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Rodriguez-Morelos VH, Calonne-Salmon M, Declerck S. Anastomosis within and between networks of Rhizophagus irregularis is differentially influenced by fungicides. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:15-21. [PMID: 36680651 PMCID: PMC9938072 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play key roles in soil fertility of agroecosystems. They develop dense extraradical mycelial (ERM) networks via mechanisms such as hyphal anastomosis. These connections between hyphae can be affected by agricultural practices such as the use of fungicides, but how these compounds affect anastomosis formation within and more importantly between networks of the same AM fungal strain remains poorly unexplored. Here, the impact of azoxystrobin, pencycuron, flutolanil, and fenpropimorph at 0.02 and 2 mg L-1 were tested in vitro on the anastomosis formation within and between networks of Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833. Azoxystrobin and fenpropimorph had a particularly detrimental impact, at the highest concentration (2 mg L-1), on the number of anastomoses within and between networks, and for fenpropimorph in particular at both concentrations (0.02 and 2 mg L-1) on the number of anastomoses per length of hyphae. Curiously fenpropimorph at 0.02 mg L-1 significantly stimulated spore production, while with azoxystrobin, the reverse was observed at 2 mg L-1. The two other fungicides, pencycuron and flutolanil, had no detrimental effects on spore production or anastomosis formation within and between networks. These results suggest that fungicides with different modes of action and concentrations differentially affect anastomosis possibly by altering the hyphal tips of AM fungi and may thus affect the capacity of AM fungi to develop large hyphal networks exploring and exploiting the soil at the service of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Rodriguez-Morelos
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, Box L7.05.06, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Maryline Calonne-Salmon
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, Box L7.05.06, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, Box L7.05.06, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.
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2
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Srivastava A, Sharma VK, Kaushik P, El-Sheikh MA, Qadir S, Mansoor S. Effect of silicon application with mycorrhizal inoculation on Brassica juncea cultivated under water stress. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261569. [PMID: 35389996 PMCID: PMC8989204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica juncea L. is a significant member of the Brassicaceae family, also known as Indian mustard. Water is a limiting factor in the successful production of this crop. Here, we tested the effect of water shortage in B. juncea plants supplemented with or without the application of silicon and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in total 8 different treatments compared under open filed conditions using a randomised complete block design (RCBD). The treatments under control conditions were control (C, T1); C+Silicon (Si, T2); C+My (Mycorrhiza; T3); and C+Si+My (T4). In contrast, treatments under stress conditions were S (Stress; T5); S+Si (T6); S+My (T7) and S+Si+My (T8), respectively. In total, we evaluated 16 traits, including plant response to stress by evaluating peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity. The fresh weight (g) increased only 7.47 percent with mycorrhiza (C+My) and 22.39 percent with silicon (C+Si) but increased 291.08 percent with both mycorrhiza and silicon (C+Si+My). Using mycorrhiza (S+My) or silicon (S+Si) alone produced a significant increase of 53.16 percent and 55.84 percent in fresh weight, respectively, while using both mycorrhiza and silicon (S+Si+My) together produced a dramatic increase of 380.71 percent under stress conditions. Superoxidase dismutase concentration (Ug−1 FW) was found to be increased by 29.48 percent, 6.71 percent, and 22.63 percent after applying C+My, C+Si and C+Si+My, but treatment under stress revealed some contrasting trends, with an increase of 11.21 percent and 19.77 percent for S+My, S+Si+My, but a decrease of 13.15 percent for S+Si. Finally, in the presence of stress, carotenoid content (mg/g FW) increased by 58.06 percent, 54.83 percent, 183.87 percent with C+My, and 23.81 percent with S+My and S+Si+My, but decreased by 22.22 percent with S+Si. Silicon application proved to be more effective than AMF treatment with Rhizophagus irregularis, and the best results were obtained with the combination of Si and AMF. This work will help to suggest the measures to overcome the water stress in B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Srivastava
- Department of Botany, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh
| | - Vijay Kumar Sharma
- Department Genetics and Plant Breeding, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Kaushik
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Mohamed A. El-Sheikh
- Botany and Microbiology Department College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaista Qadir
- Department of Botany, Womens College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sheikh Mansoor
- Division of Biochemistry FBSc, SKUAST Jammu J&K, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Dallstream C, Weemstra M, Soper FM. A framework for fine‐root trait syndromes: syndrome coexistence may support phosphorus partitioning in tropical forests. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique Weemstra
