar fat pad and its clinical significance in knee osteoarthritis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159513. [PMID: 38788831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent joint disease that can be exacerbated by lipid metabolism disorders. The intra-articular fat pad (IFP) has emerged as an active participant in the pathological changes of knee OA (KOA). However, the proteomic and lipidomic differences between IFP tissues from KOA and control individuals remain unclear. Samples of IFP were collected from individuals with and without OA (n = 6, n = 6). Subsequently, these samples underwent liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteomic and lipidomic analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and lipid metabolites (DELMs). The DEPs were further subjected to enrichment analysis, and hub DEPs were identified using multiple algorithms. Additionally, an OA diagnostic model was constructed based on the identified hub DEPs or DELMs. Furthermore, CIBERSORT was utilized to investigate the correlation between hub protein expression and immune-related modules in IFP of OA. Our results revealed the presence of 315 DEPs and eight DELMs in IFP of OA patients compared to the control group. Enrichment analysis of DEPs highlighted potential alterations in pathways related to coagulation, complement, fatty acid metabolism, and adipogenesis. The diagnostic model incorporating four hub DEPs (AUC = 0.861) or eight DELMs (AUC = 0.917) exhibited excellent clinical validity for diagnosing OA. Furthermore, the hub DEPs were found to be associated with immune dysfunction in IFP of OA. This study presents a distinct proteomic and lipidomic landscape of IFP between individuals with OA and those without. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular changes associated with potential mechanisms underlying OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhi Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Peizhi Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China; Department of Orthopedics, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City 233000, China
| | - Run Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Tong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Rende Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China; Department of Orthopedics, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City 233000, China.
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Bo C, Liu F, Zhang Z, Du Z, Xiu H, Zhang Z, Li M, Zhang C, Jia Q. Simvastatin attenuates silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in rats via the AMPK-NOX pathway. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:224. [PMID: 38720270 PMCID: PMC11080310 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-024-03014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simvastatin (Sim), a hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, has been widely used in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Studies have suggested that Sim exerts anti-fibrotic effects by interfering fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. This study was to determine whether Sim could alleviate silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The rat model of silicosis was established by the tracheal perfusion method and treated with Sim (5 or 10 mg/kg), AICAR (an AMPK agonist), and apocynin (a NOX inhibitor) for 28 days. Lung tissues were collected for further analyses including pathological histology, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT), and the AMPK-NOX pathway. RESULTS Sim significantly reduced silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis at 28 days after administration. Sim could reduce the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-β1 in lung tissues. The expressions of hydroxyproline, α-SMA and vimentin were down-regulated, while E-cad was increased in Sim-treated rats. In addition, NOX4, p22pox, p40phox, p-p47phox/p47phox expressions and ROS levels were all increased, whereas p-AMPK/AMPK was decreased in silica-induced rats. Sim or AICAR treatment could notably reverse the decrease of AMPK activity and increase of NOX activity induced by silica. Apocynin treatment exhibited similar protective effects to Sim, including down-regulating of oxidative stress and inhibition of the EMT process and inflammatory reactions. CONCLUSIONS Sim attenuates silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by downregulating EMT and oxidative stress through the AMPK-NOX pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunxiang Bo
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Guangzhou Huaxia Vocational College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zewen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongjun Du
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haidi Xiu
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenling Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Li
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Caiqing Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Province's Second General Hospital (Shandong Province ENT Hospital), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, Shandong, China.
