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Osbron CA, Lawson C, Hanna N, Koehler HS, Goodman AG. Caspase-8 activity mediates TNFα production and restricts Coxiella burnetii replication during murine macrophage infection. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0005324. [PMID: 38837340 PMCID: PMC11238558 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00053-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacteria that causes the global zoonotic disease Q Fever. Treatment options for chronic infection are limited, and the development of novel therapeutic strategies requires a greater understanding of how C. burnetii interacts with immune signaling. Cell death responses are known to be manipulated by C. burnetii, but the role of caspase-8, a central regulator of multiple cell death pathways, has not been investigated. In this research, we studied bacterial manipulation of caspase-8 signaling and the significance of caspase-8 to C. burnetii infection, examining bacterial replication, cell death induction, and cytokine signaling. We measured caspase, RIPK, and MLKL activation in C. burnetii-infected tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)/cycloheximide-treated THP-1 macrophage-like cells and TNFα/ZVAD-treated L929 cells to assess apoptosis and necroptosis signaling. Additionally, we measured C. burnetii replication, cell death, and TNFα induction over 12 days in RIPK1-kinase-dead, RIPK3-kinase-dead, or RIPK3-kinase-dead-caspase-8-/- bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) to understand the significance of caspase-8 and RIPK1/3 during infection. We found that caspase-8 is inhibited by C. burnetii, coinciding with inhibition of apoptosis and increased susceptibility to necroptosis. Furthermore, C. burnetii replication was increased in BMDMs lacking caspase-8, but not in those lacking RIPK1/3 kinase activity, corresponding with decreased TNFα production and reduced cell death. As TNFα is associated with the control of C. burnetii, this lack of a TNFα response may allow for the unchecked bacterial growth we saw in caspase-8-/- BMDMs. This research identifies and explores caspase-8 as a key regulator of C. burnetii infection, opening novel therapeutic doors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A. Osbron
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Crystal Lawson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Nolan Hanna
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Heather S. Koehler
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Alan G. Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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2
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Bontemps Z, Paranjape K, Guy L. Host-bacteria interactions: ecological and evolutionary insights from ancient, professional endosymbionts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae021. [PMID: 39081075 PMCID: PMC11338181 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactions between eukaryotic hosts and their bacterial symbionts drive key ecological and evolutionary processes, from regulating ecosystems to the evolution of complex molecular machines and processes. Over time, endosymbionts generally evolve reduced genomes, and their relationship with their host tends to stabilize. However, host-bacteria relationships may be heavily influenced by environmental changes. Here, we review these effects on one of the most ancient and diverse endosymbiotic groups, formed by-among others-Legionellales, Francisellaceae, and Piscirickettsiaceae. This group is referred to as Deep-branching Intracellular Gammaproteobacteria (DIG), whose last common ancestor presumably emerged about 2 Ga ago. We show that DIGs are globally distributed, but generally at very low abundance, and are mainly identified in aquatic biomes. Most DIGs harbour a type IVB secretion system, critical for host-adaptation, but its structure and composition vary. Finally, we review the different types of microbial interactions that can occur in diverse environments, with direct or indirect effects on DIG populations. The increased use of omics technologies on environmental samples will allow a better understanding of host-bacterial interactions and help unravel the definition of DIGs as a group from an ecological, molecular, and evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zélia Bontemps
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kiran Paranjape
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lionel Guy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Sit B, Lamason RL. Pathogenic Rickettsia spp. as emerging models for bacterial biology. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0040423. [PMID: 38315013 PMCID: PMC10883807 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00404-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of free-living bacterial models like Escherichia coli far outpaces that of obligate intracellular bacteria, which cannot be cultured axenically. All obligate intracellular bacteria are host-associated, and many cause serious human diseases. Their constant exposure to the distinct biochemical niche of the host has driven the evolution of numerous specialized bacteriological and genetic adaptations, as well as innovative molecular mechanisms of infection. Here, we review the history and use of pathogenic Rickettsia species, which cause an array of vector-borne vascular illnesses, as model systems to probe microbial biology. Although many challenges remain in our studies of these organisms, the rich pathogenic and biological diversity of Rickettsia spp. constitutes a unique backdrop to investigate how microbes survive and thrive in host and vector cells. We take a bacterial-focused perspective and highlight emerging insights that relate to new host-pathogen interactions, bacterial physiology, and evolution. The transformation of Rickettsia spp. from pathogens to models demonstrates how recalcitrant microbes may be leveraged in the lab to tap unmined bacterial diversity for new discoveries. Rickettsia spp. hold great promise as model systems not only to understand other obligate intracellular pathogens but also to discover new biology across and beyond bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Sit
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Lamason
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Osbron CA, Lawson C, Hanna N, Koehler HS, Goodman AG. Caspase-8 activity mediates TNFα production and restricts Coxiella burnetii replication during murine macrophage infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578698. [PMID: 38352389 PMCID: PMC10862817 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacteria which causes the global zoonotic disease Q Fever. Treatment options for infection are limited, and development of novel therapeutic strategies requires a greater understanding of how C. burnetii interacts with immune signaling. Cell death responses are known to be manipulated by C. burnetii, but the role of caspase-8, a central regulator of multiple cell death pathways, has not been investigated. In this research, we studied bacterial manipulation of caspase-8 signaling and the significance of caspase-8 to C. burnetii infection, examining bacterial replication, cell death induction, and cytokine signaling. We measured caspase, RIPK, and MLKL activation in C. burnetii-infected TNFα/CHX-treated THP-1 macrophage-like cells and TNFα/ZVAD-treated L929 cells to assess apoptosis and necroptosis signaling. Additionally, we measured C. burnetii replication, cell death, and TNFα induction over 12 days in RIPK1-kinase-dead, RIPK3-kinase-dead, or RIPK3-kinase-dead-caspase-8-/- BMDMs to understand the significance of caspase-8 and RIPK1/3 during infection. We found that caspase-8 is inhibited by C. burnetii, coinciding with inhibition of apoptosis and increased susceptibility to necroptosis. Furthermore, C. burnetii replication was increased in BMDMs lacking caspase-8, but not in those lacking RIPK1/3 kinase activity, corresponding with decreased TNFα production and reduced cell death. As TNFα is associated with the control of C. burnetii, this lack of a TNFα response may allow for the unchecked bacterial growth we saw in caspase-8-/- BMDMs. This research identifies and explores caspase-8 as a key regulator of C. burnetii infection, opening novel therapeutic doors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A. Osbron
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Crystal Lawson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Nolan Hanna
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Heather S. Koehler
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Alan G. Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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5
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Mauermeir M, Ölke M, Hayek I, Schulze-Luehrmann J, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ, Berens C, Menge C, Lührmann A. Bovine blood derived macrophages are unable to control Coxiella burnetii replication under hypoxic conditions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:960927. [PMID: 36793725 PMCID: PMC9923158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.960927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic pathogen, infecting humans, livestock, pets, birds and ticks. Domestic ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats are the main reservoir and major cause of human infection. Infected ruminants are usually asymptomatic, while in humans infection can cause significant disease. Human and bovine macrophages differ in their permissiveness for C. burnetii strains from different host species and of various genotypes and their subsequent host cell response, but the underlying mechanism(s) at the cellular level are unknown. Methods C. burnetii infected primary human and bovine macrophages under normoxic and hypoxic conditions were analyzed for (i) bacterial replication by CFU counts and immunofluorescence; (ii) immune regulators by westernblot and qRT-PCR; cytokines by ELISA; and metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results Here, we confirmed that peripheral blood-derived human macrophages prevent C. burnetii replication under oxygen-limiting conditions. In contrast, oxygen content had no influence on C. burnetii replication in bovine peripheral blood-derived macrophages. In hypoxic infected bovine macrophages, STAT3 is activated, even though HIF1α is