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Sadhukhan A, Agrahari RK, Wu L, Watanabe T, Nakano Y, Panda SK, Koyama H, Kobayashi Y. Expression genome-wide association study identifies that phosphatidylinositol-derived signalling regulates ALUMINIUM SENSITIVE3 expression under aluminium stress in the shoots of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110711. [PMID: 33288018 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To identify unknown regulatory mechanisms leading to aluminium (Al)-induction of the Al tolerance gene ALS3, we conducted an expression genome-wide association study (eGWAS) for ALS3 in the shoots of 95 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions in the presence of Al. The eGWAS was conducted using a mixed linear model with 145,940 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the association results were validated using reverse genetics. We found that many SNPs from the eGWAS were associated with genes related to phosphatidylinositol metabolism as well as stress signal transduction, including Ca2+signals, inter-connected in a co-expression network. Of these, PLC9, CDPK32, ANAC071, DIR1, and a hypothetical protein (AT4G10470) possessed amino acid sequence/ gene expression level polymorphisms that were significantly associated with ALS3 expression level variation. Furthermore, T-DNA insertion mutants of PLC9, CDPK32, and ANAC071 suppressed shoot ALS3 expression in the presence of Al. This study clarified the regulatory mechanisms of ALS3 expression in the shoot and provided genetic evidence of the involvement of phosphatidylinositol-derived signal transduction under Al stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Sadhukhan
- Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Raj Kishan Agrahari
- Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Liujie Wu
- Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kitaku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakano
- Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sanjib Kumar Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Hiroyuki Koyama
- Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kobayashi
- Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Guillaumie S, Decroocq S, Ollat N, Delrot S, Gomès E, Cookson SJ. Dissecting the control of shoot development in grapevine: genetics and genomics identify potential regulators. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:43. [PMID: 31996141 PMCID: PMC6988314 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapevine is a crop of major economic importance, yet little is known about the regulation of shoot development in grapevine or other perennial fruits crops. Here we combine genetic and genomic tools to identify candidate genes regulating shoot development in Vitis spp. RESULTS An F2 population from an interspecific cross between V. vinifera and V. riparia was phenotyped for shoot development traits, and three Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) were identified on linkage groups (LGs) 7, 14 and 18. Around 17% of the individuals exhibited a dwarfed phenotype. A transcriptomic study identified four candidate genes that were not expressed in dwarfed individuals and located within the confidence interval of the QTL on LG7. A deletion of 84,482 bp was identified in the genome of dwarfed plants, which included these four not expressed genes. One of these genes was VviCURLY LEAF (VviCLF), an orthologue of CLF, a regulator of shoot development in Arabidopsis thaliana. CONCLUSIONS The phenotype of the dwarfed grapevine plants was similar to that of clf mutants of A. thaliana and orthologues of the known targets of CLF in A. thaliana were differentially expressed in the dwarfed plants. This suggests that CLF, a major developmental regulator in A. thaliana, also controls shoot development in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Guillaumie
- UMR1287 EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Stéphane Decroocq
- UMR1332 BFP, INRAE, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- UMR1287 EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Serge Delrot
- UMR1287 EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Eric Gomès
- UMR1287 EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sarah J Cookson
- UMR1287 EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Isolation and characterization of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol as a hormogonium-inducing factor (HIF) from the coralloid roots of Cycas revoluta (Cycadaceae). Sci Rep 2019; 9:4751. [PMID: 30894551 PMCID: PMC6426835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coralloid roots are specialized tissues of cycads (Cycas revoluta) that are involved in symbioses with nitrogen-fixing Nostoc cyanobacteria. We found that a crude methanolic extract of coralloid roots induced differentiation of the filamentous cell aggregates of Nostoc species into motile hormogonia. Hence, the hormogonium-inducing factor (HIF) was chased using bioassay-based isolation, and the active principle was characterized as a mixture of diacylglycerols (DAGs), mainly composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol (1), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (2), 1-stearoyl-2-linolenoyl-sn-glycerol (3), and 1-stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol (4). Enantioselectively synthesised compound 1 showed a clear HIF activity at 1 nmol (0.6 µg) disc−1 for the filamentous cells, whereas synthesised 2-linoleoyl-3-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol (1′) and 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-rac-glycerol (1/1′) were less active than 1. Conversely, synthesised 1-linoleoyl-2-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol (8/8′) which is an acyl positional isomer of compound 1 was inactive. In addition, neither 1-monoacylglycerols nor phospholipids structurally related to 1 showed HIF-like activities. As DAGs are protein kinase C (PKC) activators, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (12), urushiol C15:3-Δ10,13,16 (13), and a skin irritant anacardic acid C15:1-Δ8 (14) were also examined for HIF-like activities toward the Nostoc cells. Neither 12 nor 13 showed HIF-like activities, whereas 14 showed an HIF-like activity at 1 nmol/disc. These findings appear to indicate that some DAGs act as hormogonium-inducing signal molecules for filamentous Nostoc cyanobacteria.
