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Kegyes T, Süle Z, Abonyi J. Machine learning -based decision support framework for CBRN protection. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25946. [PMID: 38404856 PMCID: PMC10884456 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Detecting chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) incidents is a high priority task and has been a topic of intensive research for decades. Ongoing technological, data processing, and automation developments are opening up new potentials in CBRN protection, which has become a complex, interdisciplinary field of science. According to it, chemists, physicists, meteorologists, military experts, programmers, and data scientists are all involved in the research. The key to effectively enhancing CBRN defence capabilities is continuous and targeted development along a well-structured concept. Our study highlights the importance of predictive analytics by providing an overview of the main components of modern CBRN defence technologies, including a summary of the conceptual requirements for CBRN reconnaissance and decision support steps, and by presenting the role and recent opportunities of information management in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kegyes
- HUN-REN-PE Complex Systems Monitoring Research Group, Egyetem utca 10., Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
- University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10., Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Süle
- University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10., Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - János Abonyi
- HUN-REN-PE Complex Systems Monitoring Research Group, Egyetem utca 10., Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
- University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10., Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
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Li BL, Wang JR, Liu XY, Lu JS, Wang R, Du P, Yu S, Pang XB, Yu YZ, Yang ZX. Tetanus toxin and botulinum neurotoxin-derived fusion molecules are effective bivalent vaccines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7197-7211. [PMID: 37741939 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Tetanus toxin (TeNT) and botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are neuroprotein toxins, with the latter being the most toxic known protein. They are structurally similar and contain three functional domains: an N-terminal catalytic domain (light chain), an internal heavy-chain translocation domain (HN domain), and a C-terminal heavy chain receptor binding domain (Hc domain or RBD). In this study, fusion functional domain molecules consisting of the TeNT RBD (THc) and the BoNT/A RBD (AHc) (i.e., THc-Linker-AHc and AHc-Linker-THc) were designed, prepared, and identified. The interaction of each Hc domain and the ganglioside receptor (GT1b) or the receptor synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 (SV2) was explored in vitro. Their immune response characteristics and protective efficacy were investigated in animal models. The recombinant THc-linker-AHc and AHc-linker-THc proteins with the binding activity had the correct size and structure, thus representing novel subunit vaccines. THc-linker-AHc and AHc-linker-THc induced high levels of specific neutralizing antibodies, and showed strong immune protective efficacy against both toxins. The high antibody titers against the two novel fusion domain molecules and against individual THc and AHc suggested that the THc and AHc domains, as antigens in the fusion functional domain molecules, do not interact with each other and retain their full key epitopes responsible for inducing neutralizing antibodies. Thus, the recombinant THc-linker-AHc and AHc-linker-THc molecules are strong and effective bivalent biotoxin vaccines, protecting against two biotoxins simultaneously. Our experimental design will be valuable to develop recombinant double-RBD fusion molecules as potent bivalent subunit vaccines against bio-toxins. KEY POINTS: • Double-RBD fusion molecules from two toxins had the correct structure and activity. • THc-linker-AHc and AHc-linker-THc efficiently protected against both biotoxins. • Such bivalent biotoxin vaccines based on the RBD are a valuable experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Lin Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jing-Rong Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xu-Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China
- Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Lu
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Peng Du
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shuo Yu
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Pang
- Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China.
| | - Yun-Zhou Yu
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Zhi-Xin Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Orsini Delgado ML, Avril A, Prigent J, Dano J, Rouaix A, Worbs S, Dorner BG, Rougeaux C, Becher F, Fenaille F, Livet S, Volland H, Tournier JN, Simon S. Ricin Antibodies' Neutralizing Capacity against Different Ricin Isoforms and Cultivars. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:100. [PMID: 33573016 PMCID: PMC7911099 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin, a highly toxic protein from Ricinus communis, is considered a potential biowarfare agent. Despite the many data available, no specific treatment has yet been approved. Due to their ability to provide immediate protection, antibodies (Abs) are an approach of choice. However, their high specificity might compromise their capacity to protect against the different ricin isoforms (D and E) found in the different cultivars. In previous work, we have shown the neutralizing potential of different Abs (43RCA-G1 (anti ricin A-chain) and RB34 and RB37 (anti ricin B-chain)) against ricin D. In this study, we evaluated their protective capacity against both ricin isoforms. We show that: (i) RB34 and RB37 recognize exclusively ricin D, whereas 43RCA-G1 recognizes both isoforms, (ii) their neutralizing capacity in vitro varies depending on the cultivar, and (iii) there is a synergistic effect when combining RB34 and 43RCA-G1. This effect is also demonstrated in vivo in a mouse model of intranasal intoxication with ricin D/E (1:1), where approximately 60% and 40% of mice treated 0 and 6 h after intoxication, respectively, are protected. Our results highlight the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of the Abs against different ricin isoforms to identify the treatment with the broadest spectrum neutralizing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lucia Orsini Delgado
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Arnaud Avril
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Anti-Infectious Biotherapies and Immunity Unit, Army Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; (A.A.); (C.R.); (J.-N.T.)
