1
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Wu W, Sun NJ, Xu Y, Chen YT, Liu XF, Shi LY, Chen W, Zhu QG, Gong BC, Yin XR, Yang ZF. Exogenous gibberellin delays maturation in persimmon fruit through transcriptional activators and repressors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:840-854. [PMID: 37325946 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As the harvest season of most fruit is concentrated, fruit maturation manipulation is essential for the fresh fruit industry to prolong sales time. Gibberellin (GA), an important phytohormone necessary for plant growth and development, has also shown a substantial regulatory effect on fruit maturation; however, its regulatory mechanisms remain inconclusive. In this research, preharvest GA3 treatment effectively delayed fruit maturation in several persimmon (Diospyros kaki) cultivars. Among the proteins encoded by differentially expressed genes, 2 transcriptional activators (NAC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DkNAC24 and ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR DkERF38) and a repressor (MYB-LIKE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DkMYB22) were direct regulators of GERANYLGERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE DkGGPS1, LYSINE HISTIDINE TRANSPORTER DkLHT1, and FRUCTOSE-BISPHOSPHATE ALDOLASE DkFBA1, respectively, resulting in the inhibition of carotenoid synthesis, outward transport of an ethylene precursor, and consumption of fructose and glucose. Thus, the present study not only provides a practical method to prolong the persimmon fruit maturation period in various cultivars but also provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms of GA on multiple aspects of fruit quality formation at the transcriptional regulation level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Ning-Jing Sun
- College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Baoshan University, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Yu-Tong Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Li-Yu Shi
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China
| | - Qing-Gang Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bang-Chu Gong
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Xue-Ren Yin
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Yang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China
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2
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Shi L, Chang L, Yu Y, Zhang D, Zhao X, Wang W, Li P, Xin X, Zhang F, Yu S, Su T, Dong Y, Shi F. Recent Advancements and Biotechnological Implications of Carotenoid Metabolism of Brassica. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1117. [PMID: 36903976 PMCID: PMC10005552 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids were synthesized in the plant cells involved in photosynthesis and photo-protection. In humans, carotenoids are essential as dietary antioxidants and vitamin A precursors. Brassica crops are the major sources of nutritionally important dietary carotenoids. Recent studies have unraveled the major genetic components in the carotenoid metabolic pathway in Brassica, including the identification of key factors that directly participate or regulate carotenoid biosynthesis. However, recent genetic advances and the complexity of the mechanism and regulation of Brassica carotenoid accumulation have not been reviewed. Herein, we reviewed the recent progress regarding Brassica carotenoids from the perspective of forward genetics, discussed biotechnological implications and provided new perspectives on how to transfer the knowledge of carotenoid research in Brassica to the crop breeding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Lin Chang
- Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266104, China
| | - Yangjun Yu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Deshuang Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhao
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Peirong Li
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xin
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fenglan Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shuancang Yu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Tongbing Su
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fumei Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
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3
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Oses-Ruiz M. Colors in the dark. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1188-1189. [PMID: 35325231 PMCID: PMC9237727 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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4
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Ageing, Age-Related Cardiovascular Risk and the Beneficial Role of Natural Components Intake. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010183. [PMID: 35008609 PMCID: PMC8745076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing, in a natural way, leads to the gradual worsening of the functional capacity of all systems and, eventually, to death. This process is strongly associated with higher metabolic and oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, accumulation of DNA mutations and increased levels of related damage. Detrimental changes that accumulate in body cells and tissues with time raise the vulnerability to environmental challenges and enhance the risk of major chronic diseases and mortality. There are several theses concerning the mechanisms of ageing: genetic, free radical telomerase, mitochondrial decline, metabolic damage, cellular senescence, neuroendocrine theory, Hay-flick limit and membrane theories, cellular death as well as the accumulation of toxic and non-toxic garbage. Moreover, ageing is associated with structural changes within the myocardium, cardiac conduction system, the endocardium as well as the vasculature. With time, the cardiac structures lose elasticity, and fibrotic changes occur in the heart valves. Ageing is also associated with a higher risk of atherosclerosis. The results of studies suggest that some natural compounds may slow down this process and protect against age-related diseases. Animal studies imply that some of them may prolong the lifespan; however, this trend is not so obvious in humans.
