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Zagar T, Valic B, Kotnik T, Korat S, Tomsic S, Zadnik V, Gajsek P. Estimating exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields near high-voltage power lines and assessment of possible increased cancer risk among Slovenian children and adolescents. Radiol Oncol 2023; 57:59-69. [PMID: 36609540 PMCID: PMC10039480 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2023-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some previous research showed that average daily exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) of more than 0.3 or 0.4 μT could potentially increase risk of childhood leukaemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS To allow calculations of ELF MF around high voltage (HV) power lines (PL) for the whole Slovenia, a new three-dimensional method including precision terrain elevation data was developed to calculate the long-term average ELF MF. Data on population of Slovenian children and adolescents and on cancer patients with leukaemia's aged 0-19 years, brain tumours at age 0-29, and cancer in general at age 0-14 for a 12-year period 2005-2016 was obtained from the Slovenian Cancer Registry. RESULTS According to the large-scale calculation for the whole country, only 0.5% of children and adolescents under the age of 19 in Slovenia lived in an area near HV PL with ELF MF density greater than 0.1 μT. The risk of cancer for children and adolescents living in areas with higher ELF MF was not significantly different from the risk of their peers. CONCLUSIONS The new method enables relatively fast calculation of the value of low-frequency magnetic fields for arbitrary loads of the power distribution network, as the value of each source for arbitrary load is calculated by scaling the value for nominal load, which also enables significantly faster adjustment of calculated estimates in the power distribution network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Zagar
- Slovenian Cancer Registry, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaz Valic
- INIS - Institute for Non-Ionizing Radiation, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Kotnik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Korat
- Slovenian Cancer Registry, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sonja Tomsic
- Slovenian Cancer Registry, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Zadnik
- Slovenian Cancer Registry, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Gajsek
- INIS - Institute for Non-Ionizing Radiation, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Association of Toll-like receptors polymorphisms with the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the Brazilian Amazon. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15159. [PMID: 36071076 PMCID: PMC9452670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common hematologic malignancy in children in childhood. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in key molecules of the immune system, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and CD14 molecules, are associated with the development of several diseases. However, their role in ALL is unknown. A case–control study was performed with 152 ALL patients and 187 healthy individuals to investigate the role of SNPs in TLRs and the CD14 gene in ALL. In this study, TLR6 C > T rs5743810 [OR: 3.20, 95% CI: 1.11–9.17, p = 0.003) and TLR9 C > T rs187084 (OR: 2.29, 95% CI: 1.23–4.26, p = 0.000) seems to be a risk for development of ALL. In addition, the TLR1 T > G rs5743618 and TLR6 C > T rs5743810 polymorphisms with protection against death (OR: 0.17, 95% IC: 0.04–0.79, p = 0.008; OR: 0.48, 95% IC: 0.24–0.94, p = 0.031, respectively). Our results show that SNPs in TLRs genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of ALL and may influence clinical prognosis; however, further studies are necessary to elucidate the role of TLR1, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR9 and CD14 polymorphisms in this disease.
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Decreased IL-10 accelerates B-cell leukemia/lymphoma in a mouse model of pediatric lymphoid leukemia. Blood Adv 2021; 6:854-865. [PMID: 34727170 PMCID: PMC8945291 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell deficiency and DNA damage in the bone marrow of Il10−/− mice are associated with inflammation and mitigated by antibiotics. In ETV6-RUNX1+Cdkn2a−/− mice, low IL-10 accelerates the development of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma in a dose-dependent manner.
Exposures to a wide repertoire of common childhood infections and strong inflammatory responses to those infections are associated with the risk of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in opposing directions. Neonatal inflammatory markers are also related to risk by unknown mechanism(s). Here, we demonstrate that interleukin-10 (IL-10) deficiency, which is associated with childhood B-ALL, indirectly impairs B lymphopoiesis and increases B-cell DNA damage in association with a module of 6 proinflammatory/myeloid-associated cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-13, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β/CCL4, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor). Importantly, antibiotics attenuated inflammation and B-cell defects in preleukemic Cdkn2a−/−Il10−/− mice. In an ETV6-RUNX1+ (E6R1+) Cdkn2a−/− mouse model of B-ALL, decreased levels of IL-10 accelerated B-cell neoplasms in a dose-dependent manner and altered the mutational profile of these neoplasms. Our results illuminate a mechanism through which a low level of IL-10 can create a risk for leukemic transformation and support developing evidence that microbial dysbiosis contributes to pediatric B-ALL.