| | - Julie Prigent
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Julie Dano
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Audrey Rouaix
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute (RKI), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.G.D.)
| | - Brigitte G. Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute (RKI), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.G.D.)
| | - Clémence Rougeaux
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Anti-Infectious Biotherapies and Immunity Unit, Army Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; (A.A.); (C.R.); (J.-N.T.)
| | - François Becher
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - François Fenaille
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Sandrine Livet
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Hervé Volland
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
| | - Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Anti-Infectious Biotherapies and Immunity Unit, Army Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; (A.A.); (C.R.); (J.-N.T.)
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.P.); (J.D.); (A.R.); (F.B.); (F.F.); (S.L.); (H.V.)
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Ansari I, Grier G, Byers M. Deliberate release: Plague - A review. JOURNAL OF BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY 2020; 2:10-22. [PMID: 32835180 PMCID: PMC7270574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobb.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague and is considered one of the most likely pathogens to be used as a bioweapon. In humans, plague is a severe clinical infection that can rapidly progress with a high mortality despite antibiotic therapy. Therefore, early treatment of Y. pestis infection is crucial. This review provides an overview of its clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prophylaxis, and protection requirements for the use of clinicians. We discuss the likelihood of a deliberate release of plague and the feasibility of obtaining, isolating, culturing, transporting and dispersing plague in the context of an attack aimed at a westernized country. The current threat status and the medical and public health responses are reviewed. We also provide a brief review of the potential prehospital treatment strategy and vaccination against Y. pestis. Further, we discuss the plausibility of antibiotic resistant plague bacterium, F1-negative Y. pestis, and also the possibility of a plague mimic along with potential strategies of defense against these. An extensive literature search on the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases was conducted to collate papers relevant to plague and its deliberate release. Our review concluded that the deliberate release of plague is feasible but unlikely to occur, and that a robust public health response and early treatment would rapidly halt the transmission of plague in the population. Front-line clinicians should be aware of the potential of a deliberate release of plague and prepared to instigate early isolation of patients. Moreover, front-line clinicians should be weary of the possibility of suicide attackers and mindful of the early escalation to public health organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issmaeel Ansari
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, Bethnal Green, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.,Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark St, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom.,The Institute of Pre-hospital Care, London's Air Ambulance, The Helipad, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Grier
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, Bethnal Green, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.,Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark St, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom.,The Institute of Pre-hospital Care, London's Air Ambulance, The Helipad, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Byers
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, Bethnal Green, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.,Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark St, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom.,The Institute of Pre-hospital Care, London's Air Ambulance, The Helipad, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, United Kingdom
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Immunological characterisation and immunoprotective efficacy of functional domain antigens of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A. Vaccine 2020; 38:2978-2983. [PMID: 32113807 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are highly toxic proteins that mediate their effects by binding to neuronal receptors and block the neutralizing ability of therapeutic antibodies. Vaccination is currently the most effective strategy to prevent botulism. In this study, a series of recombinant functional domain antigens of BoNT/A were prepared and identified, and their immunoprotective efficacies were explored and compared. Our results showed that all antigens produced strong humoral immune responses, although their protective effects against the toxin were different. Only the Hc and HN-L antigens produced strong protective effects and afforded complete immunoprotection. In addition, the combined vaccine groups showed that there was no synergistic effect on immune responses after antigen combination, suggesting that the integrity of the toxin antigen or domain is crucial to the immune effects. Studies of the dose-dependent immunoprotective effects further confirmed that the Hc domain antigen afforded more effective protective potency than the HN-L antigen, equivalent to the immune effect of the full-length toxin (Hc + HN-L combination group). Overall, our results demonstrated that the Hc domain elicited a strong protective immune response and also provided basic data and theoretical support for the development of Hc-based BoNT/A subunit vaccine. Therefore, the receptor binding domain Hc is implicated as a promising target antigen of the BoNT/A recombinant subunit vaccine as an alternative to the toxoid vaccine.
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