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Arias D, Arenas-M A, Flores-Ortiz C, Peirano C, Handford M, Stange C. Daucus carota DcPSY2 and DcLCYB1 as Tools for Carotenoid Metabolic Engineering to Improve the Nutritional Value of Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:677553. [PMID: 34512681 PMCID: PMC8427143 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.677553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are pigments with important nutritional value in the human diet. As antioxidant molecules, they act as scavengers of free radicals enhancing immunity and preventing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, α-carotene and β-carotene, the main carotenoids of carrots (Daucus carota) are precursors of vitamin A, whose deficiency in the diet can trigger night blindness and macular degeneration. With the aim of increasing the carotenoid content in fruit flesh, three key genes of the carotenoid pathway, phytoene synthase (DcPSY2) and lycopene cyclase (DcLCYB1) from carrots, and carotene desaturase (XdCrtI) from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, were optimized for expression in apple and cloned under the Solanum chilense (tomatillo) polygalacturonase (PG) fruit specific promoter. A biotechnological platform was generated and functionally tested by subcellular localization, and single, double and triple combinations were both stably transformed in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. Microtom) and transiently transformed in Fuji apple fruit flesh (Malus domestica). We demonstrated the functionality of the S. chilense PG promoter by directing the expression of the transgenes specifically to fruits. Transgenic tomato fruits expressing DcPSY2, DcLCYB1, and DcPSY2-XdCRTI, produced 1.34, 2.0, and 1.99-fold more total carotenoids than wild-type fruits, respectively. Furthermore, transgenic tomatoes expressing DcLCYB1, DcPSY2-XdCRTI, and DcPSY2-XdCRTI-DcLCYB1 exhibited an increment in β-carotene levels of 2.5, 3.0, and 2.57-fold in comparison with wild-type fruits, respectively. Additionally, Fuji apple flesh agroinfiltrated with DcPSY2 and DcLCYB1 constructs showed a significant increase of 2.75 and 3.11-fold in total carotenoids and 5.11 and 5.84-fold in β-carotene, respectively whereas the expression of DcPSY2-XdCRTI and DcPSY2-XdCRTI-DcLCYB1 generated lower, but significant changes in the carotenoid profile of infiltrated apple flesh. The results in apple demonstrate that DcPSY2 and DcLCYB1 are suitable biotechnological genes to increase the carotenoid content in fruits of species with reduced amounts of these pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Anita Arenas-M
- Laboratorio de Nutrición y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Flores-Ortiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Clio Peirano
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Michael Handford
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Claudia Stange
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Chile
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Andersen TB, Llorente B, Morelli L, Torres‐Montilla S, Bordanaba‐Florit G, Espinosa FA, Rodriguez‐Goberna MR, Campos N, Olmedilla‐Alonso B, Llansola‐Portoles MJ, Pascal AA, Rodriguez‐Concepcion M. An engineered extraplastidial pathway for carotenoid biofortification of leaves. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1008-1021. [PMID: 33314563 PMCID: PMC8131046 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic plastidial isoprenoids highly valued as nutrients and natural pigments. A correct balance of chlorophylls and carotenoids is required for photosynthesis and therefore highly regulated, making carotenoid enrichment of green tissues challenging. Here we show that leaf carotenoid levels can be boosted through engineering their biosynthesis outside the chloroplast. Transient expression experiments in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves indicated that high extraplastidial production of carotenoids requires an enhanced supply of their isoprenoid precursors in the cytosol, which was achieved using a deregulated form of the main rate-determining enzyme of the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway. Constructs encoding bacterial enzymes were used to convert these MVA-derived precursors into carotenoid biosynthetic intermediates that do not normally accumulate in leaves, such as phytoene and lycopene. Cytosolic versions of these enzymes produced extraplastidial carotenoids at levels similar to those of total endogenous (i.e. chloroplast) carotenoids. Strategies to enhance the development of endomembrane structures and lipid bodies as potential extraplastidial carotenoid storage systems were not successful to further increase carotenoid contents. Phytoene was found to be more bioaccessible when accumulated outside plastids, whereas lycopene formed cytosolic crystalloids very similar to those found in the chromoplasts of ripe tomatoes. This extraplastidial production of phytoene and lycopene led to an increased antioxidant capacity of leaves. Finally, we demonstrate that our system can be adapted for the biofortification of leafy vegetables such as lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine B. Andersen