stabilized, which otherwise prevents STAT3 activation in human macrophages. In addition, the TNFα mRNA level is higher in hypoxic than normoxic human macrophages, which correlates with increased secretion of TNFα and control of C. burnetii replication. In contrast, oxygen limitation does not impact TNFα mRNA levels in C. burnetii-infected bovine macrophages and secretion of TNFα is blocked. As TNFα is also involved in the control of C. burnetii replication in bovine macrophages, this cytokine is important for cell autonomous control and its absence is partially responsible for the ability of C. burnetii to replicate in hypoxic bovine macrophages. Further unveiling the molecular basis of macrophage-mediated control of C. burnetii replication might be the first step towards the development of host directed intervention measures to mitigate the health burden of this zoonotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mauermeir
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martha Ölke
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Inaya Hayek
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Schulze-Luehrmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katja Dettmer
- Institut für Funktionelle Genomik, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter J. Oefner
- Institut für Funktionelle Genomik, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für molekulare Pathogenese, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für molekulare Pathogenese, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Lührmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany,*Correspondence: Anja Lührmann,
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6
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Hayek I, Szperlinski M, Lührmann A. Coxiella burnetii Affects HIF1α Accumulation and HIF1α Target Gene Expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:867689. [PMID: 35755850 PMCID: PMC9218251 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.867689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIF1α is an important transcription factor regulating not only cellular responses to hypoxia, but also anti-infective defense responses. We recently showed that HIF1α hampers replication of the obligate intracellular pathogen Coxiella burnetii which causes the zoonotic disease Q fever. Prior to development of chronic Q fever, it is assumed that the bacteria enter a persistent state. As HIF1α and/or hypoxia might be involved in the induction of C. burnetii persistence, we analyzed the role of HIF1α and hypoxia in the interaction of macrophages with C. burnetii to understand how the bacteria manipulate HIF1α stability and activity. We demonstrate that a C. burnetii-infection initially induces HIF1α stabilization, which decreases then over the course of an infection. This reduction depends on bacterial viability and a functional type IV secretion system (T4SS). While neither the responsible T4SS effector protein(s) nor the molecular mechanism leading to this partial HIF1α destabilization have been identified, our results demonstrate that C. burnetii influences the expression of HIF1α target genes in multiple ways. Therefore, a C. burnetii infection promotes HIF1α-mediated upregulation of several metabolic target genes; affects apoptosis-regulators towards a more pro-apoptotic signature; and under hypoxic conditions, shifts the ratio of the inflammatory genes analyzed towards a pro-inflammatory profile. Taken together, C. burnetii modulates HIF1α in a still elusive manner and alters the expression of multiple HIF1α target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inaya Hayek
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuela Szperlinski
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Lührmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Sireci G, Badami GD, Di Liberto D, Blanda V, Grippi F, Di Paola L, Guercio A, de la Fuente J, Torina A. Recent Advances on the Innate Immune Response to Coxiella burnetii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:754455. [PMID: 34796128 PMCID: PMC8593175 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.754455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium and the causative agent of a worldwide zoonosis known as Q fever. The pathogen invades monocytes and macrophages, replicating within acidic phagolysosomes and evading host defenses through different immune evasion strategies that are mainly associated with the structure of its lipopolysaccharide. The main transmission routes are aerosols and ingestion of fomites from infected animals. The innate immune system provides the first host defense against the microorganism, and it is crucial to direct the infection towards a self-limiting respiratory disease or the chronic form. This review reports the advances in understanding the mechanisms of innate immunity acting during C. burnetii infection and the strategies that pathogen put in place to infect the host cells and to modify the expression of specific host cell genes in order to subvert cellular processes. The mechanisms through which different cell types with different genetic backgrounds are differently susceptible to C. burnetii intracellular growth are discussed. The subsets of cytokines induced following C. burnetii infection as well as the pathogen influence on an inflammasome-mediated response are also described. Finally, we discuss the use of animal experimental systems for studying the innate immune response against C. burnetii and discovering novel methods for prevention and treatment of disease in humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Sireci
