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Bakalar D, Gavrilova O, Jiang SZ, Zhang HY, Roy S, Williams SK, Liu N, Wisser S, Usdin TB, Eiden LE. Constitutive and conditional deletion reveals distinct phenotypes driven by developmental versus neurotransmitter actions of the neuropeptide PACAP. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13286. [PMID: 37309259 PMCID: PMC10620107 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides may exert trophic effects during development, and then neurotransmitter roles in the developed nervous system. One way to associate peptide-deficiency phenotypes with either role is first to assess potential phenotypes in so-called constitutive knockout mice, and then proceed to specify, regionally and temporally, where and when neuropeptide expression is required to prevent these phenotypes. We have previously demonstrated that the well-known constellation of behavioral and metabolic phenotypes associated with constitutive pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) knockout mice are accompanied by transcriptomic alterations of two types: those that distinguish the PACAP-null phenotype from wild-type (WT) in otherwise quiescent mice (cPRGs), and gene induction that occurs in response to acute environmental perturbation in WT mice that do not occur in knockout mice (aPRGs). Comparing constitutive PACAP knockout mice to a variety of temporally and regionally specific PACAP knockouts, we show that the prominent hyperlocomotor phenotype is a consequence of early loss of PACAP expression, is associated with Fos overexpression in hippocampus and basal ganglia, and that a thermoregulatory effect previously shown to be mediated by PACAP-expressing neurons of medial preoptic hypothalamus is independent of PACAP expression in those neurons in adult mice. In contrast, PACAP dependence of weight loss/hypophagia triggered by restraint stress, seen in constitutive PACAP knockout mice, is phenocopied in mice in which PACAP is deleted after neuronal differentiation. Our results imply that PACAP has a prominent role as a trophic factor early in development determining global central nervous system characteristics, and in addition a second, discrete set of functions as a neurotransmitter in the fully developed nervous system that support physiological and psychological responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bakalar
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney Disease- Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sunny Z Jiang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Snehashis Roy
- Systems Neuroscience Imaging Resource, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah K Williams
- Systems Neuroscience Imaging Resource, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Naili Liu
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney Disease- Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Wisser
- Systems Neuroscience Imaging Resource, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ted B Usdin
- Systems Neuroscience Imaging Resource, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Tóth D, Simon G, Reglődi D. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Potential Model for Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15063. [PMID: 37894743 PMCID: PMC10606572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) represents a significant cause of post-neonatal mortality, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The triple-risk model of SIDS proposes that intrinsic vulnerability, exogenous triggers, and a critical developmental period are required for SIDS to occur. Although case-control studies have identified potential risk factors, no in vivo model fully reflects the complexities observed in human studies. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a highly conserved neuropeptide with diverse physiological functions, including metabolic and thermal regulation, cardiovascular adaptation, breathing control, stress responses, sleep-wake regulation and immunohomeostasis, has been subject to early animal studies, which revealed that the absence of PACAP or its specific receptor (PAC1 receptor: PAC1R) correlates with increased neonatal mortality similar to the susceptible period for SIDS in humans. Recent human investigations have further implicated PACAP and PAC1R genes as plausible contributors to the pathomechanism of SIDS. This mini-review comprehensively synthesizes all PACAP-related research from the perspective of SIDS and proposes that PACAP deficiency might offer a promising avenue for studying SIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Tóth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Gábor Simon
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REG-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
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3
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Velasco ER, Florido A, Flores Á, Senabre E, Gomez-Gomez A, Torres A, Roca A, Norrholm S, Newman EL, Das P, Ross RA, Lori A, Pozo OJ, Ressler KJ, Garcia-Esteve LL, Jovanovic T, Andero R. PACAP-PAC1R modulates fear extinction via the ventromedial hypothalamus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4374. [PMID: 35902577 PMCID: PMC9334354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31442-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traumatic stress can lead to fear dysregulation, which has been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous work showed that a polymorphism in the PACAP-PAC1R (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) system is associated with PTSD risk in women, and PACAP (ADCYAP1)-PAC1R (ADCYAP1R1) are highly expressed in the hypothalamus. Here, we show that female mice subjected to acute stress immobilization (IMO) have fear extinction impairments related to Adcyap1 and Adcyap1r1 mRNA upregulation in the hypothalamus, PACAP-c-Fos downregulation in the Medial Amygdala (MeA), and PACAP-FosB/ΔFosB upregulation in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus dorsomedial part (VMHdm). DREADD-mediated inhibition of MeA neurons projecting to the VMHdm during IMO rescues both PACAP upregulation in VMHdm and the fear extinction impairment. We also found that women with the risk genotype of ADCYAP1R1 rs2267735 polymorphism have impaired fear extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Velasco
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Florido
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Á Flores
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Senabre
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Gomez-Gomez
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Torres
- Perinatal Mental health Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Programme for the Prevention and Treatment of Psychic Effects in Sexually Assaulted Women. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Roca
- Perinatal Mental health Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Norrholm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - E L Newman
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - P Das
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Psychiatry Research Institute of Montefiore and Einstein, New York, NY, USA
| | - R A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Psychiatry Research Institute of Montefiore and Einstein, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Lori
