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Kumar K, Singh D. Toxicity and bioremediation of the lead: a critical review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1879-1909. [PMID: 36617394 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2165047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lead is a naturally occurring, bluish-gray metal that is found in small quantities in the earth's crust. The existing literature demonstrates that non-biodegradable character and continuous use results in accumulation of lead concentration in the environment and causes various ill effects such as neurotoxicity, change in psychological and behavioral development of different organisms. Nowadays the most effective technique in the revival of the environment is bioremediation and it is environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Bacterial strains such as Oceanobacillus profundus and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 have the ability to reduce lead 97% and 73.9%, respectively. Similarly some species of algae and fungal strains also showed lead removal efficiency as 74% (spirulina), 97.1% (Chlorella kessleri), 95.5% (Penicillium janthinillum) and 86% (Aspergillus flavus). Biodegradation of lead by various microbes would be the most efficient and sustainable approach. This review focuses on toxicity, fate of lead in the environment and its microbial degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushhal Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Devinder Singh
- Department of Zoology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Ebirim CG, Esan O, Adetona MO, Oyagbemi AA, Omobowale TO, Oladele OA, Adedapo AA, Oguntibeju OO, Yakubu MA. Naringin administration mitigates oxidative stress, anemia, and hypertension in lead acetate-induced cardio-renal dysfunction in cockerel chicks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:34890-34903. [PMID: 36520287 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lead is one of the major pollutants that is harmful to both animals and humans. It is found in every aspect of the environment such as the air, water, and soil. This pollutant affects both wild and domestic birds. Naringin has an active principle called flavonoid that has been found to have medicinal properties, mostly because of its antioxidant and metal chelating properties. This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of naringin as an antioxidant against lead-induced anemia, cardio and nephrotoxicity, and hypertension. This study also aimed at elucidating the use of naringin as a heavy metal binder in poultry feed. Thirty-six cockerel chicks were used for this study, and randomly grouped into six groups per group; group A served as the control, group B received Pb-only (300 ppm), group C (Pb and naringin; 80 mg/kg), group D (Pb and naringin; 160 mg/kg), group E (naringin 80 mg/kg), and group F (naringin 160 mg/kg), respectively, for 8 weeks. Lead (Pb) was administered via drinking water, while naringin was administered via oral gavage. Lead acetate intoxication precipitated anemia as indicated by significant reductions in the values of PCV, RBC, and Hb concentration in lead-treated chicks when compared with the controls. Also, lead administration induced hypertension together with increased oxidative stress, depletion of the antioxidant defense system, reduced nitric oxide production, and an increase in high blood pressure. Immunohistochemistry indicated high expressions of cardiac troponin, renal angiotensin-converting enzymes, and renal neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Treatment with naringin corrected anemia, reduced oxidative stress, improved antioxidant system, reduced high blood pressure, and offered protection against lead acetate-induced cardio-renal dysfunction in cockerel chicks. We recommend that naringin should be incorporated poultry feeds as a metal binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinomso Gift Ebirim
- Institute of Earth and Life Sciences Institute, Pan African University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun Esan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Moses Olusola Adetona
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Omolade Abodunrin Oladele
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju
- Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Momoh Audu Yakubu
- Department of Environmental & Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Technology, COPHS, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
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European mammal exposure to lead from ammunition and fishing weight sources. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10014. [PMID: 36051261 PMCID: PMC9424960 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammunition and fishing weight usage is the greatest largely unregulated contributor of lead (Pb) deposition to the European environment. While the range of negative impacts of Pb exposure to humans and avian wildlife are relatively well documented, little is known about risks to wild mammals despite recent scientific interest and publications. A qualitative risk assessment of the potential Source-Pathway-Receptor linkages for European mammal exposure was conducted, based on literature reviews and existing evidence and discussions with experts from the fields of wild mammal feeding ecology, behaviour and health. The assessment identified 11 pathways for mammal exposure to Pb, with all 243 European species likely to be potentially exposed via one or more of these. All species were identified as potentially exposed via ingestion of water with elevated Pb from degraded ammunition/fishing weights. Ingestion of vegetation with elevated Pb from degraded ammunition/fishing weights potentially exposed many species (158), 78% of which had a potentially high risk of exposure when feeding in areas of high Pb deposition. Ingestion of retained ammunition in previously shot prey and/or discarded kill/gut piles with embedded ammunition was another significant pathway, contributing to predatory and scavenging carnivorous mammal exposure where an individual exposure event would be expected to be high. The mechanisms by which Pb from ammunition and fishing weight sources are moved up trophic levels and ‘transferred’ from areas of high deposition into wider food chains e.g. via water, flying invertebrates and herbivores being subsequently preyed upon requires further investigation. In conclusion, there are multiple and diverse Source-Pathway-Receptors linkages for European mammal exposures to Pb and evidence of exposure, from Europe and elsewhere, exists for some herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and insectivores. Both fatal but more likely non-fatal chronic and acute exposures may be expected to occur in wild European mammalian species, including those in poor conservation status.