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research (CLADIBIOR), Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Università degli studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusto Davide Badami
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research (CLADIBIOR), Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Università degli studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Diana Di Liberto
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research (CLADIBIOR), Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Università degli studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Blanda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Grippi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Di Paola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio Health and Biotechnology, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC -Spanish National Research Council CSIC - University of Castilla-La Mancha UCLM - Regional Government of Castilla-La Mancha JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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Pechstein J, Schulze-Luehrmann J, Bisle S, Cantet F, Beare PA, Ölke M, Bonazzi M, Berens C, Lührmann A. The Coxiella burnetii T4SS Effector AnkF Is Important for Intracellular Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:559915. [PMID: 33282747 PMCID: PMC7691251 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.559915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of the zoonotic disease Q fever. Following uptake by alveolar macrophages, the pathogen replicates in an acidic phagolysosomal vacuole, the C. burnetii-containing vacuole (CCV). Effector proteins translocated into the host cell by the type IV secretion system (T4SS) are important for the establishment of the CCV. Here we focus on the effector protein AnkF and its role in establishing the CCV. The C. burnetii AnkF knock out mutant invades host cells as efficiently as wild-type C. burnetii, but this mutant is hampered in its ability to replicate intracellularly, indicating that AnkF might be involved in the development of a replicative CCV. To unravel the underlying reason(s), we searched for AnkF interactors in host cells and identified vimentin through a yeast two-hybrid approach. While AnkF does not alter vimentin expression at the mRNA or protein levels, the presence of AnkF results in structural reorganization and vesicular co-localization with recombinant vimentin. Ectopically expressed AnkF partially accumulates around the established CCV and endogenous vimentin is recruited to the CCV in a time-dependent manner, suggesting that AnkF might attract vimentin to the CCV. However, knocking-down endogenous vimentin does not affect intracellular replication of C. burnetii. Other cytoskeletal components are recruited to the CCV and might compensate for the lack of vimentin. Taken together, AnkF is essential for the establishment of the replicative CCV, however, its mode of action is still elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Pechstein
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Schulze-Luehrmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bisle
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franck Cantet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Paul A Beare
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Martha Ölke
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matteo Bonazzi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Berens
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Molekulare Pathogenese, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Lührmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Coxiella burnetii-Infected NK Cells Release Infectious Bacteria by Degranulation. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00172-20. [PMID: 32817330 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00172-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critically involved in the early immune response against various intracellular pathogens, including Coxiella burnetii and Chlamydia psittaci Chlamydia-infected NK cells functionally mature, induce cellular immunity, and protect themselves by killing the bacteria in secreted granules. Here, we report that infected NK cells do not allow intracellular multiday growth of Coxiella, as is usually observed in other host cell types. C. burnetii-infected NK cells display maturation and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) secretion, as well as the release of Coxiella-containing lytic granules. Thus, NK cells possess a potent program to restrain and expel different types of invading bacteria via degranulation. Strikingly, though, in contrast to Chlamydia, expulsed Coxiella organisms largely retain their infectivity and, hence, escape the cell-autonomous self-defense mechanism in NK cells.