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- American Cancer Society, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - O J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - K J Ressler
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - L L Garcia-Esteve
- Perinatal Mental health Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Programme for the Prevention and Treatment of Psychic Effects in Sexually Assaulted Women. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - R Andero
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
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Eiden LE, Gundlach AL, Grinevich V, Lee MR, Mecawi AS, Chen D, Buijs RM, Hernandez VS, Fajardo-Dolci G, Zhang L. Regulatory peptides and systems biology: A new era of translational and reverse-translational neuroendocrinology. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12844. [PMID: 32307768 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a resurgence in regulatory peptide science as a result of three converging trends. The first is the increasing population of the drug pipeline with peptide-based therapeutics, mainly in, but not restricted to, incretin-like molecules for treatment of metabolic disorders such as diabetes. The second is the development of genetic and optogenetic tools enabling new insights into how peptides actually function within brain and peripheral circuits to accomplish homeostatic and allostatic regulation. The third is the explosion in defined structures of the G-protein coupled receptors to which most regulatory peptides bind and exert their actions. These trends have closely wedded basic systems biology to drug discovery and development, creating a "two-way street" on which translational advances travel from basic research to the clinic, and, equally importantly, "reverse-translational" information is gathered, about the molecular, cellular and circuit-level mechanisms of action of regulatory peptides, comprising information required for the fine-tuning of drug development through testing in animal models. This review focuses on a small group of 'influential' peptides, including oxytocin, vasopressin, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, ghrelin, relaxin-3 and glucagon-like peptide-1, and how basic discoveries and their application to therapeutics have intertwined over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath-Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Valery Grinevich
- Department of Neuropeptide Research in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, NIAAA and NIDA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - André S Mecawi
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Duan Chen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vito S Hernandez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Germán Fajardo-Dolci
- School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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PACAP signaling in stress: insights from the chromaffin cell. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:79-88. [PMID: 28965274 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) was first identified in hypothalamus, based on its ability to elevate cyclic AMP in the anterior pituitary. PACAP has been identified as the adrenomedullary neurotransmitter in stress through a combination of ex vivo, in vivo, and in cellula experiments over the past two decades. PACAP causes catecholamine secretion, and activation of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, during episodes of stress in mammals. Features of PACAP signaling allowing stress transduction at the splanchnicoadrenomedullary synapse have yielded insights into the contrasting roles of acetylcholine's and PACAP's actions as first messengers at the chromaffin cell, via differential release at low and high rates of splanchnic nerve firing, and differential signaling pathway engagement leading to catecholamine secretion and chromaffin cell gene transcription. Secretion stimulated by PACAP, via calcium influx independent of action potential generation, is under active investigation in several laboratories both at the chromaffin cell and within autonomic ganglia of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. PACAP is a neurotransmitter important in stress transduction in the central nervous system as well, and is found at stress-transduction nuclei in brain including the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, the amygdala and extended amygdalar nuclei, and the prefrontal cortex. The current status of PACAP as a master regulator of stress signaling in the nervous system derives fundamentally from the establishment of its role as the splanchnicoadrenomedullary transmitter in stress. Experimental elucidation of PACAP action at this synapse remains at the forefront of understanding PACAP's role in stress signaling throughout the nervous system.
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Jiang SZ, Eiden LE. Activation of the HPA axis and depression of feeding behavior induced by restraint stress are separately regulated by PACAPergic neurotransmission in the mouse. Stress 2016; 19:374-82. [PMID: 27228140 PMCID: PMC5564370 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2016.1174851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured serum CORT elevation in wild-type and PACAP-deficient C57BL/6N male mice after acute (1 h) or prolonged (2-3 h) daily restraint stress for 7 d. The PACAP dependence of CORT elevation was compared to that of stress-induced hypophagia. Daily restraint induced unhabituated peak CORT elevation, and hypophagia/weight loss, of similar magnitude for 1, 2, and 3 h of daily restraint, in wild-type mice. Peak CORT elevation, and hypophagia, were both attenuated in PACAP-deficient mice for 2 and 3 h daily restraint. Hypophagia induced by 1-h daily restraint was also greatly reduced in PACAP-deficient mice, however CORT elevation, both peak and during recovery from stress, was unaffected. Thus, hypothalamic PACAPergic neurotransmission appears to affect CRH gene transcription and peptide production, but not CRH release, in response to psychogenic stress. A single exposure to restraint sufficed to trigger hypophagia over the following 24 h. PACAP deficiency attenuated HPA axis response (CORT elevation) to prolonged (3 h) but not acute (1 h) single-exposure restraint stress, while hypophagia induced by either a single 1 h or a single 3 h restraint were both abolished in PACAP-deficient mice. These results suggest that PACAP's actions to promote suppression of food intake following an episode of psychogenic stress is unrelated to the release of CRH into the portal circulation to activate the pituitary-adrenal axis. Furthermore, demonstration of suppressed food intake after a single 1-h restraint stress provides a convenient assay for investigating the location of the synapses and circuits mediating the effects of PACAP on the behavioral sequelae of psychogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Zhihong Jiang
- a Section on Molecular Neuroscience , National Institute of Mental Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Lee E Eiden
- a Section on Molecular Neuroscience , National Institute of Mental Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Jiang SZ, Eiden LE. PACAPergic Synaptic Signaling and Circuitry Mediating Mammalian Responses to Psychogenic and Systemic Stressors. CURRENT TOPICS IN NEUROTOXICITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-35135-3_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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