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Herring G, Eagles-Smith CA, Goodell J, Buck JA, Willacker JJ. Small-Mammal Shooting as a Conduit for Lead Exposure in Avian Scavengers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12272-12280. [PMID: 34473489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure is a widespread wildlife conservation threat. Although commonly associated with Pb-based ammunition from big-game hunting, small mammals (e.g., ground squirrels) shot for recreational or pest-management purposes represent a potentially important Pb vector in agricultural regions. We measured the responses of avian scavengers to pest-shooting events and examined their Pb exposure through consumption of shot mammals. There were 3.4-fold more avian scavengers at shooting fields relative to those at fields with no recent shooting, and avian scavengers spent 1.8-fold more time feeding after recent shooting events. We isotopically labeled shot ground squirrels in the field with an enriched 15N isotope tracer; 6% of avian scavengers sampled within a 39 km radius reflected this tracer in their blood. However, 33% of the avian scavengers within the average foraging dispersal distance of nests (0.6-3.7 km) were labeled, demonstrating the importance of these shooting fields as a source of food for birds nesting in close proximity. Additionally, Pb concentrations in 48% of avian scavengers exceeded subclinical poisoning benchmarks for sensitive species (0.03-0.20 μg/g w/w), and those birds exhibited reduced δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, indicating a biochemical effect of Pb. The use of shooting to manage small mammal pests is a common practice globally. Efforts that can reduce the use of Pb-based ammunition may lessen the negative physiological effects of Pb exposure on avian scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth Herring
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Collin A Eagles-Smith
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - John Goodell
- High Desert Museum, Bend, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jeremy A Buck
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 2600 SE 98th Avenue Suite 100, Portland, Oregon 97702, United States
| | - James J Willacker
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Singh NJ, Ecke F, Katzner T, Bagchi S, Sandström P, Hörnfeldt B. Consequences of migratory coupling of predators and prey when mediated by human actions. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Navinder J. Singh
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Todd Katzner
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise ID USA
| | - Sumanta Bagchi
- Centre for Ecological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India
| | - Per Sandström
- Department of Forest Resource Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
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Thomas VG, Pain DJ, Kanstrup N, Green RE. Setting maximum levels for lead in game meat in EC regulations: An adjunct to replacement of lead ammunition. AMBIO 2020; 49:2026-2037. [PMID: 32451970 PMCID: PMC7568734 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Each year, hunters from 12 of the 27 European Union (EU) countries and the UK shoot over 6 million large game mammals, 12 million rabbits and hares and over 80 million birds. They support an international game meat market worth over 1.1 thousand million Euros. Animals shot with lead ammunition frequently contain lead fragments in the carcass which contaminate meals made from game meat with concentrations of lead substantially above the maximum allowable level (ML) set by European Commission Regulation EC1881/2006 for meat from domesticated animals. This poses a health risk to frequent consumers of wild-shot game meat, with children and pregnant women being particularly vulnerable. Total replacement of lead rifle and shotgun ammunition with available non-toxic alternatives is needed for all hunting in EU nations to prevent exposure of humans and wildlife to ammunition-derived lead and to allow the depletion of the long-term environmental legacy of lead from spent ammunition. We propose that EC1881/2006 is amended to incorporate an ML for game meats as a supplementary measure to the replacement of lead ammunition. This would harmonise food safety standards for lead in meats traded across and imported into the EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon G. Thomas
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Deborah J. Pain
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ UK
| | - Niels Kanstrup
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Grenåvej 14, Rønde, 8410 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rhys E. Green
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ UK