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
- Present address:
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Briardo Llorente
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Molecular Sciences, ARC Center of Excellence in Synthetic BiologyMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science PlatformSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Luca Morelli
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | - Fausto A. Espinosa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Narciso Campos
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia MolecularUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelona08028Spain
| | | | | | - Andrew A. Pascal
- CEA, CNRSInstitute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Université Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Manuel Rodriguez‐Concepcion
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)CSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValenciaSpain
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7
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Cerda A, Moreno JC, Acosta D, Godoy F, Cáceres JC, Cabrera R, Stange C. Functional characterisation and in silico modelling of MdPSY2 variants and MdPSY5 phytoene synthases from Malus domestica. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 249:153166. [PMID: 32422487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are plastid isoprenoid pigments that play critical roles in light harvesting, photoprotection, and phytohormone biosynthesis. They are also vitamin-A precursors and antioxidant molecules important for human nutrition. Apples (e.g. Malus x domestica Borkh), one of the most widely consumed fruits with high nutrient levels, have a very low carotenoid concentration in flesh, compared with other fruits and vegetables. This could be explained by a deficiency in carotenoid synthesis/accumulation and/or accelerated degradation. We analysed the contribution of M. domestica cv. 'Fuji' phytoene synthase (PSY) in the biosynthesis of carotenoids and determined that among four MdPSY genes present in the organism, MdPSY2 and MdPSY5 are highly expressed in leaves and during fruit ripening in line with an increment in carotenoid content in fruits. Furthermore, two representative polymorphic MdPSY2 variants were found, one with a Tyr358Phe substitution (MdPSY2_F) and the other that additionally has a six-amino-acid deletion in the signal peptide (MdPSY2_CG). MdPSY2, MdPSY5, MdPSY2_F and MdPSY2_CG are all localised in plastids. Interestingly, the polymorphic MdPSY2_F and MdPSY2_CG variants show lower enzymatic activity than the wild-type form in a heterologous complementation assay, which could be attributed to the Tyr358Phe substitution close to the active-site pocket, as was suggested by 3-D modelling analysis. The presence of polymorphic MdPSY2 variants with lower enzymatic activity could be partially responsible for the low carotenoid content in Fuji apple fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Cerda
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Moreno
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg1 D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniel Acosta
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Godoy
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Cáceres
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Cabrera
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Stange
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
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8
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Arcos Y, Godoy F, Flores-Ortiz C, Arenas-M A, Stange C. Boosting carotenoid content in Malus domestica var. Fuji by expressing AtDXR through an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2209-2222. [PMID: 32311081 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica) fruits accumulate negligible levels of carotenoids, antioxidant pigments that are precursors for vitamin A in humans. As vitamin A deficiency is an important public health issue, we aimed at increasing carotenoids in apple by constitutively expressing the Arabidopsis thaliana DXR gene, one of the key regulatory steps in the plastidial isoprenoid pathway. For this purpose, we optimized an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method in the commercial Fuji Raku Raku variety. This resulted in a shoot establishment efficiency of 0.75% at 20 weeks after infection. Molecular and microscopical analyses revealed that 80% of the hygromycin resistant shoots contained and expressed AtDXR:eGFP and that the AtDXR:eGFP fusion protein located in plastids. Transgenic seedlings displayed up to 3-fold increase in total carotenoids and in individual carotenoids compared to the WT, correlating with an increased transcript abundance of endogenous carotenogenic genes such as MdDXS, MdPSY1, MdPSY2, MdPSY3, MdLCYB1, and MdLCYB2. In addition, buds of 2-year-old transgenic dormant trees showed an increment up to 3-fold in lutein, and transient transformation of fruits revealed that AtDXR induced a 2-fold increment in total carotenoids. Thus, these results suggest that DXR may be a good candidate for increasing carotenoid levels in apple fruits through metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Arcos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Godoy