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10
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Schäfer W, Schmidt T, Cordsmeier A, Borges V, Beare PA, Pechstein J, Schulze-Luehrmann J, Holzinger J, Wagner N, Berens C, Heydel C, Gomes JP, Lührmann A. The anti-apoptotic Coxiella burnetii effector protein AnkG is a strain specific virulence factor. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15396. [PMID: 32958854 PMCID: PMC7506536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to inhibit host cell apoptosis is important for the intracellular replication of the obligate intracellular pathogen Coxiella burnetii, as it allows the completion of the lengthy bacterial replication cycle. Effector proteins injected into the host cell by the C. burnetii type IVB secretion system (T4BSS) are required for the inhibition of host cell apoptosis. AnkG is one of these anti-apoptotic effector proteins. The inhibitory effect of AnkG requires its nuclear localization, which depends on p32-dependent intracellular trafficking and importin-α1-mediated nuclear entry of AnkG. Here, we compared the sequences of ankG from 37 C. burnetii isolates and classified them in three groups based on the predicted protein size. The comparison of the three different groups allowed us to identify the first 28 amino acids as essential and sufficient for the anti-apoptotic activity of AnkG. Importantly, only the full-length protein from the first group is a bona fide effector protein injected into host cells during infection and has anti-apoptotic activity. Finally, using the Galleria mellonella infection model, we observed that AnkG from the first group has the ability to attenuate pathology during in vivo infection, as it allows survival of the larvae despite bacterial replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Schäfer
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Teresa Schmidt
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arne Cordsmeier
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vítor Borges
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paul A Beare
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Julian Pechstein
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Schulze-Luehrmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Holzinger
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Wagner
- Institut für Molekulare Pathogenese, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Institut für Molekulare Pathogenese, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Heydel
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus Liebig Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 85-89, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anja Lührmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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11
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Burette M, Allombert J, Lambou K, Maarifi G, Nisole S, Di Russo Case E, Blanchet FP, Hassen-Khodja C, Cabantous S, Samuel J, Martinez E, Bonazzi M. Modulation of innate immune signaling by a Coxiella burnetii eukaryotic-like effector protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13708-13718. [PMID: 32482853 PMCID: PMC7306807 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914892117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Q fever agent Coxiella burnetii uses a defect in organelle trafficking/intracellular multiplication (Dot/Icm) type 4b secretion system (T4SS) to silence the host innate immune response during infection. By investigating C. burnetii effector proteins containing eukaryotic-like domains, here we identify NopA (nucleolar protein A), which displays four regulator of chromosome condensation (RCC) repeats, homologous to those found in the eukaryotic Ras-related nuclear protein (Ran) guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) RCC1. Accordingly, NopA is found associated with the chromatin nuclear fraction of cells and uses the RCC-like domain to interact with Ran. Interestingly, NopA triggers an accumulation of Ran-GTP, which accumulates at nucleoli of transfected or infected cells, thus perturbing the nuclear import of transcription factors of the innate immune signaling pathway. Accordingly, qRT-PCR analysis on a panel of cytokines shows that cells exposed to the C. burnetii nopA::Tn or a Dot/Icm-defective dotA::Tn mutant strain present a functional innate immune response, as opposed to cells exposed to wild-type C. burnetii or the corresponding nopA complemented strain. Thus, NopA is an important regulator of the innate immune response allowing Coxiella to behave as a stealth pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Burette
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Allombert
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Lambou
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Elizabeth Di Russo Case
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807-3260
| | - Fabien P Blanchet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Cedric Hassen-Khodja
- Montpellier Ressources Imagerie (MRI), BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Cabantous
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - James Samuel
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807-3260
| | - Eric Martinez
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Matteo Bonazzi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France;
