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Abstract
A transgenic mouse carries within its genome an artificial DNA construct (transgene) that is deliberately introduced by an experimentalist. These animals are widely used to understand gene function and protein function. When addressing the history of transgenic mouse technology, it is apparent that a number of basic science research areas laid the groundwork for success. These include reproductive science, genetics and molecular biology, and micromanipulation and microscopy equipment. From reproductive physiology came applications on how to optimize mouse breeding, how to superovulate mice to produce zygotes for DNA microinjection or preimplantation embryos for combination with embryonic stem (ES) cells, and how to return zygotes and embryos to a pseudopregnant surrogate dam for gestation and birth. From developmental biology, it was learned how to micromanipulate embryos for morula aggregation and blastocyst microinjection and how to establish germline competent ES cells. From genetics came the foundational principles governing the inheritance of genes, the interactions of gene products, and an understanding of the phenotypic consequences of genetic mutations. From molecular biology came a panoply of tools and reagents that are used to clone DNA transgenes, to detect the presence of transgenes, to assess gene expression by measuring transcription, and to detect proteins in cells and tissues. Technical advances in light microscopes, micromanipulators, micropipette pullers, and ancillary equipment made it possible for experimentalists to insert thin glass needles into zygotes or embryos under controlled conditions to inject DNA solutions or ES cells. To fully discuss the breadth of contributions of these numerous scientific disciplines to a comprehensive history of transgenic science is beyond the scope of this work. Examples will be used to illustrate scientific developments central to the foundation of transgenic technology and that are in use today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Saunders
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Quadros RM, Miura H, Harms DW, Akatsuka H, Sato T, Aida T, Redder R, Richardson GP, Inagaki Y, Sakai D, Buckley SM, Seshacharyulu P, Batra SK, Behlke MA, Zeiner SA, Jacobi AM, Izu Y, Thoreson WB, Urness LD, Mansour SL, Ohtsuka M, Gurumurthy CB. Easi-CRISPR: a robust method for one-step generation of mice carrying conditional and insertion alleles using long ssDNA donors and CRISPR ribonucleoproteins. Genome Biol 2017; 18:92. [PMID: 28511701 PMCID: PMC5434640 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conditional knockout mice and transgenic mice expressing recombinases, reporters, and inducible transcriptional activators are key for many genetic studies and comprise over 90% of mouse models created. Conditional knockout mice are generated using labor-intensive methods of homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells and are available for only ~25% of all mouse genes. Transgenic mice generated by random genomic insertion approaches pose problems of unreliable expression, and thus there is a need for targeted-insertion models. Although CRISPR-based strategies were reported to create conditional and targeted-insertion alleles via one-step delivery of targeting components directly to zygotes, these strategies are quite inefficient. RESULTS Here we describe Easi-CRISPR (Efficient additions with ssDNA inserts-CRISPR), a targeting strategy in which long single-stranded DNA donors are injected with pre-assembled crRNA + tracrRNA + Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (ctRNP) complexes into mouse zygotes. We show for over a dozen loci that Easi-CRISPR generates correctly targeted conditional and insertion alleles in 8.5-100% of the resulting live offspring. CONCLUSIONS Easi-CRISPR solves the major problem of animal genome engineering, namely the inefficiency of targeted DNA cassette insertion. The approach is robust, succeeding for all tested loci. It is versatile, generating both conditional and targeted insertion alleles. Finally, it is highly efficient, as treating an average of only 50 zygotes is sufficient to produce a correctly targeted allele in up to 100% of live offspring. Thus, Easi-CRISPR offers a comprehensive means of building large-scale Cre-LoxP animal resources.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- DNA, Single-Stranded/genetics
- DNA, Single-Stranded/metabolism
- Endonucleases/genetics
- Endonucleases/metabolism
- Founder Effect
- Gene Editing/methods
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Loci
- Integrases/genetics
- Integrases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic/genetics
- Mice, Transgenic/growth & development
- Microinjections
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/methods
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/metabolism
- Recombinational DNA Repair
- Ribonucleoproteins/genetics
- Ribonucleoproteins/metabolism
- Zygote/growth & development
- Zygote/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolen M Quadros
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hiromi Miura
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Donald W Harms
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hisako Akatsuka
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- Department of Host Defense Mechanism, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takehito Sato
- Department of Host Defense Mechanism, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Tomomi Aida
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory of Recombinant Animals, MRI, TMDU, 2-3-10, 2-3-10, Surugadai, Kanda, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
- Present address: McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ronald Redder
- High-Throughput DNA Sequencing and Genotyping Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Shannon M Buckley
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Disease, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Disease, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mark A Behlke
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Sarah A Zeiner
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Ashley M Jacobi
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Yayoi Izu
- Department of Animal Risk Management, Chiba Institute of Science, 3 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Wallace B Thoreson
- Truhlsen Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Lisa D Urness
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Suzanne L Mansour
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Channabasavaiah B Gurumurthy
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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