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Stindt CN, Crespi S, Feringa BL. Synthesis of Styrylbenzazole Photoswitches and Evaluation of their Photochemical Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401409. [PMID: 38761405 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Styrylbenzazoles form a promising yet under-represented class of photoswitches that can perform a light-driven E-Z isomerization of the central alkene double bond without undergoing irreversible photocyclization, typical of the parent stilbene. In this work, we report the synthesis and photochemical study of 23 styrylbenzazole photoswitches. Their thermal stabilities, quantum yields, maximum absorption wavelengths and photostationary state (PSS) distributions can be tuned by changing the benzazole heterocycle and the substitution pattern on the aryl ring. In particular, we found that push-pull systems show large redshifts of the maximum absorption wavelengths and the highest quantum yields, whereas ortho-substituted styrylbenzazole photoswitches exhibit the most favorable PSS ratios. Taking advantage of both design principles, we produced 2,6-dimethyl-4-(dimethylamino)-styrylbenzothiazole, a thermally stable and efficient P-type photoswitch which displays negative photochromism upon irradiation with visible light up to 470 nm to obtain a near-quantitative isomerization with a very high quantum yield of 59 %. Furthermore, 4-hydroxystyrylbenzoxazole was demonstrated to be a pH-sensitive switch which exhibits a 100 nm redshift upon deprotonation. Ortho-methylation of its benzothiazole analogue improved the obtained PSS ratio in its deprotonated state from E : Z=53 : 47 to E : Z=18 : 82. We anticipate that this relatively unexplored class of photoswitches will form a valuable expansion of the current family of photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte N Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Ångström Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Wang J, Zhao P, Li X, Fu H, Yang X, Wang G, Yang Y, Wei H, Zhou Z, Liao W. Evaluating the Photodynamic Biocidal Activity and Investigating the Mechanism of Thiazolium Cyanine Dyes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1580-1588. [PMID: 35021648 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop ideal photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT), a thiazolium group was introduced in cyanine dyes to possess the advantages of intense absorption in the visible region and anti-microbial activity. We evaluated the anti-bacterial activity of the three thiazolium cyanine dyes against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria) in vitro. This is the first time that such kinds of cyanine dyes are applied in the photodynamic antibiotic area. Cyanines display excellent anti-bacterial activity to S. aureus and E. coli exposed to white light irradiation, and the corresponding light-induced biocidal efficacy of cyanines increased with irradiation time and concentration. At the same time, there was no observation of dark anti-bacterial abilities. Especially, cyanines show low cell cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility. These results suggest that thiazolium cyanine could work as a photosensitizer in PDT with great promise and broad applications for killing bacteria. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the vital factor for combating bacteria exposure to white light conditions, whereas it is not the only determining factor of the biocidal activity. The interaction of the cyanine to the cell membrane also plays a critical role in killing bacteria, which has exhibited a synergic effect of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. It influences the cell uptake and the membrane perturbation activity of the cyanines, which indirectly affects the biocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaxia Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanquan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchuan Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu, Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Sichuan 215123, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Wei
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu, Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Sichuan 215123, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liao
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China
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Leslie KG, Jacquemin D, New EJ, Jolliffe KA. Expanding the Breadth of 4-Amino-1,8-naphthalimide Photophysical Properties through Substitution of the Naphthalimide Core. Chemistry 2018; 24:5569-5573. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230; Université de Nantes; 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
- Institut Universitaire de France; 1 rue Descartes 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Elizabeth J. New
- School of Chemistry; The University of Sydney; 2006 NSW Australia
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Abstract
This work explores the effect of the environment on the rate of photolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenol (24-DNP), an important environmental toxin. In stark contrast to the slow photolysis of 24-DNP in an aqueous solution, the photolysis rate is increased by more than an order of magnitude for 24-DNP dissolved in 1-octanol or embedded in secondary organic material (SOM) produced by ozonolysis of α-pinene. Lowering the temperature decreased the photolysis rate of 24-DNP in SOM much more significantly than that of 24-DNP in octanol, with effective activation energies of 53 kJ/mol and 12 kJ/mol, respectively. We discuss the possibility that the increasing viscosity of the SOM matrix constrains the molecular motion, thereby suppressing the hydrogen atom transfer reaction to the photo-excited 24-DNP. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of a significant effect of the matrix, and possibly viscosity, on the rate of an atmospheric photochemical reaction within SOM. It suggests that rates of photochemical processes in organic aerosols will depend on both relative humidity and temperature and thus altitude. The results further suggest that photochemistry in SOM may play a key role in transformations of atmospheric organics. For example, 24-DNP and other nitro-aromatic compounds should readily photodegrade in organic particulate matter, which has important consequences for predicting their environmental fates and impacts.