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12
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Kuba M, Neha N, Newton P, Lee YW, Bennett-Wood V, Hachani A, De Souza DP, Nijagal B, Dayalan S, Tull D, McConville MJ, Sansom FM, Newton HJ. EirA Is a Novel Protein Essential for Intracellular Replication of Coxiella burnetii. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00913-19. [PMID: 32205404 PMCID: PMC7240097 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00913-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever, a febrile illness which can cause a serious chronic infection. C. burnetii is a unique intracellular bacterium which replicates within host lysosome-derived vacuoles. The ability of C. burnetii to replicate within this normally hostile compartment is dependent on the activity of the Dot/Icm type 4B secretion system. In a previous study, a transposon mutagenesis screen suggested that the disruption of the gene encoding the novel protein CBU2072 rendered C. burnetii incapable of intracellular replication. This protein, subsequently named EirA (essential for intracellular replication A), is indispensable for intracellular replication and virulence, as demonstrated by infection of human cell lines and in vivo infection of Galleria mellonella The putative N-terminal signal peptide is essential for protein function but is not required for localization of EirA to the bacterial inner membrane compartment and axenic culture supernatant. In the absence of EirA, C. burnetii remains viable but nonreplicative within the host phagolysosome, as coinfection with C. burnetii expressing native EirA rescues the replicative defect in the mutant strain. In addition, while the bacterial ultrastructure appears to be intact, there is an altered metabolic profile shift in the absence of EirA, suggesting that EirA may impact overall metabolism. Most strikingly, in the absence of EirA, Dot/Icm effector translocation was inhibited even when EirA-deficient C. burnetii replicated in the wild type (WT)-supported Coxiella containing vacuoles. EirA may therefore have a novel role in the control of Dot/Icm activity and represent an important new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miku Kuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitika Neha
- Metabolomics Australia, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrice Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi Wei Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vicki Bennett-Wood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abderrahman Hachani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David P De Souza
- Metabolomics Australia, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brunda Nijagal
- Metabolomics Australia, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saravanan Dayalan
- Metabolomics Australia, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dedreia Tull
- Metabolomics Australia, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Metabolomics Australia, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona M Sansom
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a unique bacterial pathogen that replicates to high numbers in a lysosome-like intracellular niche. This study identified host proteins that contribute to the pathogen’s capacity to establish this niche and activate the Dot/Icm secretion system required for intracellular replication. Many host proteins were found to contribute to the establishment of C. burnetii virulence by aiding trafficking of the pathogen to the lysosome and creating the degradative lysosome environment. Pathogenic bacteria are able to sense and adapt to their environment by altering their gene expression profile. Here we demonstrated that C. burnetii detects specific amino acids present in the lysosome using a two-component system that up-regulates expression of genes required for Dot/Icm activity. Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular pathogen that replicates in a lysosome-like vacuole through activation of a Dot/Icm-type IVB secretion system and subsequent translocation of effectors that remodel the host cell. Here a genome-wide small interfering RNA screen and reporter assay were used to identify host proteins required for Dot/Icm effector translocation. Significant, and independently validated, hits demonstrated the importance of multiple protein families required for endocytic trafficking of the C. burnetii-containing vacuole to the lysosome. Further analysis demonstrated that the degradative activity of the lysosome created by proteases, such as TPP1, which are transported to the lysosome by receptors, such as M6PR and LRP1, are critical for C. burnetii virulence. Indeed, the C. burnetii PmrA/B regulon, responsible for transcriptional up-regulation of genes encoding the Dot/Icm apparatus and a subset of effectors, induced expression of a virulence-associated transcriptome in response to degradative products of the lysosome. Luciferase reporter strains, and subsequent RNA-sequencing analysis, demonstrated that particular amino acids activate the C. burnetii PmrA/B two-component system. This study has further enhanced our understanding of C. burnetii pathogenesis, the host–pathogen interactions that contribute to bacterial virulence, and the different environmental triggers pathogens can sense to facilitate virulence.
