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Ungi I, Pálinkás A, Nemes A, Ungi T, Thury A, Sepp R, Horváth T, Forster T, Végh Á. Myocardial protection with enalaprilat in patients unresponsive to ischemic preconditioning during percutaneous coronary intervention. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 86:827-34. [DOI: 10.1139/y08-096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardioprotection due to angiotensin enzyme inhibitors is attributed, at least in part, to the inhibition of bradykinin breakdown and the preconditioning effect of the elevated endogenous bradykinin level. We have previously shown that in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, one 120-second balloon inflation is insufficient to precondition the heart. The objective of the present study was to examine whether the administration of enalaprilat to these patients results in protection. Twenty patients underwent two 120-second coronary artery occlusions separated by a reperfusion interval of 10 min. Ten patients were given 50 µg·min–1 enalaprilat in an intracoronary infusion between the balloon inflations, whereas the others received an infusion of saline. In the latter control patients, there were no significant differences in ST-segment elevation between the consecutive occlusions (peak ST: 1.61 ± 0.17 vs. 1.61 ± 0.16 mV; time to reach 0.5 mV ST elevation: 16 ± 4 vs. 22 ± 7 s; mean ST: 1.03 ± 0.12 vs. 1.02 ± 0.11 mV). In the patients who received enalaprilat before the second balloon inflation, the ST-segment elevation was significantly less pronounced and slower during the second inflation than during the first (peak ST: 1.80 ± 0.18 vs. 1.41 ± 0.19 mV; time to reach 0.5 mV ST elevation: 18 ± 4 vs. 30 ± 4 s; mean ST: 1.04 ± 0.11 vs. 0.85 ± 0.14 mV). We conclude that enalaprilat administered during percutaneous coronary intervention provides protection to patients who do not have a protective response to the initial balloon inflation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Ungi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6720, Pécsi Street 4, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Medicine, Szent Erzsébet Hospital, Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Attila Pálinkás
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6720, Pécsi Street 4, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Medicine, Szent Erzsébet Hospital, Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Attila Nemes
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6720, Pécsi Street 4, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Medicine, Szent Erzsébet Hospital, Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Tamás Ungi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6720, Pécsi Street 4, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Medicine, Szent Erzsébet Hospital, Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Attila Thury
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6720, Pécsi Street 4, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Medicine, Szent Erzsébet Hospital, Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Róbert Sepp
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6720, Pécsi Street 4, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Medicine, Szent Erzsébet Hospital, Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Tamás Horváth
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6720, Pécsi Street 4, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Medicine, Szent Erzsébet Hospital, Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Tamás Forster
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6720, Pécsi Street 4, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Medicine, Szent Erzsébet Hospital, Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Végh
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6720, Pécsi Street 4, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Medicine, Szent Erzsébet Hospital, Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
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Fatehi-Hassanabad Z, Parratt JR. Genistein, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase, prevents the antiarrhythmic effects of preconditioning. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 338:67-70. [PMID: 9408004 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The possible involvement of tyrosine kinase in the signal transduction processes associated with the antiarrhythmic effects of ischaemic preconditioning was assessed by the administration, prior to the preconditioning stimulus, of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (5 mg/kg i.v.) to pentobarbitone anaesthetised male rats. The hearts were then removed, perfused by the Langendorff technique and preconditioned by a single brief (3 min) coronary artery occlusion prior to the 30 min test ischaemic insult. Preconditioning reduced ventricular arrhythmias during occlusion (e.g., premature ventricular beats from 333 +/- 60 in controls to 52 +/- 5 in preconditioned hearts; P < 0.05) but this protective effect was not observed in the hearts of rats given genistein (272 +/- 37 premature beats). A similar abolition of the protective effects of preconditioning could be demonstrated in hearts perfused in vitro with genistein (100 microM). This suggests the involvement of tyrosine kinase activation in this powerful form of endogenous cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fatehi-Hassanabad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Gho BC, Eskildsen-Helmond YE, de Zeeuw S, Lamers JM, Verdouw PD. Does protein kinase C play a pivotal role in the mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1997; 10:775-86. [PMID: 9110122 DOI: 10.1007/bf00053036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This communication reviews the evidence for the pivotal role of protein kinase C in ischemic myocardial preconditioning. It is believed that several intracellular signalling pathways via receptor-coupled phospholipase C and its "cross-talk" with phospholipase D converge to activation of protein kinase C isotypes which is followed by phosphorylation of until now (a number of) unknown target proteins which produce the protective state of ischemic preconditioning. After briefly introducing the general biochemical properties of protein kinase C, its isotypes and the limitations of the methodology used to investigate the role of protein kinase C, studies are discussed in which pharmacological inhibition and activation and (immunore) activity and/or isotypes measurements of protein kinase C isotypes were applied to assess the role of activation of protein kinase C in ischemic myocardial preconditioning. It is concluded that definitive proof for the involvement of protein kinase C in preconditioning requires future studies which must focus on the isotype(s) of protein kinase C that are activated, the duration of action, cellular translocation sites and the identity and stability (of covalently bound phosphate) of phosphorylated substrate proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Gho