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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Garcés-Ruiz M, Calonne-Salmon M, Bremhorst V, Declerck S. Diesel fuel differentially affects hyphal healing in Gigaspora sp. and Rhizophagus irregularis. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:413-421. [PMID: 33661390 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocarbon pollution is an increasing problem affecting soil ecosystems. However, some microorganisms can cope with these pollutants and even facilitate plant establishment and thus phytoremediation. Within soil, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have developed several strategies to survive and flourish under adverse conditions. Among these is the hyphal healing mechanism (HHM), a process allowing hyphae to re-establish integrity after physical injury. This mechanism differs among species and genera of AMF. However, whether and to what extent hydrocarbon pollution impacts the HHM is unknown. Here, the HHM was monitored in vitro on two AMF strains, Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 and Gigaspora sp. MUCL 52331, under increasing concentrations of diesel (1, 2, and 5% v:v). The addition of diesel slowed-down the HHM in both fungi. On Gigaspora sp., this effect was limited and most hyphae were able to heal after injury. Conversely, all steps of healing were severely impaired in R. irregularis. That fungus reconnected the injured hyphae at a much lower frequency than the Gigaspora sp., instead investing its energy to link neighboring hyphae or roots, or developing new branches from uninjured hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Garcés-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Mycology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Maryline Calonne-Salmon
- Laboratory of Mycology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Vincent Bremhorst
- Statistical Methodology and Computing Service, Université catholique de Louvain, Voie du Roman Pays 20, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Laboratory of Mycology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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5
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de Novais CB, Sbrana C, da Conceição Jesus E, Rouws LFM, Giovannetti M, Avio L, Siqueira JO, Saggin Júnior OJ, da Silva EMR, de Faria SM. Mycorrhizal networks facilitate the colonization of legume roots by a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:389-396. [PMID: 32215759 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00948-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) absorb and translocate nutrients from soil to their host plants by means of a wide network of extraradical mycelium (ERM). Here, we assessed whether nitrogen-fixing rhizobia can be transferred to the host legume Glycine max by ERM produced by Glomus formosanum isolate CNPAB020 colonizing the grass Urochloa decumbens. An H-bridge experimental system was developed to evaluate the migration of ERM and of the GFP-tagged Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110 strain across an air gap compartment. Mycorrhizal colonization, nodule formation in legumes, and occurrence of the GFP-tagged strain in root nodules were assessed by optical and confocal laser scanning microscopy. In the presence of non-mycorrhizal U. decumbens, legume roots were neither AMF-colonized nor nodulated. In contrast, G. formosanum ERM crossing the discontinuous compartment connected mycorrhizal U. decumbens and G. max roots, which showed 30-42% mycorrhizal colonization and 7-11 nodules per plant. Fluorescent B. diazoefficiens cells were detected in 94% of G. max root nodules. Our findings reveal that, besides its main activity in nutrient transfer, ERM produced by AMF may facilitate bacterial translocation and the simultaneous associations of plants with beneficial fungi and bacteria, representing an important structure, functional to the establishment of symbiotic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candido Barreto de Novais
- Instituto de Floresta, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Sbrana
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology UOS Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciano Avio
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - José Oswaldo Siqueira
- DCS-Laboratório de Microbiologia do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
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A Whole-Plant Culture Method to Study Structural and Functional Traits of Extraradical Mycelium. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2146:33-41. [PMID: 32415593 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0603-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An in vivo whole-plant bi-dimensional experimental system has been devised and tested with different host plants, in order to obtain extraradical mycelium (ERM) produced by different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In this system, a host plant germling is inoculated with AMF to establish mycorrhizal symbiosis, and, after colonization, newly formed extraradical hyphae and spores are removed. Then the mycorrhizal root system is wrapped in a nylon net and placed between membranes in a Petri dish, allowing ERM to grow on the membrane surface. Such extraradical hyphae may be used for in situ morphometric analyses or collected for molecular or biochemical assays: in the latter case, the plant with its root sandwich may be reassembled to renew mycelium production. In this experimental system, which was tested with diverse host plant species and lines, values of explored membrane surface areas and densities of ERM showed wide ranges of variation, and its length ranged from 9.7 ± 2.0 to 48.8 ± 9.9 m per plant, depending on host and AMF identity. Across the different plant-AMF combinations tested, the whole-plant system produced 2.0 ± 0.6 to 5.3 ± 0.3 mg of ERM fresh biomass per plant per harvest. This experimental system can be used for a wide range of AMF and host plants species, either establishing arbuscular mycorrhizas or other mycorrhizal interactions. ERM produced and collected in the whole-plant system is suitable for morphological, physiological, and molecular analyses, facilitating studies on the different aspects of mycorrhizal symbiotic interactions.