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Bashmakova NV, Shaydyuk YO, Levchenko SM, Masunov AE, Przhonska OV, Bricks JL, Kachkovsky OD, Slominsky YL, Piryatinski YP, Belfield KD, Bondar MV. Design and electronic structure of new styryl dye bases: steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic studies. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4502-9. [PMID: 24918283 DOI: 10.1021/jp503263f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive investigation of the electronic structure and fast relaxation processes in the excited states of new styryl base-type derivatives was performed using steady-state, pico-, and femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Linear photophysical parameters of new compounds, including steady-state absorption, fluorescence, and excitation anisotropy spectra, were obtained in a number of organic solvents at room temperature. A detailed analysis of the fluorescence lifetimes and ultrafast relaxation processes in the electronically excited state of the styryl bases revealed an important role of solvate dynamics and donor-acceptor strength of the molecular structures in the formation of their excited state absorption spectra. Experimental data were in good agreement with quantum chemical calculations at the time dependent density functional theory level, combined with a polarizable continuum model.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Bashmakova
- Institute of Physics , Prospect Nauki, 46, Kyiv-28 03028, Ukraine
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Liu X, Shu X, Zhou X, Zhang X, Zhu J. Ultra-sensitive fluorescent sensor for Hg2+ based on a donor-acceptor-donor framework. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:13370-5. [PMID: 21141869 DOI: 10.1021/jp109304q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new fluoroionophore [E-4,4'-di(N-(2-pyridyl)amino)stilbene, E1] with a donor-acceptor-donor framework, which features a central stilbene (acceptor) fluorophore and two terminal pyridylamino (donor) ionophores, is reported. The probe displays an ultrasensitive fluorescence quenching response toward Hg(2+) in H(2)O/THF. Coordination of Hg(2+) to E1 affords a 2:1 complex, enabling the detection of Hg(2+) at a concentration as low as 4.4 × 10(-14) M. The interactions between the two species have been thoroughly characterized with UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations provide further insights into the nature of the fluorescence quenching response. In contrast, a fluorescent molecule with the donor-acceptor architecture, E-4-(N-(2-pyridyl)amino)stilbene (E4), exhibits a greatly attenuated fluorescence quenching response toward Hg(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqiang Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Rusalov MV, Uzhinov BM, Alfimov MV, Gromov SP. Complexation of crown-containing butadienyl dyes with alkali and alkaline earth metal cations in the ground and excited electron states. Russ Chem Bull 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-010-0223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Descalzo A, Rurack K. On the Signalling Pathways and CuII-Mediated Anion Indication ofN-meso-Substituted Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes. Chemistry 2009; 15:3173-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ros-Lis J, Martínez-Máñez R, Sancenón F, Soto J, Spieles M, Rurack K. Squaraines as Reporter Units: Insights into their Photophysics, Protonation, and Metal-Ion Coordination Behaviour. Chemistry 2008; 14:10101-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Descalzo AB, Martínez-Máñez R, Radeglia R, Rurack K, Soto J. Coupling selectivity with sensitivity in an integrated chemosensor framework: design of a Hg(2+)-responsive probe, operating above 500 nm. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:3418-9. [PMID: 12643689 DOI: 10.1021/ja0290779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For the highly selective and sensitive sensing of Hg2+ in water, a new design concept was realized where the selectivity of the probe's binding site is amplified by electronic properties of the chromophore. The molecular architecture of this phenoxazinone-type sensor molecule combines two potential coordination sites via an amino-keto conjugative backbone. These structural prerequisites allow only the most preferred mercuric ion to bind to the dithia dioxa monoaza crown unit, while other heavy, transition, and main group metal ions as well as protons are trapped at the keto group, inducing opposite spectral effects due to interaction with either the donor (Hg2+) or the acceptor group (other cations) of the probe. Besides these advantageous features, the probe operates well within the visible range of the spectrum and displays rather intense molar absorptivities as well as fluorescence quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Descalzo