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Schenk HJ, Espino S, Rich-Cavazos SM, Jansen S. From the sap's perspective: The nature of vessel surfaces in angiosperm xylem. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:172-185. [PMID: 29578294 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Xylem sap in angiosperms moves under negative pressure in conduits and cell wall pores that are nanometers to micrometers in diameter, so sap is always very close to surfaces. Surfaces matter for water transport because hydrophobic ones favor nucleation of bubbles, and surface chemistry can have strong effects on flow. Vessel walls contain cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectins, proteins, and possibly lipids, but what is the nature of the inner, lumen-facing surface that is in contact with sap? METHODS Vessel lumen surfaces of five angiosperms from different lineages were examined via transmission electron microscopy and confocal and fluorescence microscopy, using fluorophores and autofluorescence to detect cell wall components. Elemental composition was studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and treatments with phospholipase C (PLC) were used to test for phospholipids. KEY RESULTS Vessel surfaces consisted mainly of lignin, with strong cellulose signals confined to pit membranes. Proteins were found mainly in inter-vessel pits and pectins only on outer rims of pit membranes and in vessel-parenchyma pits. Continuous layers of lipids were detected on most vessel surfaces and on most pit membranes and were shown by PLC treatment to consist at least partly of phospholipids. CONCLUSIONS Vessel surfaces appear to be wettable because lignin is not strongly hydrophobic and a coating with amphiphilic lipids would render any surface hydrophilic. New questions arise about these lipids and their possible origins from living xylem cells, especially about their effects on surface tension, surface bubble nucleation, and pit membrane function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Susana Espino
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Sarah M Rich-Cavazos
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
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Vermeer JE, van Wijk R, Goedhart J, Geldner N, Chory J, Gadella TW, Munnik T. In Vivo Imaging of Diacylglycerol at the Cytoplasmic Leaflet of Plant Membranes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1196-1207. [PMID: 28158855 PMCID: PMC6200129 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is an important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and plays key roles in cell signaling, either as a second messenger itself or as a precursor of phosphatidic acid. Methods to identify distinct DAG pools have proven difficult because biochemical fractionation affects the pools, and concentrations are limiting. Here, we validate the use of a genetically encoded DAG biosensor in living plant cells. The sensor is composed of a fusion between yellow fluorescent protein and the C1a domain of protein kinase C (YFP-C1aPKC) that specifically binds DAG, and was stably expressed in suspension-cultured tobacco BY-2 cells and whole Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Confocal imaging revealed that the majority of the YFP-C1aPKC fluorescence did not locate to membranes but was present in the cytosol and nucleus. Treatment with short-chain DAG or PMA (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate), a phorbol ester that binds the C1a domain of PKC, caused the recruitment of the biosensor to the plasma membrane. These results indicate that the biosensor works and that the basal DAG concentration in the cytoplasmic leaflet of membranes (i.e. accessible to the biosensor) is in general too low, and confirms that the known pools in plastids, the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are located at the luminal face of these compartments (i.e. inaccessible to the biosensor). Nevertheless, detailed further analysis of different cells and tissues discovered four novel DAG pools, namely at: (i) the trans-Golgi network; (ii) the cell plate during cytokinesis; (iii) the plasma membrane of root epidermal cells in the transition zone, and (iv) the apex of growing root hairs. The results provide new insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of DAG in plants and offer a new tool to monitor this in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joop E.M. Vermeer
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, NL-1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne-Sorge, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Present address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, NL-1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section of Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, NL-1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Section of Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, NL-1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne-Sorge, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Chory
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Theodorus W.J. Gadella
- Section of Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, NL-1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Munnik
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, NL-1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section of Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, NL-1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Im YJ, Smith CM, Phillippy BQ, Strand D, Kramer DM, Grunden AM, Boss WF. Increasing Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-Bisphosphate Biosynthesis Affects Basal Signaling and Chloroplast Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 3:27-57. [PMID: 27135490 PMCID: PMC4844314 DOI: 10.3390/plants3010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