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7
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Stoian V, Vidican R, Crişan I, Puia C, Şandor M, Stoian VA, Păcurar F, Vaida I. Sensitive approach and future perspectives in microscopic patterns of mycorrhizal roots. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10233. [PMID: 31308444 PMCID: PMC6629619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The harmonization of methodologies for the assessment of radicular endophytic colonization is a current necessity, especially for the arbuscular mycorrhizas. The functionality of mycorrhizal symbionts for plants can be described only by indicators obtained based on microscopic analysis. That is the reason for which a unifying methodology will lead to the achievement of highly correlated indicators comparable from one research to another. Our proposed methodology can further digitize the microscopic observations of colonization. The MycoPatt system is developed as a methodological framework for obtaining objective and comparable microscopic observations. The horizontal, vertical and transversal indicators are highly adaptable and allow the tracking of mycorrhizal colonization in root length. All structures developed by symbionts can be traced and the obtained metadata can be compared without any transformation. Mycorrhizal maps have a high degree of applicability in evaluating soil inoculum efficiency. In the future, the application of this method will lead to digital maps with a high degree of accuracy. MycoPatt allows the mathematical expression of colonization patterns, being a complex model that converts biological data into statistically comparable indicators. This will further allow obtaining inferences with applicative importance and similarity spectra for the colonizing fungi and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Stoian
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania.
| | - Roxana Vidican
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania.
| | - Ioana Crişan
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania
| | - Carmen Puia
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant pathology, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania
| | - Mignon Şandor
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil ecology, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania
| | - Valentina A Stoian
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil ecology, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania
| | - Florin Păcurar
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Grasslands and forage crops, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania
| | - Ioana Vaida
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Grasslands and forage crops, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania
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8
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de Novais CB, Giovannetti M, de Faria SM, Sbrana C. Two herbicides, two fungicides and spore-associated bacteria affect Funneliformis mosseae extraradical mycelium structural traits and viability. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:341-349. [PMID: 31190279 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The extraradical mycelium (ERM) produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is fundamental for the maintenance of biological fertility in agricultural soils, representing an important inoculum source, together with spores and mycorrhizal root fragments. Its viability and structural traits, such as density, extent and interconnectedness, which are positively correlated with the growth and nutrition of host plants, may be affected by different agronomic practices, including the use of pesticides and by different mycorrhizospheric communities. This work, carried out using a whole-plant experimental model system, showed that structural traits of ERM, such as length and density, were strongly decreased by the herbicides dicamba and glufosinolate and the fungicides benomyl and fenhexamid, while anastomosis frequency and hyphal branching were differentially modulated by singly inoculated mycorrhizospheric bacteria, depending on their identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candido Barreto de Novais
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, PI, Italy
- Forestry Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Sergio Miana de Faria
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Sbrana
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology UOS Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Scott TW, Kiers ET, Cooper GA, dos Santos M, West SA. Evolutionary maintenance of genomic diversity within arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:2425-2435. [PMID: 30891190 PMCID: PMC6405528 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Most organisms are built from a single genome. In striking contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi appear to maintain genomic variation within an individual fungal network. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi dwell in the soil, form mutualistic networks with plants, and bear multiple, potentially genetically diverse nuclei within a network. We explore, from a theoretical perspective, why such genetic diversity might be maintained within individuals. We consider selection acting within and between individual fungal networks. We show that genetic diversity could provide a benefit at the level of the individual, by improving growth in variable environments, and that this can stabilize genetic diversity even in the presence of nuclear conflict. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi complicate our understanding of organismality, but our findings offer a way of understanding such biological anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Institute of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life SciencesVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Miguel dos Santos
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of PsychologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Stuart A. West
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Magdalen CollegeOxfordUK
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Pepe A, Giovannetti M, Sbrana C. Lifespan and functionality of mycorrhizal fungal mycelium are uncoupled from host plant lifespan. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10235. [PMID: 29980700 PMCID: PMC6035242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts, living in associations with the roots of most land plants. AMF produce wide networks of extraradical mycelium (ERM) of indeterminate length, spreading from host roots into the surrounding soil and establishing belowground interconnections among plants belonging to the same or to different taxa. Whether their lifespan and functionality are limited by host plant viability or can be extended beyond this limit is unknown. To address this issue, we performed time-course studies to investigate viability and functionality of ERM produced in an in vivo whole-plant system by Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizoglomus irregulare, after shoot detachment. Our data revealed that viability and functionality of F. mosseae and R. irregulare extraradical hyphae were uncoupled from host plant lifespan. Indeed, ERM spreading from roots of intact or shootless plants showed comparable levels of viability, similar structural traits and ability to establish mycorrhizal symbioses with new plants, as long as five months after shoot removal. Our findings expand the current knowledge on AMF biology and life cycle, providing data on ERM long-term survival in the soil of two Glomeracean species, functional to the prompt establishment of mycorrhizal symbioses and to the maintenance of soil biological fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pepe
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Cristiana Sbrana
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, UOS Pisa, Pisa, 56124, Italy.
