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Grodzicki W, Dziendzikowska K, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Wilczak J, Oczkowski M, Kopiasz Ł, Sapierzyński R, Kruszewski M, Grzelak A. In Vivo Pro-Inflammatory Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on the Colon Depend on Time and Route of Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4879. [PMID: 38732098 PMCID: PMC11084194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanosilver is a popular nanomaterial, the potential influence of which on humans is of serious concern. Herein, we exposed male Wistar rats to two regimens: a repeated oral dose of 30 mg/kg bw silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) over 28 days and a single-dose injection of 5 mg/kg bw of AgNPs. At three different time points, we assessed antioxidant defense, oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters in the colon, as well as toxicity markers in the liver and plasma. Both experimental scenarios showed increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the colon. Oral administration seemed to be linked to increased reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation, while the effects induced by the intravenous exposure were probably mediated by silver ions released from the AgNPs. Repeated oral exposure had a more detrimental effect than the single-dose injection. In conclusion, both administration routes had a similar impact on the colon, although the underlying mechanisms are likely different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Grodzicki
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (W.G.); (J.G.-O.); (M.O.); (Ł.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (W.G.); (J.G.-O.); (M.O.); (Ł.K.)
| | - Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (W.G.); (J.G.-O.); (M.O.); (Ł.K.)
| | - Jacek Wilczak
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michał Oczkowski
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (W.G.); (J.G.-O.); (M.O.); (Ł.K.)
| | - Łukasz Kopiasz
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (W.G.); (J.G.-O.); (M.O.); (Ł.K.)
| | - Rafał Sapierzyński
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grzelak
- Cytometry Lab, Department Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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2
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Wang Q, Atluri K, Tiwari AK, Babu RJ. Exploring the Application of Micellar Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Nanomedicine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030433. [PMID: 36986532 PMCID: PMC10052155 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Various formulations of polymeric micelles, tiny spherical structures made of polymeric materials, are currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical settings for their potential as nanomedicines. They target specific tissues and prolong circulation in the body, making them promising cancer treatment options. This review focuses on the different types of polymeric materials available to synthesize micelles, as well as the different ways that micelles can be tailored to be responsive to different stimuli. The selection of stimuli-sensitive polymers used in micelle preparation is based on the specific conditions found in the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, clinical trends in using micelles to treat cancer are presented, including what happens to micelles after they are administered. Finally, various cancer drug delivery applications involving micelles are discussed along with their regulatory aspects and future outlooks. As part of this discussion, we will examine current research and development in this field. The challenges and barriers they may have to overcome before they can be widely adopted in clinics will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Keerthi Atluri
- Product Development Department, Alcami Corporation, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - R. Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence:
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Shi X, Tian Y, Zhai S, Liu Y, Chu S, Xiong Z. The progress of research on the application of redox nanomaterials in disease therapy. Front Chem 2023; 11:1115440. [PMID: 36814542 PMCID: PMC9939781 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1115440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox imbalance can trigger cell dysfunction and damage and plays a vital role in the origin and progression of many diseases. Maintaining the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo is a complicated and arduous task, leading to ongoing research into the construction of redox nanomaterials. Nanodrug platforms with redox characteristics can not only reduce the adverse effects of oxidative stress on tissues by removing excess oxidants from the body but also have multienzyme-like activity, which can play a cytotoxic role in tumor tissues through the catalytic oxidation of their substrates to produce harmful reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals. In this review, various redox nanomaterials currently used in disease therapy are discussed, emphasizing the treatment methods and their applications in tumors and other human tissues. Finally, the limitations of the current clinical application of redox nanomaterials are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Shi
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaobo Zhai
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shunli Chu
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Shunli Chu, ; Zhengrong Xiong,
| | - Zhengrong Xiong
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Changchun, China,Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China,*Correspondence: Shunli Chu, ; Zhengrong Xiong,
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4
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Assessment of the Potential Health Risk of Gold Nanoparticles Used in Nanomedicine. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4685642. [PMID: 35936220 PMCID: PMC9355778 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4685642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to unique properties, nanoparticles (NPs) have become a preferred material in biomedicine. The benefits of their use are indisputable, but their safety and potential toxicity are becoming more and more important. Especially, excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by the strong oxidation potential of metal NPs could evoke adverse effects associated with damage to nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. Our study gives a view on the potential cytotoxicity of gold NPs (Au NPs) of different size from the perspective of the redox state of healthy (HEK 293 T) and cancer (A375 and A594) cell lines. These cells were incubated in the presence of two concentrations of Au NPs for 24 h or 72 h and total antioxidant capacity, 8-isoprostane, and protein carbonyl levels were determined. Furthermore, the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase was detected in cell lysates. Our results compared to the results of other laboratories are very contradictory. The outcomes also differ between healthy and cancer cell lines. However, there are certainly changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, as well as the damage to biological molecules due to increased NP-induced oxidative stress. But the final decision of the effect of Au NPs on the oxidative state of selected cell lines requires further research.
