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Zribi I, Ghorbel M, Jrad O, Masmoudi K, Brini F. The wheat pathogenesis-related protein (TdPR1.2) enhanced tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. PROTOPLASMA 2024:10.1007/s00709-024-01955-w. [PMID: 38687397 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In plants, the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins have been identified as important regulators of biotic and abiotic stresses. PR proteins branch out into 19 different classes (PR1-PR19). Basically, all PR proteins display a well-established method of action, with the notable exception of PR1, which is a member of a large superfamily of proteins with a common CAP domain. We have previously isolated and characterized the first PR1 from durum wheat, called TdPR-1.2. In the current research work, TdPR1.2 gene was used to highlight its functional activities under various abiotic (sodium chloride (100 mM NaCl) and oxidative stresses (3 mM H2O2), hormonal salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA), and abiotic stresses (Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani). Enhancement survival index was detected in Arabidopsis transgenic plants expressing TdPR1.2 gene. Moreover, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated induction of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). It equally revealed a decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in transgenic Arabidopsis plants compared to control lines, confirming the role of TdPR1.2 in terms of alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Eventually, RT-qPCR results showed a higher expression of biotic stress-related genes (PR1 and PDF1.2) in addition to a downregulation of the wound-related gene (LOX3 and VSP2) in transgenic lines treated with jasmonic acid (JA). Notably, these findings provide evidence for the outstanding functions of PR1.2 from durum wheat which can be further invested to boost tolerance in crop plants to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Zribi
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP "1177" 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ghorbel
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, 81451, Ha'il City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olfa Jrad
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP "1177" 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Masmoudi
- College of Food and Agriculture, Arid Land Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faiçal Brini
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP "1177" 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Simmi FZ, Dallagnol LJ, Ferreira AS, Pereira DR, Souza GM. Electrome alterations in a plant-pathogen system: Toward early diagnosis. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 133:107493. [PMID: 32145516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to verify the existence of patterns on the electrophysiological systemic responses of tomato plants inoculated with a pathogenic fungus in an environment with controlled light and temperature. Electrical signalling was measured before and after inoculation in the same plants, and data were analysed with time series techniques and approximate multi-scale entropy (ApEn). Machine learning algorithms were utilised in order to classify data before and after infection throughout the five days of experiments. The obtained results have shown that it is possible to distinguish differences in the plant's electrome activity before and after the fungus inoculation. In some cases, we have found scale invariance quantified by the power law decay in the distribution histogram. We also found a higher degree of internal organisation quantified by ApEn. The results of the classification algorithms achieved higher accuracy of infection detection at the initial stage of pathogen recognition by the plant. Besides, this study showed evidence that long-distance electrical signalling is likely involved in the plant-pathogen interaction, since signals were obtained in the stem and the inoculum applied on the plant leaves. This might be useful for the early detection of plant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Z Simmi
- Federal University of Pelotas, Post-Graduation Programme on Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - L J Dallagnol
- Federal University of Pelotas, Crop Protection Graduate Program, Faculty of Agronomy Eliseu Maciel, Department of Crop Protection, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - A S Ferreira
- Federal University of Pelotas, Department of Physics, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - D R Pereira
- University of Western São Paulo, Machine Intelligence Laboratory, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - G M Souza
