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Fernandes DA. Comprehensive Review on Bubbles: Synthesis, Modification, Characterization and Biomedical Applications. Bioconjug Chem 2024. [PMID: 39377727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
Accurate detection, treatment, and imaging of diseases are important for effective treatment outcomes in patients. In this regard, bubbles have gained much attention, due to their versatility. Bubbles usually 1 nm to 10 μm in size can be produced and loaded with a variety of lipids, polymers, proteins, and therapeutic and imaging agents. This review details the different production and loading methods for bubbles, for imaging and treatment of diseases/conditions such as cancer, tumor angiogenesis, thrombosis, and inflammation. Bubbles can also be used for perfusion measurements, important for diagnostic and therapeutic decision making in cardiac disease. The different factors important in the stability of bubbles and the different techniques for characterizing their physical and chemical properties are explained, for developing bubbles with advanced therapeutic and imaging features. Hence, the review provides important insights for researchers studying bubbles for biomedical applications.
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2
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Ng SC, Biswas A, Huyton T, Schünemann J, Reber S, Görlich D. Barrier properties of Nup98 FG phases ruled by FG motif identity and inter-FG spacer length. Nat Commun 2023; 14:747. [PMID: 36765044 PMCID: PMC9918544 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nup98 FG repeat domains comprise hydrophobic FG motifs linked through uncharged spacers. FG motifs capture nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) during nuclear pore complex (NPC) passage, confer inter-repeat cohesion, and condense the domains into a selective phase with NPC-typical barrier properties. We show that shortening inter-FG spacers enhances cohesion, increases phase density, and tightens such barrier - all consistent with a sieve-like phase. Phase separation tolerates mutating the Nup98-typical GLFG motifs, provided domain-hydrophobicity remains preserved. NTR-entry, however, is sensitive to (certain) deviations from canonical FG motifs, suggesting co-evolutionary adaptation. Unexpectedly, we observed that arginines promote FG-phase-entry apparently also by hydrophobic interactions/ hydrogen-bonding and not just through cation-π interactions. Although incompatible with NTR·cargo complexes, a YG phase displays remarkable transport selectivity, particularly for engineered GFPNTR-variants. GLFG to FSFG mutations make the FG phase hypercohesive, precluding NTR-entry. Extending spacers relaxes this hypercohesion. Thus, antagonism between cohesion and NTR·FG interactions is key to transport selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheung Chun Ng
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abin Biswas
- Quantitative Biology, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biological Optomechanics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Trevor Huyton
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schünemann
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simone Reber
- Quantitative Biology, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Görlich
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
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3
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Aristova D, Selin R, Heil HS, Kosach V, Slominsky Y, Yarmoluk S, Pekhnyo V, Kovalska V, Henriques R, Mokhir A, Chernii S. Trimethine Cyanine Dyes as NA-Sensitive Probes for Visualization of Cell Compartments in Fluorescence Microscopy. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47734-47746. [PMID: 36591208 PMCID: PMC9798395 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose symmetrical cationic trimethine cyanine dyes with β-substituents in the polymethine chain based on modified benzothiazole and benzoxazole heterocycles as probes for the detection and visualization of live and fixed cells by fluorescence microscopy. The spectral-luminescent properties of trimethine cyanines have been characterized for free dyes and in the presence of nucleic acids (NA) and globular proteins. The studied cyanines are low to moderate fluorescent when free, but in the presence of NA, they show an increase in emission intensity up to 111 times; the most pronounced emission increase was observed for the dyes T-2 in the presence of dsDNA and T-1 with RNA. Spectral methods showed the binding of all dyes to nucleic acids, and different interaction mechanisms have been proposed. The ability to visualize cell components of the studied dyes has been evaluated using different human cell lines (MCF-7, A2780, HeLa, and Hs27). We have shown that all dyes are cell-permeant staining nucleus components, probably RNA-rich nucleoli with background fluorescence in the cytoplasm, except for the dye T-5. The dye T-5 selectively stains some structures in the cytoplasm of MCF-7 and A2780 cells associated with mitochondria or lysosomes. This effect has also been confirmed for the normal type of cell line-human foreskin fibroblasts (Hs27). The costaining of dye T-5 with MitoTracker CMXRos Red demonstrates specificity to mitochondria at a concentration of 0.1 μM. Colocalization analysis has shown signals overlapping of dye T-5 and MitoTracker CMXRos Red (Pearson's Coefficient value = 0.92 ± 0.04). The photostability study shows benzoxazole dyes to be up to ∼7 times more photostable than benzothiazole ones. Moreover, studied benzoxazoles are less cytotoxic at working concentrations than benzothiazoles (67% of cell viability for T-4, T-5 compared to 12% for T-1, and ∼30% for T-2, T-3 after 24 h). Therefore, the benzoxazole T-4 dye is proposed for nucleic acid detection in vitro and intracellular fluorescence imaging of live and fixed cells. In contrast, the benzoxazole dye T-5 is proposed as a good alternative to commercial dyes for mitochondria staining in the green-yellow region of the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Aristova
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Instituto
Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Roman Selin
- V.I.
Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry NASU, 32/34 Palladin Ave, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Organic
Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University
of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hannah Sophie Heil
- Instituto
Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Viktoriia Kosach
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Slominsky
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry NASU, 5 Murmans’ka St., 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy Yarmoluk
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vasyl Pekhnyo
- V.I.
Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry NASU, 32/34 Palladin Ave, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladyslava Kovalska
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- Instituto
Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Andriy Mokhir
- Organic
Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University
of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svitlana Chernii
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo St., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
- V.I.
Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry NASU, 32/34 Palladin Ave, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
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4
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Photonics of Trimethine Cyanine Dyes as Probes for Biomolecules. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196367. [PMID: 36234904 PMCID: PMC9573451 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanine dyes are widely used as fluorescent probes in biophysics and medical biochemistry due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties (their photonics). This review is focused on a subclass of the most widespread and studied cyanine dyes—trimethine cyanines, which can serve as potential probes for biomolecules. The works devoted to the study of the noncovalent interaction of trimethine cyanine dyes with biomolecules and changing the properties of these dyes upon the interaction are reviewed. In addition to the spectral-fluorescent properties, elementary photochemical properties of trimethine cyanines are considered, including: photoisomerization and back isomerization of the photoisomer, generation and decay of the triplet state, and its quenching by oxygen and other quenchers. The influence of DNA and other nucleic acids, proteins, and other biomolecules on these properties is covered. The interaction of a monomer dye molecule with a biomolecule usually leads to a fluorescence growth, damping of photoisomerization (if any), and an increase in intersystem crossing to the triplet state. Sometimes aggregation of dye molecules on biomolecules is observed. Quenching of the dye triplet state in a complex with biomolecules by molecular oxygen usually occurs with a rate constant much lower than the diffusion limit with allowance for the spin-statistical factor 1/9. The practical application of trimethine cyanines in biophysics and (medical) biochemistry is also considered. In conclusion, the prospects for further studies on the cyanine dye–biomolecule system and the development of new effective dye probes (including probes of a new type) for biomolecules are discussed.
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Supabowornsathit K, Faikhruea K, Ditmangklo B, Jaroenchuensiri T, Wongsuwan S, Junpra-Ob S, Choopara I, Palaga T, Aonbangkhen C, Somboonna N, Taechalertpaisarn J, Vilaivan T. Dicationic styryl dyes for colorimetric and fluorescent detection of nucleic acids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14250. [PMID: 35995925 PMCID: PMC9395382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18460-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid staining dyes are important tools for the analysis and visualizing of DNA/RNA in vitro and in the cells. Nevertheless, the range of commercially accessible dyes is still rather limited, and they are often very costly. As a result, finding nontoxic, easily accessible dyes, with desirable optical characteristics remains important. Styryl dyes have recently gained popularity as potential biological staining agents with many appealing properties, including a straightforward synthesis procedure, excellent photostability, tunable fluorescence, and high fluorescence quantum yield in the presence of nucleic acid targets with low background fluorescence signals. In addition to fluorescence, styryl dyes are strongly colored and exhibit solvatochromic properties which make them useful as colorimetric stains for low-cost and rapid testing of nucleic acids. In this work, novel dicationic styryl dyes bearing quaternary ammonium groups are designed to improve binding strength and optical response with target nucleic acids which contain a negatively charged phosphate backbone. Optical properties of the newly synthesized styryl dyes have been studied in the presence and absence of nucleic acid targets with the aim to find new dyes that can sensitively and specifically change fluorescence and/or color in the presence of nucleic acid targets. The binding interaction and optical response of the dicationic styryl dyes with nucleic acid were superior to the corresponding monocationic styryl dyes. Applications of the developed dyes for colorimetric detection of DNA in vitro and imaging of cellular nucleic acids are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotchakorn Supabowornsathit
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kriangsak Faikhruea
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Boonsong Ditmangklo
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Theeranuch Jaroenchuensiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry (CENP), Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sutthida Wongsuwan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry (CENP), Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirikarn Junpra-Ob
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ilada Choopara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanat Aonbangkhen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry (CENP), Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Naraporn Somboonna
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jaru Taechalertpaisarn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Tirayut Vilaivan
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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6
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Ng SC, Güttler T, Görlich D. Recapitulation of selective nuclear import and export with a perfectly repeated 12mer GLFG peptide. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4047. [PMID: 34193851 PMCID: PMC8245513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The permeability barrier of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) controls nucleocytoplasmic transport. It retains inert macromolecules while allowing facilitated passage of importins and exportins, which in turn shuttle cargo into or out of cell nuclei. The barrier can be described as a condensed phase assembled from cohesive FG repeat domains. NPCs contain several distinct FG domains, each comprising variable repeats. Nevertheless, we now found that sequence heterogeneity is no fundamental requirement for barrier function. Instead, we succeeded in engineering a perfectly repeated 12mer GLFG peptide that self-assembles into a barrier of exquisite transport selectivity and fast transport kinetics. This barrier recapitulates RanGTPase-controlled importin- and exportin-mediated cargo transport and thus represents an ultimately simplified experimental model system. An alternative proline-free sequence forms an amyloid FG phase. Finally, we discovered that FG phases stain bright with ‘DNA-specific’ DAPI/ Hoechst probes, and that such dyes allow for a photo-induced block of nuclear transport. The permeability barrier of nuclear pore complexes blocks passage of inert macromolecules but allows rapid, receptor-mediated, and RanGTPase-driven transport of cargoes up to ribosome size. The authors now show that such a barrier can be faithfully recapitulated by an ultimately simplified FG phase assembled solely from a tandemly repeated 12mer GLFG peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheung Chun Ng
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Güttler
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Görlich
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.