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5
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Re DB, Yan B, Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Andrew AS, Tischbein M, Stommel EW. A perspective on persistent toxicants in veterans and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: identifying exposures determining higher ALS risk. J Neurol 2022; 269:2359-2377. [PMID: 34973105 PMCID: PMC9021134 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies indicate that United States veterans have an increased risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) compared to civilians. However, the responsible etiological factors are unknown. In the general population, specific occupational (e.g. truck drivers, airline pilots) and environmental exposures (e.g. metals, pesticides) are associated with an increased ALS risk. As such, the increased prevalence of ALS in veterans strongly suggests that there are exposures experienced by military personnel that are disproportionate to civilians. During service, veterans may encounter numerous neurotoxic exposures (e.g. burn pits, engine exhaust, firing ranges). So far, however, there is a paucity of studies investigating environmental factors contributing to ALS in veterans and even fewer assessing their exposure using biomarkers. Herein, we discuss ALS pathogenesis in relation to a series of persistent neurotoxicants (often emitted as mixtures) including: chemical elements, nanoparticles and lipophilic toxicants such as dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. We propose these toxicants should be directly measured in veteran central nervous system tissue, where they may have accumulated for decades. Specific toxicants (or mixtures thereof) may accelerate ALS development following a multistep hypothesis or act synergistically with other service-linked exposures (e.g. head trauma/concussions). Such possibilities could explain the lower age of onset observed in veterans compared to civilians. Identifying high-risk exposures within vulnerable populations is key to understanding ALS etiopathogenesis and is urgently needed to act upon modifiable risk factors for military personnel who deserve enhanced protection during their years of service, not only for their short-term, but also long-term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane B Re
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Department of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Department Biomedical Sciences, College of Health, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angeline S Andrew
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Maeve Tischbein
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Elijah W Stommel
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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6
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Rosli NA, Teow YH, Mahmoudi E. Current approaches for the exploration of antimicrobial activities of nanoparticles. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2021; 22:885-907. [PMID: 34675754 PMCID: PMC8525934 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1978801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases of bacterial and viral origins contribute to substantial mortality worldwide. Collaborative efforts have been underway between academia and the industry to develop technologies for a more effective treatment for such diseases. Due to their utility in various industrial applications, nanoparticles (NPs) offer promising potential as antimicrobial agents against bacterial and viral infections. NPs have been established to possess potent antimicrobial activities against various types of pathogens due to their unique characteristics and cell-damaging ability through several mechanisms. The recently accepted antimicrobial mechanisms possessed by NPs include metal ion release, oxidative stress induction, and non-oxidative mechanisms. Another merit of NPs lies in the low likelihood of the development of microbial tolerance towards NPs, given the multiple simultaneous mechanisms of action against the pathogens targeting numerous gene mutations in these pathogens. Moreover, NPs provide a fascinating opportunity to curb microbial growth before infections: this outstanding feature has led to their utilization as active antimicrobial agents in different industrial applications, e.g. the coating of medical devices, incorporation in food packaging, promoting wound healing and encapsulation with other potential materials for wastewater treatment. This review discusses the progress and achievements in the antimicrobial applications of NPs, factors contributing to their actions, mechanisms underlying their efficiency, and risks of their applications, including the antimicrobial action of metal nanoclusters (NCs). The review concludes with a discussion of the restrictions on present studies and future prospects of nanotechnology-based NPs development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Ameera Rosli
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Yeit Haan Teow
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (Cespro), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ebrahim Mahmoudi