| | - Qiang Jia
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Ye X, Yu F, Zhou J, Zhao C, Wu J, Ni X. Analysis of the gut microbiota in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease using metagenomics and metabolomics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1267192. [PMID: 37900308 PMCID: PMC10613033 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1267192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is no direct evidence of gut microbiota disturbance in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This study aimed to provide direct evidence and a comprehensive understanding of gut microbiota disturbance in children with GERD through combined metagenomic and metabolomic analysis. Methods 30 children with GERD and 30 healthy controls (HCs) were continuously enrolled, and the demographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects were collected. First, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to evaluate differences in the gut microbiota between children with GERD and HC group, and 10 children with GERD and 10 children in the HC group were selected for metagenomic analysis. Nontargeted metabolomic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and metagenomic and metabolomic data were analyzed together. Results There were significant differences in the gut microbiota diversity and composition between children with GERD and HCs. The dominant bacteria in children with GERD were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota. At the species level, the top three core bacterial groups were Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides vulgatus and Alistipes putredinis. The main differential pathways were identified to be related to energy, amino acid, vitamin, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. LC/MS detected 288 different metabolites in the positive and negative ion modes between children with GERD and HCs, which were mainly involved in arachidonic acid (AA), tyrosine, glutathione and caffeine metabolism. Conclusion This study provides new evidence of the pathogenesis of GERD. There are significant differences in the gut microbiota, metabolites and metabolic pathways between HCs and children with GERD, and the differences in metabolites are related to specific changes in bacterial abundance. In the future, GERD may be treated by targeting specific bacteria related to AA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Feihong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Chunna Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ni
- National Center for Pediatric Cancer Surveillance, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
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Tu B, Fang R, Zhu Z, Chen G, Peng C, Ning R. Comprehensive analysis of arachidonic acid metabolism-related genes in diagnosis and synovial immune in osteoarthritis: based on bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:955-970. [PMID: 36995411 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of degenerative-related arthritis, which can be aggravated by low-grade synovitis. It is known that arachidonic acid (AA) dysmetabolism brings OA synovitis. However, the impact of synovial AA metabolism pathway (AMP) related genes on OA remains uncovered. METHODS Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis to explore the impact of AA metabolism genes in OA synovium. We obtained transcriptome expression profiles from three raw datasets related to OA synovium (GSE12021, GSE29746, GSE55235) and identified the hub genes of AA metabolism pathways (AMP) in OA synovium. An OA occurrence diagnostic model was constructed and validated based on the identified hub genes. Then, we explored the correlation between hub gene expression and the immune-related module using CIBERSORT and MCP-counter analysis. The unsupervised consensus clustering analysis and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) were utilized to identify robust clusters of identified genes in each cohort. Moreover, the interaction between the hub genes of AMP and immune cells was elucidated through single-cell RNA (scRNA) analysis by scRNA sequencing data from GSE152815. RESULTS We found that the expression of AMP-related genes was up-regulated in OA synovium, and seven hub genes (LTC4S, PTGS2, PTGS1, MAPKAPK2, CBR1, PTGDS, and CYP2U1) were identified. The diagnostic model that combined the identified hub genes showed great clinical validity in diagnosing OA (AUC = 0.979). Moreover, significant associations were noticed between the hub genes' expression, immune cell infiltration, and inflammatory cytokine levels. The 30 OA patients were randomized and clustered into three groups using WGCNA analysis based on the hub genes, and diverse immune status was found in different clusters. Of interest, older patients were more likely to be classified into a cluster with higher levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and less infiltration of immune cells. Based on the scRNA-sequencing data, we found that the hub genes had relatively higher expression in macrophages and B cells than other immune cells. Moreover, inflammation-related pathways were significantly enriched in macrophages. CONCLUSION These results suggest that AMP-related genes are closely involved in alterations of OA synovial inflammation. The transcriptional level of hub genes could serve as a potential diagnostic marker for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhi Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Hefei, 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Run Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Hefei, 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Hefei, 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Hefei, 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Hefei, 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Rende Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Hefei, 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui, China.