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Flores-Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anita Arenas-M
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Stange
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Hong M, Chi ZH, Wang YQ, Tang YM, Deng QX, He MY, Wang RK, He YZ. Expression of a Chromoplast-Specific Lycopene β-Cyclase Gene ( CYC- B) Is Implicated in Carotenoid Accumulation and Coloration in the Loquat. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E874. [PMID: 31847172 PMCID: PMC6995616 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are the principal pigments in the loquat. Although the metabolic pathway of plant carotenoids has been extensively investigated, few studies have been explored the regulatory mechanisms of loquat carotenoids because knowledge of the loquat genome is incomplete. The chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase gene (CYC-B) could catalyze cyclization of lycopene to β-carotene. In this study, the differential accumulation patterns of loquat with different colors were analyzed and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was utilized in order to verify CYC-B gene function. Using a cloning strategy of homologous genes, a CYC-B gene orthologue was successfully identified from the loquat. At a later stage of maturation, CYC-B gene expression and carotenoids concentrations in the 'Dawuxing' variety were higher than in 'Chuannong 1-5-9', possibly leading to the difference in pulp coloration of loquat. Interference of CYC-B gene expression in the loquat demonstrated clear visual changes. The green color in negative control fruits became yellow, while TRV2-CYC-B silenced fruits remained green. CYC-B gene expression and total carotenoid content in the pulp decreased by 32.5% and 44.1%, respectively. Furthermore, multiple key genes in the carotenoid metabolic pathway synergistically responded to downregulation of CYC-B gene expression. In summary, we provide direct evidences that CYC-B gene is involved in carotenoid accumulation and coloration in the loquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hong
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China; (M.H.); (M.-Y.H.); (R.-K.W.); (Y.-Z.H.)
| | - Zhuo-Heng Chi
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.-H.C.); (Q.-X.D.)
| | - Yong-Qing Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.-H.C.); (Q.-X.D.)
| | - Yue-Ming Tang
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China;
| | - Qun-Xian Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.-H.C.); (Q.-X.D.)
| | - Ming-Yang He
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China; (M.H.); (M.-Y.H.); (R.-K.W.); (Y.-Z.H.)
| | - Ri-Kui Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China; (M.H.); (M.-Y.H.); (R.-K.W.); (Y.-Z.H.)
| | - Yi-Zhong He
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China; (M.H.); (M.-Y.H.); (R.-K.W.); (Y.-Z.H.)
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10
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Gómez-Gómez ME, Zapico SC. Frailty, Cognitive Decline, Neurodegenerative Diseases and Nutrition Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112842. [PMID: 31212645 PMCID: PMC6600148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently the human population is aging faster. This leads to higher dependency rates and the transformation of health and social care to adapt to this aged population. Among the changes developed by this population is frailty. It is defined as a clinically detectable syndrome, related to the aging of multiple physiological systems, which prompts a situation of vulnerability. The etiology of frailty seems to be multifactorial and its pathophysiology is influenced by the interaction of numerous factors. Morley et al. propose four main mechanisms triggering the frailty: atherosclerosis, sarcopenia, cognitive deterioration and malnutrition, with their respective metabolic alterations. Malnutrition is associated with cognitive impairment or functional loss, but it is also known that an inadequate nutritional status predisposes to cognitive frailty. Additionally, nutritional factors that may influence vascular risk factors will potentially have an effect on dementia decline among patients with cognitive frailty. This review aims to describe the nutritional factors that have been researched so far which may lead to the development of frailty, and especially cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara C Zapico
- International Forensic Research Institute and Chemistry Department, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 St., CP323, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
- Anthropology Department, Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, MRC 112, 10th and Constitution Ave, NW, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20560, USA.