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Langie SA, Timms JA, De Boever P, McKay JA. DNA methylation and the hygiene hypothesis: connecting respiratory allergy and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Epigenomics 2019; 11:1519-1537. [PMID: 31536380 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The hygiene hypothesis states that a lack of infection in early-life suppresses immune system development, and is linked to respiratory allergy (RA) and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) risk. Little is known about underlying mechanisms, but DNA methylation is altered in RA and ALL, and in response to infection. We investigated if aberrant methylation may be in common between these diseases and associated with infection. Materials & methods: RA and ALL disease-associated methylation signatures were compared and related to exposure-to-infection signatures. Results: A significant number of genes overlapped between RA and ALL signatures (p = 0.0019). Significant overlaps were observed between exposure-to-infection signatures and disease-associated signatures. Conclusion: DNA methylation may be a mediating mechanism through which the hygiene hypothesis is associated with RA and ALL risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine As Langie
- VITO-Health, 2400 Mol, Belgium.,Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Jessica A Timms
- Institute for Health & Society, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK.,Systems Cancer Immunology Lab, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Oncology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Patrick De Boever
- VITO-Health, 2400 Mol, Belgium.,Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Jill A McKay
- Institute for Health & Society, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK.,Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST, UK
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Sundberg JP, Schofield PN. Living inside the box: environmental effects on mouse models of human disease. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.035360. [PMID: 30194139 PMCID: PMC6215423 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the laboratory environment on animal models of human disease, particularly the mouse, has recently come under intense scrutiny regarding both the reproducibility of such environments and their ability to accurately recapitulate elements of human environmental conditions. One common objection to the use of mice in highly controlled facilities is that humans live in much more diverse and stressful environments, which affects the expression and characteristics of disease phenotypes. In this Special Article, we review some of the known effects of the laboratory environment on mouse phenotypes and compare them with environmental effects on humans that modify phenotypes or, in some cases, have driven genetic adaptation. We conclude that the 'boxes' inhabited by mice and humans have much in common, but that, when attempting to tease out the effects of environment on phenotype, a controlled and, importantly, well-characterized environment is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul N Schofield
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609-1500, USA.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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Swaminathan S, Klemm L, Park E, Papaemmanuil E, Ford A, Kweon SM, Trageser D, Hasselfeld B, Henke N, Mooster J, Geng H, Schwarz K, Kogan SC, Casellas R, Schatz DG, Lieber MR, Greaves MF, Müschen M. Mechanisms of clonal evolution in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:766-774. [PMID: 25985233 PMCID: PMC4475638 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) can often be traced to a pre-leukemic clone carrying a prenatal genetic lesion. Postnatally acquired mutations then drive clonal evolution toward overt leukemia. The enzymes RAG1-RAG2 and AID, which diversify immunoglobulin-encoding genes, are strictly segregated in developing cells during B lymphopoiesis and peripheral mature B cells, respectively. Here we identified small pre-BII cells as a natural subset with increased genetic vulnerability owing to concurrent activation of these enzymes. Consistent with epidemiological findings on childhood ALL etiology, susceptibility to genetic lesions during B lymphopoiesis at the transition from the large pre-BII cell stage to the small pre-BII cell stage was exacerbated by abnormal cytokine signaling and repetitive inflammatory stimuli. We demonstrated that AID and RAG1-RAG2 drove leukemic clonal evolution with repeated exposure to inflammatory stimuli, paralleling chronic infections in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Swaminathan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Lars Klemm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eugene Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
| | | | - Anthony Ford
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London UK
| | - Soo-Mi Kweon
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Huimin Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Scott C Kogan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | | | | | | | - Mel F Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London UK
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
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Swaminathan S, Müschen M. Follicular lymphoma: too many reminders for a memory B cell. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5095-8. [PMID: 25384212 PMCID: PMC4348960 DOI: 10.1172/jci79189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells are a dynamic subset of the mature B cell population that in some cases can reenter germinal centers (GCs) in response to iterative infections. Such a reactivation can lead to accumulation of genetic lesions in these cells, potentially from repetitive activation of the B cell mutator enzyme AID. Normal memory B cells do not survive repeated reentries into GCs. In this issue, Sungalee et al. demonstrate that memory B cells harboring the oncogenic BCL2:IGH translocation, which results in constitutive BCL2 expression, survive multiple GC entries upon repetitive immunization. Through these multiple GC reentries, the hallmark BCL2:IGH translocation enables AID-induced hypermutation and propagates clonal evolution toward malignant follicular lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Swaminathan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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