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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Sharma HS, Lafuente JV, Muresanu DF, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Menon PK, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Buzoianu AD, Sjöquist PO, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Neuroprotective effects of insulin like growth factor-1 on engineered metal nanoparticles Ag, Cu and Al induced blood-brain barrier breakdown, edema formation, oxidative stress, upregulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and brain pathology. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 266:97-121. [PMID: 34689867 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel are vulnerable to environmental or industrial exposure of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) from metals. Long-term exposure of NPs from various sources affect sensory-motor or cognitive brain functions. Thus, a possibility exists that chronic exposure of NPs affect blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and brain pathology by inducing oxidative stress and/or nitric oxide production. This hypothesis was examined in the rat intoxicated with Ag, Cu or Al (50-60nm) nanoparticles (50mg/kg, i.p. once daily) for 7 days. In these NPs treated rats the BBB permeability, brain edema, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivity and brain oxidants levels, e.g., myeloperoxidase (MP), malondialdehyde (MD) and glutathione (GT) was examined on the 8th day. Cu and Ag but not Al nanoparticles increased the MP and MD levels by twofold in the brain although, GT showed 50% decline. At this time increase in brain water content and BBB breakdown to protein tracers were seen in areas exhibiting nNOS positive neurons and cell injuries. Pretreatment with insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in high doses (1μg/kg, i.v. but not 0.5μg/kg daily for 7 days) together with NPs significantly reduced the oxidative stress, nNOS upregulation, BBB breakdown, edema formation and cell injuries. These novel observations demonstrate that (i) NPs depending on their metal constituent (Cu, Ag but not Al) induce oxidative stress and nNOS expression leading to BBB disruption, brain edema and cell damage, and (ii) IGF-1 depending on doses exerts powerful neuroprotection against nanoneurotoxicity, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Preeti K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Per-Ove Sjöquist
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Chu Q, Zhang S, Yu X, Wang Y, Zhang M, Zheng X. Fecal microbiota transplantation attenuates nano-plastics induced toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146454. [PMID: 33744565 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current studies simply focus on the toxicity of nano-plastics, while the correlation between their toxicity and bio-distribution, as well as intestinal microorganisms is still blank. Therefore, we systematically evaluated the toxicity based on the accumulation characteristics of nano-plastics in C. elegans. Meanwhile, for the first time, human fecal microbiota was transplanted into the gut of C. elegans and found that nano-plastics can through the intestinal barrier to the whole body after oral intake and can't be drastically excreted until die, thus causing toxic effects; while human fecal microbiota transplantation can significantly improve the living state via activating PMK-1/SKN-1 pathway to promote the production of intracellular glutathione, and exogenous glutathione addition can also markedly protect nematodes against nano-plastics induced toxicity. Our results not only provide a fully understand between the accumulation characteristic and health risk of nano-plastics, but also take C. elegans and intestinal flora into the field of toxicity evolution of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingkui Zhang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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9
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S Allemailem K, Almatroudi A, Alsahli MA, Aljaghwani A, M El-Kady A, Rahmani AH, Khan AA. Novel Strategies for Disrupting Cancer-Cell Functions with Mitochondria-Targeted Antitumor Drug-Loaded Nanoformulations. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3907-3936. [PMID: 34135584 PMCID: PMC8200140 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s303832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Any variation in normal cellular function results in mitochondrial dysregulation that occurs in several diseases, including cancer. Such processes as oxidative stress, metabolism, signaling, and biogenesis play significant roles in cancer initiation and progression. Due to their central role in cellular metabolism, mitochondria are favorable therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of conditions like neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Subcellular mitochondria-specific theranostic nanoformulations for simultaneous targeting, drug delivery, and imaging of these organelles are of immense interest in cancer therapy. It is a challenging task to cross multiple barriers to target mitochondria in diseased cells. To overcome these multiple barriers, several mitochondriotropic nanoformulations have been engineered for the transportation of mitochondria-specific drugs. These nanoformulations include liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), and inorganic NPs. These nanoformulations are made mitochondriotropic by conjugating them with moieties like dequalinium, Mito-Porter, triphenylphosphonium, and Mitochondria-penetrating peptides. Most of these nanoformulations are meticulously tailored to control their size, charge, shape, mitochondriotropic drug loading, and specific cell-membrane interactions. Recently, some novel mitochondria-selective antitumor compounds known as mitocans have shown high toxicity against cancer cells. These selective compounds form vicious oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species cycles within cancer cells and ultimately push them to cell death. Nanoformulations approved by the FDA and EMA for clinical applications in cancer patients include Doxil, NK105, and Abraxane. The novel use of these NPs still faces tremendous challenges and an immense amount of research is needed to understand the proper mechanisms of cancer progression and control by these NPs. Here in this review, we summarize current advancements and novel strategies of delivering different anticancer therapeutic agents to mitochondria with the help of various nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aseel Aljaghwani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa M El-Kady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Caruso G, Fresta CG, Costantino A, Lazzarino G, Amorini AM, Lazzarino G, Tavazzi B, Lunte SM, Dhar P, Gulisano M, Caraci F. Lung