- GDDS, Departamento de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
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Laage D, Plaza P, Blanchard-Desce M, Martin MM. Multiple relaxation pathways in push-pull polyenes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002; 1:526-35. [PMID: 12659165 DOI: 10.1039/b203201p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Subpicosecond absorption and gain spectroscopy are used to investigate the excited-state behavior of push-pull polyenes made of a diethylthiobarbituric acid electron-acceptor group and a dibutylaniline electron-donor group linked by a pi-conjugated chain. Four polyenes of increasing length, ranging from n = 2 to 5 double bonds, are compared. The relaxation path and relaxation kinetics are studied in dioxane and in cyclohexane, a polar and a nonpolar solvent, respectively. In dioxane, the results provide evidence for the formation of an emissive transient state on an ultrashort time scale (2-3 ps) attributed to a charge transfer (CT) state. The regular shift of the gain peak of this transient state with increase in the chain length (ca. 100 nm per added double bond) indicates that its structure is similar to that of a cyanine, i.e. with a fully conjugated polyenic chain. Its lifetime ranges from a few tens to a few hundreds of picoseconds depending on the chain length. When the number of double bonds increases from n = 2 to 3, the lifetime increases, then decreases continuously for longer chains. In cyclohexane, where the transient CT state is not formed, the decay of the initial excited state follows the same trend when the chain length increases but the lifetimes are shorter than that of the CT state in dioxane. In both solvents, the characterization of long-lived photoproducts by synchronizing two low repetition-rate subpicosecond laser systems demonstrates a change in the relaxation route as the chain length increases. Isomerization occurs for n = 2, whereas intersystem crossing to the triplet state occurs for n = 4. The change in the relaxation channel is observed for n = 3 in both solvents with however a solvent-dependent behavior. In dioxane, relaxation to the triplet state is already observed for n = 3, while an intermediate regime with a relaxation directly to the ground state is observed in cyclohexane. The photophysics of the studied push-pull polyenes is tentatively compared to that of polymethine cyanines and substituted carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Laage
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure (UMR CNRS 8640 PASTEUR), 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Integrated Supramolecular Systems: From Sensors to Switches. FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY, IMAGING AND PROBES 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56067-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Rurack K. Flipping the light switch 'on'--the design of sensor molecules that show cation-induced fluorescence enhancement with heavy and transition metal ions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2001; 57:2161-2195. [PMID: 11603837 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(01)00492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Real-time and real-space analysis of heavy and transition metal ions employing fluorescent sensor molecules has received much attention over the past few years. Since many of these cations possess intrinsic properties that usually quench the fluorescence of organic dye molecules, a lot of research has lately been devoted to designing fluorescent probes that show complexation-induced fluorescence enhancement. Such an analytical reaction would be highly desirable in terms of increased sensitivity and selectivity. However, in this particular field of sensor research, the photophysical and photochemical mechanisms involved as well as the chemical constitutions of the sensor molecules employed are rather diverse and up to now, very few attempts have been made to establish some general concepts for rational probe design. By analyzing various systems published by other researchers as well as own work, this contribution aims at an elucidation of some of the underlying principles of heavy and transition metal ion-enhanced emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rurack
- Department I.3902, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, German.
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