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Sbrana C, Strani P, Pepe A, de Novais CB, Giovannetti M. Divergence of Funneliformis mosseae populations over 20 years of laboratory cultivation, as revealed by vegetative incompatibility and molecular analysis. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:329-341. [PMID: 29574495 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread, important plant symbionts. They absorb and translocate mineral nutrients from the soil to host plants through an extensive extraradical mycelium, consisting of indefinitely large networks of nonseptate, multinucleated hyphae which may be interconnected by hyphal fusions (anastomoses). This work investigated whether different lineages of the same isolate may lose the ability to establish successful anastomoses, becoming vegetatively incompatible, when grown separately. The occurrence of hyphal incompatibility among five lineages of Funneliformis mosseae, originated from the same ancestor isolate and grown in vivo for more than 20 years in different European locations, was assessed by systematic detection of anastomosis frequency and cytological studies. Anastomosis frequencies ranged from 60 to 80% within the same lineage and from 17 to 44% among different lineages. The consistent detection of protoplasm continuity and nuclei in perfect fusions showed active protoplasm flow both within and between lineages. In pairings between different lineages, post-fusion incompatible reactions occurred in 6-48% of hyphal contacts and pre-fusion incompatibility in 2-17%. Molecular fingerprinting profiles showed genetic divergence among lineages, with overall Jaccard similarity indices ranging from 0.85 to 0.95. Here, phenotypic divergence among the five F. mosseae lineages was demonstrated by the reduction of their ability to form anastomosis and the detection of high levels of vegetative incompatibility. Our data suggest that potential genetic divergence may occur in AMF over only 20 years and represent the basis for detailed studies on the relationship between genes regulating anastomosis formation and hyphal compatibility in AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Sbrana
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, UOS Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Strani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pepe
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Candido Barreto de Novais
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Forestry Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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12
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Pepe A, Giovannetti M, Sbrana C. Different levels of hyphal self-incompatibility modulate interconnectedness of mycorrhizal networks in three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi within the Glomeraceae. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:325-332. [PMID: 26630971 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) live in symbiosis with most plant species and produce underground extraradical hyphal networks functional in the uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients from the soil to host plants. This work investigated whether fungal genotype can affect patterns of interconnections and structural traits of extraradical mycelium (ERM), by comparing three Glomeraceae species growing in symbiosis with five plant hosts. An isolate of Funneliformis coronatus consistently showed low ability to form interconnected ERM and self-incompatibility that represented up to 21% of hyphal contacts. The frequency of post-fusion self-incompatible interactions, never detected before in AMF extraradical networks, was 8.9%. In F. coronatus ERM, the percentage of hyphal contacts leading to perfect hyphal fusions was 1.2-7.7, while it ranged from 25.8-48 to 35.6-53.6 in Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae, respectively. Low interconnectedness of F. coronatus ERM resulted also from a very high number of non-interacting contacts (83.2%). Such findings show that AMF genotypes in Glomeraceae can differ significantly in anastomosis behaviour and that ERM interconnectedness is modulated by the fungal symbiont, as F. coronatus consistently formed poorly interconnected networks when growing in symbiosis with five different host plants and in the asymbiotic stage. Structural traits, such as extent, density and hyphal self-compatibility/incompatibility, may represent key factors for the differential performance of AMF, by affecting fungal absorbing surface and foraging ability and thus nutrient flow from soil to host roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pepe
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristiana Sbrana
- CNR, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology UOS Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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