Surfactant Decreases Biochemical Alterations and Oxidative Stress Induced by a Sub-Toxic Concentration of Carbon Nanoparticles in Alveolar Epithelial and Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2694. [PMID: 33800016 PMCID: PMC7962095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials are nowadays attracting lots of attention, in particular in the biomedical field, where they find a wide spectrum of applications, including, just to name a few, the drug delivery to specific tumor cells and the improvement of non-invasive imaging methods. Nanoparticles inhaled during breathing accumulate in the lung alveoli, where they interact and are covered with lung surfactants. We recently demonstrated that an apparently non-toxic concentration of engineered carbon nanodiamonds (ECNs) is able to induce oxidative/nitrosative stress, imbalance of energy metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction in microglial and alveolar basal epithelial cells. Therefore, the complete understanding of their "real" biosafety, along with their possible combination with other molecules mimicking the in vivo milieu, possibly allowing the modulation of their side effects becomes of utmost importance. Based on the above, the focus of the present work was to investigate whether the cellular alterations induced by an apparently non-toxic concentration of ECNs could be counteracted by their incorporation into a synthetic lung surfactant (DPPC:POPG in 7:3 molar ratio). By using two different cell lines (alveolar (A549) and microglial (BV-2)), we were able to show that the presence of lung surfactant decreased the production of ECNs-induced nitric oxide, total reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde, as well as counteracted reduced glutathione depletion (A549 cells only), ameliorated cell energy status (ATP and total pool of nicotinic coenzymes), and improved mitochondrial phosphorylating capacity. Overall, our results on alveolar basal epithelial and microglial cell lines clearly depict the benefits coming from the incorporation of carbon nanoparticles into a lung surfactant (mimicking its in vivo lipid composition), creating the basis for the investigation of this combination in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Claudia G. Fresta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.G.F.); (A.M.A.); (G.L.)
| | - Angelita Costantino
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology, Area di Ricerca, Padriciano, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy;
| | - Angela M. Amorini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.G.F.); (A.M.A.); (G.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.G.F.); (A.M.A.); (G.L.)
| | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Susan M. Lunte
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1620, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1620, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1620, USA
| | - Prajnaparamita Dhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1620, USA;
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7576, USA
| | - Massimo Gulisano
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology, Area di Ricerca, Padriciano, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Molecular Preclinical and Translational Imaging Research Centre-IMPRonTE, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina (EN), Italy
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11
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12
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Li X, Qin H, Zhou Z, Li Y, Wang J, Lin M, Dong X, Yang M, Li L. Cellular evaluation of the metal-organic framework PCN-224 associated with inflammation and autophagy. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 70:105019. [PMID: 33058999 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are innovative porous structures consisting of metal ions and organic ligands, which have been verified for extraordinary applications in nanomedicine and pharmaceuticals. PCN-224 is a type of Zr-based MOFs, which has recently emerged as one of the most attractive nanomaterials for various applications, such as drug delivery, bioimaging and cancer therapy due to its favorable and fascinating physical-chemical properties. However, the safety evaluation and the potential toxicological properties remain unclear. In this study, the general cytotoxicity of PCN-224 were examined in both human hepatocytes L-02 cells and mouse macrophages RAW264.7. Furthermore, the effect of inflammation and autophagy were measured in L-02 cells. The results indicated that PCN-224 was engulfed in L-02 cells and subsequently resulted in morphological changes, cell membrane destruction, and oxidative stress in L-02 cells. PCN-224 might trigger inflammation by promoting the secretion of inflammatory factors such as Tumor necrosis factors (TNF-α) and Interleukin (IL-6). PCN-224 might induce autophagosome accumulation and subsequently autophagic dysfunction. Additionally, PCN-224 induced cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 cells and increased the protein levels of the inflammasome component NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) molecular, which indicated its cellular effects in different cell types. All of these results will support the reasonable use of PCN-224.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Qin
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zehao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Lin
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemeng Dong
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Yang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lele Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
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13