One challenge in studying the second messenger inositol(1,4,5)-trisphosphate (InsP₃) is that it is present in very low amounts and increases only transiently in response to stimuli. To identify events downstream of InsP₃, we generated transgenic plants constitutively expressing the high specific activity, human phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase Iα (HsPIPKIα). PIP5K is the enzyme that synthesizes phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P₂); this reaction is flux limiting in InsP₃ biosynthesis in plants. Plasma membranes from transgenic Arabidopsis expressing HsPIPKIα had 2-3 fold higher PIP5K specific activity, and basal InsP₃ levels in seedlings and leaves were >2-fold higher than wild type. Although there was no significant difference in photosynthetic electron transport, HsPIPKIα plants had significantly higher starch (2-4 fold) and 20% higher anthocyanin compared to controls. Starch content was higher both during the day and at the end of dark period. In addition, transcripts of genes involved in starch metabolism such as SEX1 (glucan water dikinase) and SEX4 (phosphoglucan phosphatase), DBE (debranching enzyme), MEX1 (maltose transporter), APL3 (ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) and glucose-6-phosphate transporter (Glc6PT) were up-regulated in the HsPIPKIα plants. Our results reveal that increasing the phosphoinositide (PI) pathway affects chloroplast carbon metabolism and suggest that InsP₃ is one component of an inter-organelle signaling network regulating chloroplast metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ju Im
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Caroline M Smith
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Brian Q Phillippy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Deserah Strand
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - David M Kramer
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Amy M Grunden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Wendy F Boss
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Rupwate SD, Rajasekharan R. Plant phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C: an insight. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1281-3. [PMID: 22902702 PMCID: PMC3493414 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) belongs to an important class of enzymes involved in signaling related to lipids. They hydrolyze a membrane-associated phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, to produce inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. The role of PI-PLC and the mechanism behind its functioning is well studied in animal system; however, mechanism of plant PI-PLC functioning remains largely obscure. Here, we attempted to summarize the understanding regarding plant PI-PLC mechanism of regulation, localization, and domain association. Using sedimentation based phospholipid binding assay and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, it was demonstrated that C2 domain of plant PI-PLC alone is capable of targeting membranes. Moreover, change in surface hydrophobicity upon calcium stimulus is the key element in targeting plant PI-PLC from soluble fractions to membranes. This property of altering surface hydrophobicity plays a pivot role in regulation of PI-PLC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny D. Rupwate
- Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore, India
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; Lucknow, India
- Correspondence to: Ram Rajasekharan,
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Abstract
"All things flow and change…even in the stillest matter there is unseen flux and movement." Attributed to Heraclitus (530-470 BC), from The Story of Philosophy by Will Durant. Heraclitus, a Greek philosopher, was thinking on a much larger scale than molecular signaling; however, his visionary comments are an important reminder for those studying signaling today. Even in unstimulated cells, signaling pathways are in constant metabolic flux and provide basal signals that travel throughout the organism. In addition, negatively charged phospholipids, such as the polyphosphorylated inositol phospholipids, provide a circuit board of on/off switches for attracting or repelling proteins that define the membranes of the cell. This template of charged phospholipids is sensitive to discrete changes and metabolic fluxes-e.g., in pH and cations-which contribute to the oscillating signals in the cell. The inherent complexities of a constantly fluctuating system make understanding how plants integrate and process signals challenging. In this review we discuss one aspect of lipid signaling: the inositol family of negatively charged phospholipids and their functions as molecular sensors and regulators of metabolic flux in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy F Boss
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7649, USA.
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Abstract
The simple polyol, myo-inositol, is used as a building block of a cellular language that plays various roles in signal transduction. This review describes the terminology used to denote myo-inositol-containing molecules, with an emphasis on how phosphate and fatty acids are added to create second messengers used in signaling. Work in model systems has delineated the genes and enzymes required for synthesis and metabolism of many myo-inositol-containing molecules, with genetic mutants and measurement of second messengers playing key roles in developing our understanding. There is increasing evidence that molecules such as myo- inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate are synthesized in response to various signals plants encounter. In particular, the controversial role of myo-inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate is addressed, accompanied by a discussion of the multiple enzymes that act to regulate this molecule. We are also beginning to understand new connections of myo-inositol signaling in plants. These recent discoveries include the novel roles of inositol phosphates in binding to plant hormone receptors and that of phosphatidylinositol(3)phosphate binding to pathogen effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda E Gillaspy
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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