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Fernando WBPS, Perera SPPM, Vithanarachchi RM, Wijesekera RD, Wijesinghe MR. Heavy metal accumulation in two synanthropic avian species in Sri Lanka. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:688. [PMID: 33030595 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the levels of Pb, Cd, and Mn in contour feathers of the feral pigeon (Columba livia) and house crow (Corvus splendens) obtained from five urban/suburban locations across Sri Lanka, using the AAS following wet digestion. Our key objectives were to compare accumulation levels in the two avian species with different foraging habits and living in common locations, and to establish baseline information on the presence of these metals in multiple locations in Sri Lanka with varying levels of urbanization. Owing to reservations that have been expressed by previous workers regarding the use of feathers for assessing heavy metal pollution, we first tested the efficacy of contour feathers by using our data for comparing the coefficients of variation in metal levels within and between locations. This showed that in over 95% of the cases, variations within locations were lower than between locations, indicating that freshly shed contour feathers that were used in the present study were reliable indicators of the status of bioaccumulation of the heavy metals in the environment. In interspecific comparisons, other than in the two suburban locations, Pb was present at much higher levels in the house crow than in the feral pigeon, whereas accumulation patterns with respect to Cd and Mn were inconsistent, suggesting that granivores may not, in all situations, accumulate lower levels than scavengers in the same environment. Owing to such interspecific variations in the patterns of accumulation of different heavy metals, the selection of a single species for assessing levels of pollution from heavy metals may not be prudent. Pb and Cd levels in both species were strongly and positively associated with human population density. The levels of Pb and Cd were highest in Colombo (commercial capital). In Colombo and Kalutara, the recorded levels in the house crow exceeded the thresholds that have the potential to inflict adverse impacts on avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B P S Fernando
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - S P P M Perera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - R D Wijesekera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - M R Wijesinghe
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
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Katzner TE, Carlisle JD, Poessel SA, Thomason EC, Pauli BP, Pilliod DS, Belthoff JR, Heath JA, Parker KJ, Warner KS, Hayes HM, Aberg MC, Ortiz PA, Amdor SM, Alsup SE, Coates SE, Miller TA, Duran ZK. Illegal killing of nongame wildlife and recreational shooting in conservation areas. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Todd E. Katzner
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Jay D. Carlisle
- Intermountain Bird Observatory, Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Sharon A. Poessel
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Eve C. Thomason
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
- Raptor Research Center Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Benjamin P. Pauli
- Biology Department Saint Mary's University of Minnesota Winona Minnesota USA
| | - David S. Pilliod
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - James R. Belthoff
- Raptor Research Center Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Julie A. Heath
- Raptor Research Center Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Kristina J. Parker
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | | | - Heather M. Hayes
- Intermountain Bird Observatory, Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Madeline C. Aberg
- Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Patricia A. Ortiz
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Sandra M. Amdor
- Raptor Research Center Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Steven E. Alsup
- Raptor Research Center Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Stephanie E. Coates
- Intermountain Bird Observatory, Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Tricia A. Miller
- Conservation Science Global West Cape May New Jersey USA
- Division of Forestry & Natural Resources, West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
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9
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Per E, AYHAN Y. Scavenger Vertebrates of Dörtdivan Vulture Restaurant, Turkey. GAZI UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.35378/gujs.595222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Pain DJ, Mateo R, Green RE. Effects of lead from ammunition on birds and other wildlife: A review and update. AMBIO 2019; 48:935-953. [PMID: 30879267 PMCID: PMC6675766 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Poisoning of wild birds following ingestion of lead from ammunition has long been recognised and considerable recent research has focused on terrestrial birds, including raptors and scavengers. This paper builds upon previous reviews and finds that both the number of taxa affected and geographical spread of cases has increased. Some lead may also be absorbed from embedded ammunition fragments in injured birds which risk sub-lethal and welfare effects. Some papers suggest inter-specific differences in sensitivity to lead, although it is difficult to disentangle these from other factors that influence effect severity. Sub-lethal effects have been found at lower blood lead concentrations than previously reported, suggesting that previous effect-level 'thresholds' should be abandoned or revised. Lead poisoning is estimated to kill a million wildfowl a year in Europe and cause sub-lethal poisoning in another ≥ 3 million. Modelling and correlative studies have supported the potential for population-level effects of lead poisoning in wildfowl, terrestrial birds, raptors and scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Pain