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14
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Siadous FA, Cantet F, Van Schaik E, Burette M, Allombert J, Lakhani A, Bonaventure B, Goujon C, Samuel J, Bonazzi M, Martinez E. Coxiella effector protein CvpF subverts RAB26-dependent autophagy to promote vacuole biogenesis and virulence. Autophagy 2020; 17:706-722. [PMID: 32116095 PMCID: PMC8032239 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1728098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of the zoonosis Q fever, replicates inside host cells within a large vacuole displaying autolysosomal characteristics. The development of this compartment is mediated by bacterial effectors, which interfere with a number of host membrane trafficking pathways. By screening a Coxiella transposon mutant library, we observed that transposon insertions in cbu0626 led to intracellular replication and vacuole biogenesis defects. Here, we demonstrate that CBU0626 is a novel member of the Coxiella vacuolar protein (Cvp) family of effector proteins, which is translocated by the Dot/Icm secretion system and localizes to vesicles with autolysosomal features as well as Coxiella-containing vacuoles (CCVs). We thus renamed this effector CvpF for Coxiella vacuolar protein F. CvpF specifically interacts with the host small GTPase RAB26, leading to the recruitment of the autophagosomal marker MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) to CCVs. Importantly, cvpF::Tn mutants were highly attenuated compared to wild-type bacteria in the SCID mouse model of infection, highlighting the importance of CvpF for Coxiella virulence. These results suggest that CvpF manipulates endosomal trafficking and macroautophagy/autophagy induction for optimal C. burnetii vacuole biogenesis. Abbreviations: ACCM: acidified citrate cystein medium; AP: adaptor related protein complex; CCV: Coxiella-containing vacuole; Cvp: Coxiella vacuolar protein; GDI: guanosine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor; GDF: GDI dissociation factor; GEF: guanine exchange factor; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase MTOR complex 1; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PMA: phorbol myristate acetate; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernande Ayenoue Siadous
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Cantet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Erin Van Schaik
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Mélanie Burette
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Allombert
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anissa Lakhani
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Boris Bonaventure
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Goujon
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - James Samuel
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Matteo Bonazzi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Martinez
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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15
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Biogenesis of the Spacious Coxiella-Containing Vacuole Depends on Host Transcription Factors TFEB and TFE3. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00534-19. [PMID: 31818957 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00534-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicates inside the lysosome-derived Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV). To establish this unique niche, C. burnetii requires the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS) to translocate a cohort of effector proteins into the host cell, which modulate multiple cellular processes. To characterize the host-pathogen interactions that occur during C. burnetii infection, stable-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based proteomics was used to identify changes in the host proteome during infection of a human-derived macrophage cell line. These data revealed that the abundances of many proteins involved in host cell autophagy and lysosome biogenesis were increased in infected cells. Thus, the role of the host transcription factors TFEB and TFE3, which regulate the expression of a network of genes involved in autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, were examined in the context of C. burnetii infection. During infection with C. burnetii, both TFEB and TFE3 were activated, as demonstrated by the transport of these proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. The nuclear translocation of these transcription factors was shown to be dependent on the T4SS, as a Dot/Icm mutant showed reduced nuclear translocation of TFEB and TFE3. This was supported by the observation that blocking bacterial translation with chloramphenicol resulted in the movement of TFEB and TFE3 back into the cytoplasm. Silencing of the TFEB and TFE3 genes, alone or in combination, significantly reduced the size of the CCV, which indicates that these host transcription factors facilitate the expansion and maintenance of the organelle that supports C. burnetii intracellular replication.
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Abstract
The entry of pathogens into nonphagocytic host cells has received much attention in the past three decades, revealing a vast array of strategies employed by bacteria and viruses. A method of internalization that has been extensively studied in the context of viral infections is the use of the clathrin-mediated pathway. More recently, a role for clathrin in the entry of some intracellular bacterial pathogens was discovered. Classically, clathrin-mediated endocytosis was thought to accommodate internalization only of particles smaller than 150 nm; however, this was challenged upon the discovery that Listeria monocytogenes requires clathrin to enter eukaryotic cells. Now, with discoveries that clathrin is required during other stages of some bacterial infections, another paradigm shift is occurring. There is a more diverse impact of clathrin during infection than previously thought. Much of the recent data describing clathrin utilization in processes such as bacterial attachment, cell-to-cell spread and intracellular growth may be due to newly discovered divergent roles of clathrin in the cell. Not only does clathrin act to facilitate endocytosis from the plasma membrane, but it also participates in budding from endosomes and the Golgi apparatus and in mitosis. Here, the manipulation of clathrin processes by bacterial pathogens, including its traditional role during invasion and alternative ways in which clathrin supports bacterial infection, is discussed. Researching clathrin in the context of bacterial infections will reveal new insights that inform our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and allow researchers to fully appreciate the diverse roles of clathrin in the eukaryotic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Latomanski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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