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Tomşa AM, Picoş A, Picoş AM, Răchişan AL. Mitochondrial nanotargeting in malignancies (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3444-3451. [PMID: 32905128 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancies represent a burden for the health system worldwide. Treating them represents a challenge through the prism of the cancer cell behaviour and the serious systemic side effects that usually occur. Both traditional (chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery) and associated therapies (immunotherapy and hormone therapy) have reached a plateau. The new trend for the management of malignancies includes nanoparticles (NPs) which are studied for both their diagnostic and therapeutical use. NPs can be designed in various ways, many of them targeting mitochondria causing cellular apoptosis. This review summarizes the main characteristics of NPs that are studied in different cancers to highlight their mechanism of action. Since mitochondria play a key role in the cellular homeostasis, they represent the main target for the experimental current studies. While there are NPs approved by the FDA for clinical use, most of them are still under extended research and still need to prove their efficacy and biocompatibility, preferable with minimal systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Magdalena Tomşa
- Department of Mother and Child, Second Pediatric Clinic, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Picoş
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Monica Picoş
- Department of Prosthetics and Dental Materials, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Liana Răchişan
- Department of Mother and Child, Second Pediatric Clinic, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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14
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Paciorek P, Żuberek M, Grzelak A. Products of Lipid Peroxidation as a Factor in the Toxic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13112460. [PMID: 32481688 PMCID: PMC7321096 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study we have shown that nanoparticles have different effects depending on the energy metabolism of the cell, which is an important factor in the context of oncology and diabetes. Here we assess the influence of AgNPs on cellular lipid components in varying glucose concentrations. To assess the effect of silver nanoparticles on cell lipids, we measured cell viability, the fluidity of the cell membranes, the content of amino groups in proteins, the level of lipid peroxidation products, the concentration of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and the concentration of lipid peroxides. The obtained results show differences in the formation of lipid peroxidation products in cells exposed to oxidative stress induced by nanoparticles. In addition, we have shown that the metabolic state of the cell is a factor significantly affecting this process.
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15
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Domenech J, Hernández A, Demir E, Marcos R, Cortés C. Interactions of graphene oxide and graphene nanoplatelets with the in vitro Caco-2/HT29 model of intestinal barrier. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2793. [PMID: 32066787 PMCID: PMC7026044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials are being increasingly used, demanding strong information to support their safety in terms of human health. As ingestion is one of the most important exposure routes in humans, we have determined their potential risk by using an in vitro model simulating the human intestinal barrier and evaluated the effects of both graphene oxide (GO) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). A coculture of differentiated Caco-2/HT29 cells presenting inherent intestinal epithelium characteristics (i.e. mucus secretion, brush border, tight junctions, etc.) were treated with GO or GNPs for 24 h. Different endpoints such as viability, membrane integrity, NPs localization, cytokines secretion, and genotoxic damage were evaluated to have a wide view of their potentially harmful effects. No cytotoxic effects were observed in the cells that constitute the barrier model. In the same way, no adverse effects were detected neither in the integrity of the barrier (TEER) nor in its permeability (LY). Nevertheless, a different bio-adhesion and biodistribution behavior was observed for GO and GNPs by confocal microscopy analysis, with a more relevant uptake of GNPs. No oxidative damage induction was detected, either by the DCFH-DA assay or the FPG enzyme in the comet assay. Conversely, both GO and GNPs were able to induce DNA breaks, as observed in the comet assay. Finally, low levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines were detected, suggesting a weak anti-inflammatory response. Our results show the moderate/severe risk posed by GO/GNPs exposures, given the observed genotoxic effects, suggesting that more extensive genotoxic evaluations must be done to properly assess the genotoxic hazard of these nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Domenech
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alba Hernández
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esref Demir
- Antalya Bilim University, College of Engineering, Department of Material Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, 07190-Dosemealti, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. .,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Constanza Cortés
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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16