- Federal University of Pelotas, Post-Graduation Programme on Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Li J, Staiger CJ. Understanding Cytoskeletal Dynamics During the Plant Immune Response. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:513-533. [PMID: 29975609 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton is a dynamic framework of cytoplasmic filaments that rearranges as the needs of the cell change during growth and development. Incessant turnover mechanisms allow these networks to be rapidly redeployed in defense of host cytoplasm against microbial invaders. Both chemical and mechanical stimuli are recognized as danger signals to the plant, and these are perceived and transduced into cytoskeletal dynamics and architecture changes through a collection of well-recognized, previously characterized players. Recent advances in quantitative cell biology approaches, along with the powerful molecular genetics techniques associated with Arabidopsis, have uncovered two actin-binding proteins as key intermediaries in the immune response to phytopathogens and defense signaling. Certain bacterial phytopathogens have adapted to the cytoskeletal-based defense mechanism during the basal immune response and have evolved effector proteins that target actin filaments and microtubules to subvert transcriptional reprogramming, secretion of defense-related proteins, and cell wall-based defenses. In this review, we describe current knowledge about host cytoskeletal dynamics operating at the crossroads of the molecular and cellular arms race between microbes and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
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Shen Y, Liu N, Li C, Wang X, Xu X, Chen W, Xing G, Zheng W. The early response during the interaction of fungal phytopathogen and host plant. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170057. [PMID: 28469008 PMCID: PMC5451545 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants can be infected by a variety of pathogens, most of which can cause severe economic losses. The plants resist the invasion of pathogens via the innate or acquired immune system for surviving biotic stress. The associations between plants and pathogens are sophisticated beyond imaging and the interactions between them can occur at a very early stage after their touching each other. A number of researchers in the past decade have shown that many biochemical events appeared even as early as 5 min after their touching for plant disease resistance response. The early molecular interactions of plants and pathogens are likely to involve protein phosphorylation, ion fluxes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other signalling transduction. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in the study for molecular interaction response of fungal pathogens and host plant at the early infection stage, which included many economically important crop fungal pathogens such as cereal rust fungi, tomato Cladosporium fulvum, rice blast and so on. By dissecting the earlier infection stage of the diseases, the avirulent/virulent genes of pathogen or resistance genes of plant could be defined more clearly and accurately, which would undoubtedly facilitate fungal pathogenesis study and resistant crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhen Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
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Chang X, Seo M, Takebayashi Y, Kamiya Y, Riemann M, Nick P. Jasmonates are induced by the PAMP flg22 but not the cell death-inducing elicitor Harpin in Vitis rupestris. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:271-283. [PMID: 26769707 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ two layers of defence that differ with respect to cell death: pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). In our previous work, we have comparatively mapped the molecular events in a cell system derived from the wild American grape Vitis rupestris, where cell death-independent defence can be triggered by PAMP flg22, whereas the elicitor Harpin activates a cell death-related ETI-like response. Both defence responses overlapped with respect to early events, such as calcium influx, apoplastic alkalinisation, oxidative burst, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling, activation of defence-related genes and accumulation of phytoalexins. However, timing and amplitude of early signals differed. In the current study, we address the role of jasmonates (JAs) as key signalling compounds in hypersensitive cell death. We find, in V. rupestris, that jasmonic acid and its bioactive conjugate jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) rapidly accumulate in response to flg22 but not in response to Harpin. However, Harpin can induce programmed cell death, whereas exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) fails to do so, although both signals induce a similar response of defence genes. Also in a second cell line from V. vinifera cv. 'Pinot Noir', where Harpin cannot activate cell death and where flg22 fails to induce JA and JA-Ile, defence genes are activated in a similar manner. These findings indicate that the signal pathway culminating in cell death must act independently from the events culminating in the accumulation of toxic stilbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamiya
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Frescatada-Rosa M, Robatzek S, Kuhn H. Should I stay or should I go? Traffic control for plant pattern recognition receptors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:23-9. [PMID: 26344487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ cell surface-localised receptors to recognise potential invaders via perception of microbe-derived molecules. This is mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that bind microbe-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns or perceive apoplastic effector proteins secreted by microorganisms. In either case, effective recognition and initiation of appropriate defence responses rely on a signalling competent pool of receptors at the cell surface. Maintenance of this pool of receptors at the plasma membrane is guaranteed by sorting of properly folded ligand-unbound and ligand-bound receptors via the secretory-endosomal network in an activation-dependent manner. Recent findings highlight that