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Satarova TM, Semenova VV, Zhang J, Jin H, Dzubetskii BV, Cherchel VY. Differentiation of maize breeding samples by β-carotene content. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.15421/021910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant carotenoids are important micronutrients in the diet of humans and animals, since they act as precursors for the synthesis of vitamin A in animal cells. The most effective precursor to the vitamin A biosynthesis is β-carotene. Increasing the β-carotene content in maize grain as an important feed and food crop is an urgent task for plant selection. The purpose of this work was to differentiate maize breeding samples from the Dnipro breeding program by the β-carotene content in mature grain. Maize grain of 18 inbreds harvested in 2015 and 5 inbreds harvested in 2016 was researched. Determination of β-carotene content in matured dry grain was carried out after petroleum ether extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) in the mobile phase of methanol/acetonitrile. The β-carotene content in the grain of genotypes from the Dnipro breeding program was on average 1.020 mg/kg for inbreds grown in 2015, and 0.672 mg/kg for inbreds grown in 2016. These values correspond to the β-carotene content in the grain of the majority of genotypes from world breeding programs selected by methods of classical selection. The inbred DKV3262 with white grain had the smallest content of β-carotene (0.076 mg/kg), while the yellow-coloured line DKD9066 had the highest one (2.146 mg/kg). The variation in the grain β-carotene content in different years of maize cultivation was noted. Inbreds of flint and semident maize showed the general tendency to increase the β-carotene content in grain compared with dent ones. The distribution of the studied inbreds on germplasm types showed the significant variation of β-carotene content in grain and the incidence of relatively high values in all germplasms analyzed. Inbreds containing more than 1.5 mg of β-carotene per 1 kg of grain, DK239, DK206A, DK212, DKD9066 and DKE-1, are emphasized as promising for the selection to increase the content of valuable micronutrients.
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Tan BL, Norhaizan ME, Liew WPP, Sulaiman Rahman H. Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress: A Mutual Interplay in Age-Related Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1162. [PMID: 30405405 PMCID: PMC6204759 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the progressive loss of organ and tissue function over time. Growing older is positively linked to cognitive and biological degeneration such as physical frailty, psychological impairment, and cognitive decline. Oxidative stress is considered as an imbalance between pro- and antioxidant species, which results in molecular and cellular damage. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development of age-related diseases. Emerging research evidence has suggested that antioxidant can control the autoxidation by interrupting the propagation of free radicals or by inhibiting the formation of free radicals and subsequently reduce oxidative stress, improve immune function, and increase healthy longevity. Indeed, oxidation damage is highly dependent on the inherited or acquired defects in enzymes involved in the redox-mediated signaling pathways. Therefore, the role of molecules with antioxidant activity that promote healthy aging and counteract oxidative stress is worth to discuss further. Of particular interest in this article, we highlighted the molecular mechanisms of antioxidants involved in the prevention of age-related diseases. Taken together, a better understanding of the role of antioxidants involved in redox modulation of inflammation would provide a useful approach for potential interventions, and subsequently promoting healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Ling Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Esa Norhaizan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Centre of Excellent, Nutrition and Non-Communicable Diseases (NNCD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Winnie-Pui-Pui Liew
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Amah D, van Biljon A, Brown A, Perkins-Veazie P, Swennen R, Labuschagne M. Recent advances in banana (musa spp.) biofortification to alleviate vitamin A deficiency. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3498-3510. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1495175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Amah
- Department of Plant Sciences (Plant Breeding), University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Angeline van Biljon
- Department of Plant Sciences (Plant Breeding), University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Allan Brown
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | - Rony Swennen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Arusha, Tanzania
- Bioversity International, Heverlee, Belgium
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Maryke Labuschagne
- Department of Plant Sciences (Plant Breeding), University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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