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Rui Y, Wilson DR, Choi J, Varanasi M, Sanders K, Karlsson J, Lim M, Green JJ. Carboxylated branched poly(β-amino ester) nanoparticles enable robust cytosolic protein delivery and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaay3255. [PMID: 31840076 PMCID: PMC6897553 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Efficient cytosolic protein delivery is necessary to fully realize the potential of protein therapeutics. Current methods of protein delivery often suffer from low serum tolerance and limited in vivo efficacy. Here, we report the synthesis and validation of a previously unreported class of carboxylated branched poly(β-amino ester)s that can self-assemble into nanoparticles for efficient intracellular delivery of a variety of different proteins. In vitro, nanoparticles enabled rapid cellular uptake, efficient endosomal escape, and functional cytosolic protein release into cells in media containing 10% serum. Moreover, nanoparticles encapsulating CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) induced robust levels of gene knock-in (4%) and gene knockout (>75%) in several cell types. A single intracranial administration of nanoparticles delivering a low RNP dose (3.5 pmol) induced robust gene editing in mice bearing engineered orthotopic murine glioma tumors. This self-assembled polymeric nanocarrier system enables a versatile protein delivery and gene editing platform for biological research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Rui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David R. Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mahita Varanasi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katie Sanders
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Johan Karlsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jordan J. Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and the Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Schrot J, Weng A, Melzig MF. Ribosome-inactivating and related proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1556-615. [PMID: 26008228 PMCID: PMC4448163 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins that act as N-glycosidases (EC 3.2.2.22). They are mainly produced by plants and classified as type 1 RIPs and type 2 RIPs. There are also RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be grouped into the classical type 1 and type 2 RIPs because of their different sizes, structures or functions. In addition, there is still not a uniform nomenclature or classification existing for RIPs. In this review, we give the current status of all known plant RIPs and we make a suggestion about how to unify those RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be classified as type 1 or type 2 RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schrot
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Thakur M, Mergel K, Weng A, von Mallinckrodt B, Gilabert-Oriol R, Dürkop H, Melzig MF, Fuchs H. Targeted tumor therapy by epidermal growth factor appended toxin and purified saponin: an evaluation of toxicity and therapeutic potential in syngeneic tumor bearing mice. Mol Oncol 2012; 7:475-83. [PMID: 23298730 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted toxin-based therapeutics are hindered by poor intracellular uptake, limited stability and non-specific immune stimulation. To address these problems, ligand-targeted toxins in combination with low dose saponin mixtures have been adapted and tested in vivo in the past, however, undefined saponin raw mixtures are not suitable for use in clinical development. In the present work we therefore used a targeted toxin (Sap3-EGF, i.e. saporin fused to epidermal growth factor) in combination with a structurally defined isolated saponin m/z 1861 (SO-1861). In vitro evaluation confirmed a 6900-fold enhancement in the cytotoxic efficacy of Sap3-EGF against TSA-EGFR target cells. The required dose of the targeted toxin was appreciably reduced and there was a highly synergistic effect observed. An ex vivo hemolysis assay showed no or very less hemolysis up to 10 μg/mL of SO-1861. In the acute toxicity studies SO-1861 was found to be non-toxic up to a dose of 100 μg/treatment. The enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase did not show any statistically significant liver damage, which was further confirmed by histological examination. Additionally, creatinine was also similar to the control group thus ruling out damage to kidney. In vivo studies in a syngeneic BALB/c tumor model characterized by EGFR overexpression were done by applying 30 μg SO-1861 and 0.1 μg Sap3-EGF per treatment. A more than 90% reduction (p < 0.05) in the average tumor volume was observed by this combined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Thakur
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, D-12200 Berlin, Germany.
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Marshall RS, D'Avila F, Di Cola A, Traini R, Spanò L, Fabbrini MS, Ceriotti A. Signal peptide-regulated toxicity of a plant ribosome-inactivating protein during cell stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 65:218-29. [PMID: 21223387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The fate of the type I ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) saporin when initially targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in tobacco protoplasts has been examined. We find that saporin expression causes a marked decrease in protein synthesis, indicating that a fraction of the toxin reaches the cytosol and inactivates tobacco ribosomes. We determined that saporin is largely secreted but some is retained intracellularly, most likely in a vacuolar compartment, thus behaving very differently from the prototype RIP ricin A chain. We also find that the signal peptide can interfere with the catalytic activity of saporin when the protein fails to be targeted to the ER membrane, and that saporin toxicity undergoes signal sequence-specific regulation when the host cell is subjected to ER stress. Replacement of the saporin signal peptide with that of the ER chaperone BiP reduces saporin toxicity and makes it independent of cell stress. We propose that this stress-induced toxicity may have a role in pathogen defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Marshall
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
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de Virgilio M, Lombardi A, Caliandro R, Fabbrini MS. Ribosome-inactivating proteins: from plant defense to tumor attack. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2699-737. [PMID: 22069572 PMCID: PMC3153179 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2112699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are EC3.2.32.22 N-glycosidases that recognize a universally conserved stem-loop structure in 23S/25S/28S rRNA, depurinating a single adenine (A4324 in rat) and irreversibly blocking protein translation, leading finally to cell death of intoxicated mammalian cells. Ricin, the plant RIP prototype that comprises a catalytic A subunit linked to a galactose-binding lectin B subunit to allow cell surface binding and toxin entry in most mammalian cells, shows a potency in the picomolar range. The most promising way to exploit plant RIPs as weapons against cancer cells is either by designing molecules in which the toxic domains are linked to selective tumor targeting domains or directly delivered as suicide genes for cancer gene therapy. Here, we will provide a comprehensive picture of plant RIPs and discuss successful designs and features of chimeric molecules having therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessio Lombardi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy;
| | - Rocco Caliandro
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria Serena Fabbrini
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy;
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