ligand-induced endocytosis is found across members of distinct PRR families suggesting a conserved mechanism by which PRRs and immunity is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Chaparro-Garcia A, Schwizer S, Sklenar J, Yoshida K, Petre B, Bos JIB, Schornack S, Jones AME, Bozkurt TO, Kamoun S. Phytophthora infestans RXLR-WY Effector AVR3a Associates with Dynamin-Related Protein 2 Required for Endocytosis of the Plant Pattern Recognition Receptor FLS2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137071. [PMID: 26348328 PMCID: PMC4562647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens utilize effectors to suppress basal plant defense known as PTI (Pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity). However, our knowledge of PTI suppression by filamentous plant pathogens, i.e. fungi and oomycetes, remains fragmentary. Previous work revealed that the co-receptor BAK1/SERK3 contributes to basal immunity against the potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Moreover BAK1/SERK3 is required for the cell death induced by P. infestans elicitin INF1, a protein with characteristics of PAMPs. The P. infestans host-translocated RXLR-WY effector AVR3a is known to supress INF1-mediated cell death by binding the plant E3 ligase CMPG1. In contrast, AVR3aKI-Y147del, a deletion mutant of the C-terminal tyrosine of AVR3a, fails to bind CMPG1 and does not suppress INF1-mediated cell death. Here, we studied the extent to which AVR3a and its variants perturb additional BAK1/SERK3-dependent PTI responses in N. benthamiana using the elicitor/receptor pair flg22/FLS2 as a model. We found that all tested variants of AVR3a suppress defense responses triggered by flg22 and reduce internalization of activated FLS2. Moreover, we discovered that AVR3a associates with the Dynamin-Related Protein 2 (DRP2), a plant GTPase implicated in receptor-mediated endocytosis. Interestingly, silencing of DRP2 impaired ligand-induced FLS2 internalization but did not affect internalization of the growth receptor BRI1. Our results suggest that AVR3a associates with a key cellular trafficking and membrane-remodeling complex involved in immune receptor-mediated endocytosis. We conclude that AVR3a is a multifunctional effector that can suppress BAK1/SERK3-mediated immunity through at least two different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Schwizer
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kentaro Yoshida
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jorunn I. B. Bos
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tolga O. Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Wu G, Liu S, Zhao Y, Wang W, Kong Z, Tang D. ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE4 associates with CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAIN2 and modulates plant immunity by regulating relocation of EDR1 in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:857-73. [PMID: 25747881 PMCID: PMC4558660 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.134668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Obligate biotrophs, such as the powdery mildew pathogens, deliver effectors to the host cell and obtain nutrients from the infection site. The interface between the plant host and the biotrophic pathogen thus represents a major battleground for plant-pathogen interactions. Increasing evidence shows that cellular trafficking plays an important role in plant immunity. Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE4 (EDR4) plays a negative role in resistance to powdery mildew and that the enhanced disease resistance in edr4 mutants requires salicylic acid signaling. EDR4 mainly localizes to the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments. Genetic analyses show that EDR4 and EDR1 function in the same genetic pathway. EDR1 and EDR4 accumulate at the penetration site of powdery mildew infection, and EDR4 physically interacts with EDR1, recruiting EDR1 to the fungal penetration site. In addition, EDR4 interacts with CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAIN2 (CHC2), and edr4 mutants show reduced endocytosis rates. Taken together, our data indicate that EDR4 associates with CHC2 and modulates plant immunity by regulating the relocation of EDR1 in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Simu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaofei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Abstract
Advances in microscopy techniques applied to living cells have dramatically transformed our view of the actin cytoskeleton as a framework for cellular processes. Conventional fluorescence imaging and static analyses are useful for quantifying cellular architecture and the network of filaments that support vesicle trafficking, organelle movement, and response to biotic stress. However, new imaging techniques have revealed remarkably dynamic features of individual actin filaments and the mechanisms that underpin their construction and turnover. In this review, we briefly summarize knowledge about actin and actin-binding proteins in plant systems. We focus on the quantitative properties of the turnover of individual actin filaments, highlight actin-binding proteins that participate in actin dynamics, and summarize the current genetic evidence that has been used to dissect specific aspects of the stochastic dynamics model. Finally, we describe some signaling pathways in which recent data implicate changes in actin filament dynamics and the associated cytoplasmic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences and
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