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Fraga CG, Trostchansky A, Rocha BS, Laranjinha J, Rubbo H, Galleano M. (Poly)phenols and nitrolipids: Relevant participants in nitric oxide metabolism. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 89:101158. [PMID: 36517273 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (•NO) is an essential molecule able to control and regulate many biological functions. Additionally, •NO bears a potential toxicity or damaging effects under conditions of uncontrolled production, and because of its participation in redox-sensitive pathways and oxidizing reactions. Several plant (poly)phenols present in the diet are able to regulate the enzymes producing •NO (NOSs). In addition, (poly)phenols are implicated in defining •NO bioavailability, especially by regulating NADPH oxidases (NOXs), and the subsequent generation of superoxide and •NO depletion. Nitrolipids are compounds that are present in animal tissues because of dietary consumption, e.g. of olive oil, and/or as result of endogenous production. This endogenous production of nitrolipids is dependent on the nitrate/nitrite presence in the diet. Select nitrolipids, e.g. the nitroalkenes, are able to exert •NO-like signaling actions, and act as •NO reservoirs, becoming relevant for systemic •NO bioavailability. Furthermore, the presence of (poly)phenols in the stomach reduces dietary nitrite to •NO favoring nitrolipids formation. In this review we focus on the capacity of molecules representing these two groups of bioactives, i.e. (poly)phenols and nitrolipids, as relevant participants in •NO metabolism and bioavailability. This participation acquires especial relevance when human homeostasis is lost, for example under inflammatory conditions, in which the protective actions of (poly)phenols and/or nitrolipids have been associated with local and systemic •NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- César G Fraga
- Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular-Dr. Alberto Boveris (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrés Trostchansky
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Barbara S Rocha
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Laranjinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Homero Rubbo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Monica Galleano
- Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular-Dr. Alberto Boveris (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Medeiros PMC, Schjalm C, Christiansen D, Sokolova M, Pischke SE, Würzner R, Mollnes TE, Barratt-Due A. Vitamin C, Hydrocortisone, and the Combination Thereof Significantly Inhibited Two of Nine Inflammatory Markers Induced by Escherichia Coli But Not by Staphylococcus Aureus - When Incubated in Human Whole Blood. Shock 2022; 57:72-80. [PMID: 34265830 PMCID: PMC8663529 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Vitamin C combined with hydrocortisone is increasingly being used to treat septic patients, even though this treatment regimen is based on questionable evidence. When used, a marked effect on key players of innate immunity would be expected, as sepsis is featured by a dysregulated immune response.Here, we explored the effect of vitamin C and hydrocortisone alone and combined, in an ex vivo human whole-blood model of Escherichia coli- or Staphylococcus aureus-induced inflammation. Inflammatory markers for activation of complement (terminal C5b-9 complement complex [TCC]), granulocytes (myeloperoxidase), platelets (β-thromboglobulin), cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF], IL-1β, IL6, and IL-8), and leukocytes (CD11b and oxidative burst) were quantified, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, multiplex technology, and flow cytometry.In E. coli- and S. aureus-stimulated whole blood, a broad dose-titration of vitamin C and hydrocortisone alone did not lead to dose-response effects for the central innate immune mediators TCC and IL-6. Hence, the clinically relevant doses were used further. Compared to the untreated control sample, two of the nine biomarkers induced by E. coli were reduced by hydrocortisone and/or vitamin C. TNF was reduced by hydrocortisone alone (19%, P = 0.01) and by the combination (31%, P = 0.01). The oxidative burst of monocytes and granulocytes was reduced for both drugs alone and their combination, (ranging 8-19%, P < 0.05). Using S. aureus, neither of the drugs, alone nor in combination, had any effects on the nine biomarkers.In conclusion, despite the limitation of the ex vivo model, the effect of vitamin C and hydrocortisone on bacteria-induced inflammatory response in human whole blood is limited and following the clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilla Schjalm
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dorte Christiansen
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø and Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen Center, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marina Sokolova
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Soeren Erik Pischke
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø and Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen Center, University of Tromsø, Norway
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Barratt-Due
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Regulska M, Szuster-Głuszczak M, Trojan E, Leśkiewicz M, Basta-Kaim A. The Emerging Role of the Double-Edged Impact of Arachidonic Acid- Derived Eicosanoids in the Neuroinflammatory Background of Depression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 19:278-293. [PMID: 32851950 PMCID: PMC8033972 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200807144530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids are arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives belonging to a family of lipid signalling mediators that are engaged in both physiological and pathological processes in the brain. Recently, their implication in the prolonged inflammatory response has become a focus of particular interest because, in contrast to acute inflammation, chronic inflammatory processes within the central nervous system (CNS) are crucial for the development of brain pathologies including depression. The synthesis of eicosanoids is catalysed primarily by cyclooxygenases (COX), which are involved in the production of pro-inflammatory AA metabolites, including prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Moreover, eicosanoid synthesis is catalysed by lipoxygenases (LOXs), which generate both leukotrienes and anti-inflammatory derivatives such as lipoxins. Thus, AA metabolites have double- edged pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving properties, and an imbalance between these metabolites has been proposed as a contributor or even the basis for chronic neuroinflammatory effects. This review focuses on important evidence regarding eicosanoid-related pathways (with special emphasis on prostaglandins and lipoxins) that has added a new layer of complexity to the idea of targeting the double-edged AA-derivative pathways for therapeutic benefits in depression. We also sought to explore future research directions that can support a pro-resolving response to control the balance between eicosanoids and thus to reduce the chronic neuroinflammation that underlies at least a portion of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Regulska
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szuster-Głuszczak
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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