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ UK
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire GL2 7BT UK
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Toxicología de Fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rhys E. Green
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ UK
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Thomas VG, Kanstrup N, Fox AD. The transition to non-lead sporting ammunition and fishing weights: Review of progress and barriers to implementation. AMBIO 2019; 48:925-934. [PMID: 30607717 PMCID: PMC6675838 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This review presents evidence of lead exposure and toxicity to wildlife and humans from spent shotgun and rifle ammunition and fishing weights, and the barriers and bridges to completing the transition to non-lead products. Despite the international availability of effective non-lead substitutes, and that more jurisdictions are adopting suitable policies and regulations, a broader transition to non-lead alternatives is prevented because resolution remains divided among disparate human user constituencies. Progress has occurred only where evidence is most compelling or where a responsible public authority with statutory powers has managed to change mindsets in the wider public interest. Arguments opposing lead bans are shown to lack validity. Differing national regulations impede progress, requiring analysis to achieve better regulation. Evidence that lead bans have reduced wildlife exposure should be used more to promote sustainable hunting and fishing. Evidence of the lead contribution from hunted game to human exposure should shape policy and regulation to end lead ammunition use. The Special Issue presents evidence that a transition to non-lead products is both warranted and feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon G. Thomas
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Niels Kanstrup
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Kalø, Grenåvej 14, 8410 Rønde, Denmark
| | - Anthony D. Fox
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Kalø, Grenåvej 14, 8410 Rønde, Denmark
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Schulz JH, Wilhelm Stanis SA, Webb EB, Li CJ, Hall DM. Communication strategies for reducing lead poisoning in wildlife and human health risks. WILDLIFE SOC B 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John H. Schulz
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Missouri105 Anheuser‐Busch Natural Resources BuildingColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - Sonja A. Wilhelm Stanis
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Missouri105 Anheuser‐Busch Natural Resources BuildingColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - Elisabeth B. Webb
- U.S. Geological SurveyMissouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit302 Anheuser‐Busch Natural Resources BuildingColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - Christine Jie Li
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Missouri105 Anheuser‐Busch Natural Resources BuildingColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - Damon M. Hall
- School of Natural Resources & Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Missouri105 Anheuser‐Busch Natural Resources BuildingColumbiaMO65211USA
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13
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Lead Poisoning in Bald Eagles Admitted to Wildlife Rehabilitation Facilities in Iowa, 2004–2014. JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.3996/122015-jfwm-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Eleven years (2004–2014) of bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus data from four independent, state and federally permitted wildlife rehabilitators in Iowa were assessed for the prevalence of elevated lead levels in blood or tissue samples. The relationship between blood lead concentrations and recorded information (age, season, radiographs, and clinical outcome) was investigated. Adult birds had higher blood lead concentrations than immature and juvenile birds. Highest blood lead levels were found during October–January. Bald eagles with positive radiographs for metallic opacities in the digestive tract had higher blood and tissue lead concentrations than those with negative results or those on which no radiograph was performed. Metallic opacities were identified through necropsy. Bald eagles with elevated levels of lead were associated with poor clinical outcomes, indicating that blood lead concentrations could be used as a predictor of clinical outcome.
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