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7
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Aristova D, Volynets G, Chernii S, Losytskyy M, Balanda A, Slominskii Y, Mokhir A, Yarmoluk S, Kovalska V. Far-red pentamethine cyanine dyes as fluorescent probes for the detection of serum albumins. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200453. [PMID: 32874638 PMCID: PMC7428273 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazole based cyanine dyes with bridged groups in the pentamethine chain were studied as potential far-red fluorescent probes for protein detection. Spectral-luminescent properties were characterized for unbound dyes and in the presence of serum albumins (bovine (BSA), human (HSA), equine (ESA)), and globular proteins (β-lactoglobulin, ovalbumin). We have observed that the addition of albumins leads to a significant increase in dyes fluorescence intensity. However, the fluorescent response of dyes in the presence of other globular proteins was notably lower. The value of fluorescence quantum yield for dye bearing a sulfonate group complexed with HSA amounted to 42% compared with 0.2% for the free dye. The detection limit of HSA by this dye was greater than 0.004 mg ml-1 which indicates the high sensitivity of dye to low HSA concentrations. Modelling of structure of the dyes complexes with albumin molecules was performed by molecular docking. According to these data, dyes could bind to up to five sites on the HSA molecule; the most preferable are the haemin-binding site in subdomain IB and the dye-binding site in the pocket between subdomains IA, IIA and IIIA. This work confirms that pentamethine cyanine dyes could be proposed as powerful far-red fluorescent probes applicable for highly sensitive detection of albumins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Aristova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - G. Volynets
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - S. Chernii
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - M. Losytskyy
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - A. Balanda
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yu. Slominskii
- Institute of Organic Chemistry NASU, 5 Murmans'ka Street, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - A. Mokhir
- Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S. Yarmoluk
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - V. Kovalska
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Scientific Services Company Otava Ltd, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
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Natyrov AN, Vlasova NA, Matvienko IV, Volkov EM, Bayramov VM, Kurochkin VE, Alexeev JI. Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Polymethine Cyanine Fluorescent Dyes for Nucleic Acid Analysis by Real-Time PCR. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018040131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Jin C, Cerutti D, Cukier RI. Molecular Dynamics of Oxazole Yellow Dye in its Ground and First Excited Electronic States in Solution and when Intercalated in dsDNA. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10242-10248. [PMID: 29022340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxazole yellow (YOPRO), a cyanine dye consisting of benzoxazole and quinoline rings connected by a linker, is almost nonfluorescent in water, but its fluorescence is greatly enhanced after intercalation in double-stranded DNA, forming the basis of DNA concentration assays. To explore this difference, new potential energy surfaces for the two linker dihedral angles in the ground S0 and first excited S1 electronic states are developed. Umbrella sampling molecular dynamics is used to obtain the free energy of rotation around the two dihedral angles of the linker. The two-dimensional free energy surface of the S1 state, spanning the Franck-Condon transition point from the S0 electronic state minimum (dihedral 1 around 180°, dihedral 2 around 0°) to the S1 state minimum (∼90, ∼0), is obtained in water and when intercalated. In water, YOPRO's S1 free energy surface is completely downhill from the Franck-Condon point, whereas when intercalated, there is a barrier on the path. Thus, when intercalated in DNA, S1 YOPRO is more constrained than in water, supporting the hypothesis that intercalation does inhibit ring rotational motion around the linker and therefore strongly reduces the nonradiative relaxation, resulting in higher fluorescence intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - David Cerutti
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - Robert I Cukier
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
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Jia H, Lv Y, Wang S, Sun D, Wang L. Synthesis, crystal structures, and spectral properties of double N-alkylated dimethine cyanine dyes and their interactions with biomolecules and living cells. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10741a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new doubleN-alkylated dimethine cyanine dyes were synthesized, and their crystal structures and spectral properties, as well as their interaction with biomolecules and living cells, were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
| | - Ying Lv
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
| | - Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
| | - Dan Sun
- Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Lanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
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11
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Epicocconone staining: A powerful loading control for Western blots. Proteomics 2014; 14:162-8. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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