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Vaiserman A, Koliada A, Zayachkivska A, Lushchak O. Nanodelivery of Natural Antioxidants: An Anti-aging Perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:447. [PMID: 31998711 PMCID: PMC6965023 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging process is known to be associated with heightened oxidative stress and related systemic inflammation. Therefore, antioxidant supplementation is regarded as a promising strategy to combat aging and associated pathological conditions. Food-grade antioxidants from plant-derived extracts are the most common ingredients of these supplements. Phyto-bioactive compounds such as curcumin, resveratrol, catechins, quercetin are among the most commonly applied natural compounds used as potential modulators of the free radical-induced cellular damages. The therapeutic potential of these compounds is, however, restricted by their low bioavailability related to poor solubility, stability, and absorbance in gastrointestinal tract. Recently, novel nanotechnology-based systems were developed for therapeutic delivery of natural antioxidants with improved bioavailability and, consequently, efficacy in clinical practice. Such systems have provided many benefits in preclinical research over the conventional preparations, including superior solubility and stability, extended half-life, improved epithelium permeability and bioavailability, enhanced tissue targeting, and minimized side effects. The present review summarizes recent developments in nanodelivery of natural antioxidants and its application to combat pathological conditions associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vaiserman
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, D.F. Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology, NAMS, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Koliada
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, D.F. Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology, NAMS, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alina Zayachkivska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Oleh Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
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17
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Hurtado-Gallego J, Leganés F, Rosal R, Fernández-Piñas F. Use of Cyanobacterial Luminescent Bioreporters to Report on the Environmental Impact of Metallic Nanoparticles. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E3597. [PMID: 31430858 PMCID: PMC6721232 DOI: 10.3390/s19163597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to their ecological relevance, low cost, and easy maintenance, cyanobacteria have been used for bioreporter development. In this study, a battery of cyanobacterial bioreporters has been used to assess the ecotoxicity of four highly used metallic nanoparticles (NPs). The toxicity of these NPs was tested using the bioreporter Nostoc CPB4337 (Anabaena CPB4337). As oxidative stress is a primary toxic mechanism of metallic NPs, cyanobacterial reactive oxygen species (ROS)-detecting bioreporters were used. Metallic NPs release metal ions, which contribute to their toxic effect and the formation of ROS, so a metal-detecting bioreporter was also used to detect the bioavailable metals. The results confirm that ROS production by NPs was due to the NPs per se and not by released free-ions, which in fact were almost undetectable. Although the metal-detecting bioreporter could not detect the dissolved metal ions, it was able to detect the metallic NPs themselves, indicating that this bioreporter may be useful to detect them in the environment. ROS production varied depending on the growth medium or environmental matrices conditions and on the NP type. This work demonstrated the different levels of ROS production by metallic NPs and the importance of nanotoxicology studies in real matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Hurtado-Gallego
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Leganés
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Francisca Fernández-Piñas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Horie M, Shimizu K, Tabei Y. Validation of metallothionein, interleukin-8, and heme oxygenase-1 as markers for the evaluation of cytotoxicity caused by metal oxide nanoparticles. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 28:630-638. [PMID: 29882686 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1486931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide nanoparticles have an industrial value, although their harmful effects are also known. Induction of respiratory inflammation through their inhalation is a serious indicator of their toxicity. Although the phenomenon of metal ion release is involved in the induction of inflammation, all metal ions are not necessarily toxic. However, currently, no particular index to evaluate cytotoxicity caused by nanoparticles exists. An index based on biological response is critical. In the present study, we examined the gene expression-based index for nanoparticle-derived cytotoxicity. The cellular effects of six kinds of metal oxide nanoparticles, ZnO, NiO, CuO, MgO, Bi2O3, and MoO3 on A549 cells were examined. It was seen that lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, which is one of the most important assays for assessing cell membrane damage, is inhibited by metal ions released from the metal oxide nanoparticles. In some cases, enzyme activity-based assay was not suitable for the evaluation of cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. ZnO and CuO nanoparticles displayed severe cytotoxicity and enhanced gene expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). The IL-8 gene expression was also increased from Bi2O3 exposure. Additionally, the gene expression of metallothionein 2A (MT2A) was enhanced in the ZnO, CuO, and Bi2O3 exposed cells. These results suggest that these nanoparticles released metal ions in the cells. The enhancement of HO-1, IL-8, and MT2A gene expressions was related to the cytotoxic activity of metal oxide nanoparticles. Thus, the expression level of these genes is a good indicator of nanotoxicology of metal oxide nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Horie
- a Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Takamatsu , Kagawa , Japan
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- a Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Takamatsu , Kagawa , Japan.,b Graduate School of Life Sciences , Toyo University , Itakura , Gunma , Japan
| | - Yosuke Tabei
- a Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Takamatsu , Kagawa , Japan
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