- Department of Biochemistry (Cardiovascular Research Institute COEUR), Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Wilson S, Song W, Karoly K, Ravingerova T, Vegh A, Papp J, Tomisawa S, Parratt JR, Pyne NJ. Delayed cardioprotection is associated with the sub-cellular relocalisation of ventricular protein kinase C epsilon, but not p42/44MAPK. Mol Cell Biochem 1996; 160-161:225-30. [PMID: 8901477 DOI: 10.1007/bf00240053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Both noradrenaline administration to rats and rapid cardiac pacing in dogs induces delayed protection of the heart against ischaemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias. In an attempt to establish molecular mechanisms underlying the delayed cardioprotection, we have examined the potential role of two kinases, PKC epsilon and p42/44MAPK. These protein kinases are expressed in the ventricles of the heart and are characterised by their ability to regulate ion-flux and gene transcription. In the rat p42MAPK is predominantly localised in the high-speed supernatant fraction of the ventricle homogenate, whereas p44MAPK is enriched in the nuclear low speed pellet. A small proportion of the p42MAPK is activated even in hearts from control animals. However, neither kinase is relocalised or activated by noradrenaline administration and this provides preliminary evidence the p42/44MAPK may not play a significant role in delayed protection in this species. In contrast, noradrenaline does induce the translocation of PKC epsilon to cell membranes, a response that is sustained for up to 4 h. However, PKC epsilon is down-regulated from the cytoplasm after 24 h post noradrenaline treatment. PKC epsilon is also translocated to the membrane in dogs that have been classically pre-conditioned and cardiac paced. In the latter case, translocation of PKC epsilon from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane is evident 24 h after pacing. These results indicate that the release of endogenous mediators may either inhibit down-regulation or elicit an increase in PKC epsilon mRNA expression. Therefore, in dog heart the subcellular relocalisation of PKC epsilon persists into the 'second window' and may play a central role in the molecular mechanism governing delayed cardioprotection. It is important in the future to identify either the gene products that are induced or the target protein(s) that are phosphorylated by PKC epsilon.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
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Goto M, Liu Y, Yang XM, Ardell JL, Cohen MV, Downey JM. Role of bradykinin in protection of ischemic preconditioning in rabbit hearts. Circ Res 1995; 77:611-21. [PMID: 7641331 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.77.3.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bradykinin receptor activation has been proposed to be involved in ischemic preconditioning. In the present study, we further investigated the role of this agent in preconditioning in both isolated and in situ rabbit hearts. All hearts were subjected to 30 minutes of regional ischemia followed by reperfusion for 2 hours (in vitro hearts) and 3 hours (in situ hearts). Infarct size was measured by tetrazolium staining and expressed as a percentage of the size of the risk zone. Preconditioning in situ hearts with 5 minutes of ischemia and 10 minutes of reperfusion significantly reduced infarct size to 10.2 +/- 2.2% of the risk region (P < .0005 versus control infarct size of 36.7 +/- 2.6%). Pretreatment with HOE 140 (26 micrograms/kg), a bradykinin B2 receptor blocker, did not alter infarct size in nonpreconditioned hearts (40.6 +/- 5.3% infarction) but abolished protection from ischemic preconditioning (34.1 +/- 1.6% infarction). However, when HOE 140 was administered during the initial reflow period following 5 minutes of ischemia, protection was no longer abolished (15.6 +/- 3.9% infarction versus 13.3 +/- 3.8% without HOE 140, P = NS). Bradykinin infusion in isolated hearts mimicked preconditioning, and protection was not affected by pretreatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin but could be completely abolished by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors polymyxin B and staurosporine as well as by HOE 140. HOE 140 could not block the protection of ischemic preconditioning in isolated hearts. That failure was apparently due to the absence of blood-borne kininogens rather than autonomic nerves. When the preconditioning stimulus in the in situ model was amplified with four cycles of 5-minute ischemia/10-minute reperfusion, HOE 140 pretreatment could no longer block protection (infarct size was 10.7 +/- 3.5% versus 6.4 +/- 2.0% without HOE 140, P = NS). We propose that bradykinin receptors protect by coupling to PKC as do adenosine receptors, and blockade of either receptor will diminish the total stimulus of PKC below threshold and prevent protection. A more intense preconditioning ischemic stimulus can overcome bradykinin receptor blockade, however, by simply enhancing the amount of adenosine and possibly other agonists released.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goto
- Department of Medicine, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile 36688, USA
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