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Khabib MNH, Sivasanku Y, Lee HB, Kumar S, Kue CS. Alternative animal models in predictive toxicology. Toxicology 2022; 465:153053. [PMID: 34838596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity testing relies heavily on animals, especially rodents as part of the non-clinical laboratory testing of substances. However, the use of mammalians and the number of animals employed in research has become a concern for institutional ethics committees. Toxicity testing involving rodents and other mammals is laborious and costly. Alternatively, non-rodent models are used as replacement, as they have less ethical considerations and are cost-effective. Of the many alternative models that can be used as replacement models, which ones can be used in predictive toxicology? What is the correlation between these models and rodents? Are there standardized protocols governing the toxicity testing of these commonly used predictive models? This review outlines the common alternative animal models for predictive toxicology to address the importance of these models, the challenges, and their standard testing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nur Hamizan Khabib
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yogeethaa Sivasanku
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hong Boon Lee
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University Lakesike Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Siang Kue
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Schanz FR, Sommer S, Lami A, Fontaneto D, Ozgul A. Life-history responses of a freshwater rotifer to copper pollution. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:10947-10955. [PMID: 34429893 PMCID: PMC8366851 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In organisms with dormant stages, life-history responses to past pollution can be studied retrospectively. Here, we study such responses in a rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus) from the once heavily copper-polluted Lake Orta (Italy). We extracted resting eggs from sediments, established clonal lineages from hatchlings, and exposed newborns of these lineages to one of three copper concentrations that each mimicked a specific period in the lake's pollution history. For each rotifer, we daily collected life-table data. We then estimated treatment-specific vital rates and used a stage-structured population model to project population growth rate λ. We also estimated elasticities of λ to vital rates and contributions of vital rates to observed Δλ between copper treatments. As expected, λ decreased with increasing copper concentration. This decrease resulted mostly from a decline in juvenile survival rate (SJ ) and partly from a decline in the survival rate of asexually reproducing females (SA ). Maturation rate, and with one exception fecundity, also declined but did not contribute consistently to Δλ. λ was most elastic to SJ and SA , indicating that survival rates were under stronger selection than maturation rate and fecundity. Together, our results indicate that variation in juvenile survival is a key component in the rotifers' copper response. The consistent decrease in SJ with increasing copper stress and the sensitivity of λ to that decrease also suggest that juvenile survival is a useful indicator of population performance under environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica R. Schanz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Sommer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Andrea Lami
- Water Research InstituteNational Research Council of ItalyVerbania PallanzaItaly
| | - Diego Fontaneto
- Water Research InstituteNational Research Council of ItalyVerbania PallanzaItaly
| | - Arpat Ozgul
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Snell TW, Persoone G. A rapid, simple screening toxicity test using desiccated bdelloid rotifers: Rotifer Activity Inhibition Test (RAIT). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:3810-3819. [PMID: 32462623 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A protocol for an ultra-rapid screening toxicity test is described using the rotifer Philodina acuticornis/roseola. The test can be executed in 30 min starting from the rehydration of desiccated life stages called tuns. Philodina tuns remain viable for years when maintained dry and at low temperature. They are very useful for conducting toxicity tests because the test animals do not require cultivation and are available to initiate tests anytime and anywhere. The swimming/crawling activity of rehydrated Philodina tuns is used as an endpoint to compare activity in control dilution water with inhibition of activity in an environmental sample. The Rotifer Activity Inhibition Test (RAIT) estimates toxicity semi-quantitatively using four toxicity categories: non-toxic, slightly toxic, very toxic, and 100% toxic. As proof of principle, RAIT has been tested on environmental samples from a variety of habitats and RAIT results have been compared with those obtained from traditional toxicity tests with bacteria, algae, Daphnia, and fish. Broad congruence between the effect signals of the rapid RAIT screening test and traditional assays has been found for river surface waters, industrial wastewaters, and sludge leachates from waste water treatment plants. Rotifers are an important group of animals in aquatic and soil food webs, and RAIT is a welcome new method for simple, ultra-rapid, and low-cost toxicity screening with a representative of this ecologically important group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Snell
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Guido Persoone
- Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Rivera-Dávila OL, Sánchez-Martínez G, Rico-Martínez R. Ecotoxicity of pesticides and semiochemicals used for control and prevention of conifer bark beetle (Dendroctonus spp.) outbreaks. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128375. [PMID: 33297283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Application of pyrethroid pesticides and semiochemicals are two treatments used worldwide to control conifer bark beetles (Dendroctonus spp.); their residues can reach water reservoirs and water currents through run off and affect non-target organisms such as freshwater invertebrates. Therefore, we assessed the 48-h lethal toxicity, chronic toxicity (reproduction inhibition), and bioaccumulation of three pyrethroid pesticides (bifenthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin) and two semiochemicals (verbenone and 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one) in two freshwater invertebrates: the cladoceran Alona guttata and the rotifer Lecane papuana. Bifenthrin was the most toxic of the five chemical compounds tested followed by deltamethrin and then cypermethrin, which was the least toxic pyrethroid for both species. Semiochemicals were far less toxic than pyrethroids and verbenone was most toxic than 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one for both species. For the rotifer Lecane papuana, the pyrethroid with the highest Bioconcentration Factor was bifenthrin, and for the semiochemicals it was 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one. For the cladoceran Alona guttata, the pyrethroid with the highest bioconcentration factor was cypermethrin and for the semiochemicals it was verbenone. The pyrethroid with highest body burdens both lethal and chronic was cypermethrin. Semiochemicals showed lethal and chronic body burdens 12-fold higher than pyrethroids and were therefore less toxic than pyrethroids. These results showed that the semiochemicals verbenone and 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one are a safe tool for the freshwater invertebrates tested when compared with pyrethroid pesticides. Cypermethrin was the least toxic of the pyrethroids tested and therefore could be considered as a good candidate to control outbreaks of the conifer bark beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lidia Rivera-Dávila
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Avenida Universidad 940, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, C.P. 20131, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Sánchez-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Regional Norte Centro, Campo Experimental Pabellón, INIFAP, Km. 32.5 Carretera Aguascalientes-Zacatecas, Pabellón de Arteaga, Ags. C.P, 20670, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Rico-Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Avenida Universidad 940, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, C.P. 20131, Mexico.
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Snell TW, Johnston RK, Matthews AB, Park N, Berry S, Brashear J. Using Proales similis (Rotifera) for toxicity assessment in marine waters. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:634-644. [PMID: 30801956 PMCID: PMC6593453 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to develop more animal species for assessing toxicity in marine environments. Cyst-based toxicity tests using invertebrates are especially fast, technically simple, cost-effective, and sensitive to a variety of toxicants. Over the past 30 years, a variety of toxicity endpoints have been measured using the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis hatched from cysts, including mortality, reproduction, ingestion, swimming, enzyme activity, and gene expression. A consensus has developed that the most ecologically relevant toxicity measurements should be made using more than one species. Furthermore, it has been noted that the rotifer species toxicant sensitivity distribution is much broader than which endpoint is measured. This implies that toxicity should be measured with the simplest, fastest, least expensive test available on as many species as feasible. If a battery of test species is to be used to estimate toxicity, diapause egg-based toxicity tests that do not require culturing of test animals will be key. In this paper, we describe how diapause eggs of a new marine rotifer, Proales similis, can be produced, stored and hatched under controlled conditions to produce animals for toxicity tests. Methods are described for quantifying the toxicity of copper, mercury and cadmium based on mortality, ingestion, reproduction, and diapause egg hatching endpoints. We found that reproduction and ingestion endpoints were generally more sensitive to the metals than mortality or diapause egg hatching. When the copper sensitivity of P. similis was compared to Brachionus manjavacas and B. plicatilis using an ingestion test, similar EC50s were observed. In contrast, the B. rotundiformis ingestion EC50 for copper was about 4× more sensitive. Although diapause egg hatching was not the most sensitive endpoint, it is the most ecologically relevant for assessing sediment toxicity. Our discovery of diapausing eggs in the P. similis life cycle has created a conundrum. We have not observed males or sex in P. similis populations, which is a direct contradiction to the orthodox view of the monogonont rotifer life cycle. Work is needed to clarify how diapause egg production is accomplished by P. similis and whether sexual reproduction is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Snell
- School of Biological SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Rachel K. Johnston
- School of Biological SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Amelia B. Matthews
- School of Biological SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Nancy Park
- School of Biological SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Savannah Berry
- School of Biological SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Jillian Brashear
- School of Biological SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia
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Kim HS, Lee BY, Han J, Jeong CB, Hwang DS, Lee MC, Kang HM, Kim DH, Kim HJ, Papakostas S, Declerck SAJ, Choi IY, Hagiwara A, Park HG, Lee JS. The genome of the freshwater monogonont rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. Mol Ecol Resour 2018; 18:646-655. [PMID: 29451365 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monogononta is the most speciose class of rotifers, with more than 2,000 species. The monogonont genus Brachionus is widely distributed at a global scale, and a few of its species are commonly used as ecological and evolutionary models to address questions related to aquatic ecology, cryptic speciation, evolutionary ecology, the evolution of sex and ecotoxicology. With the importance of Brachionus species in many areas of research, it is remarkable that the genome has not been characterized. This study aims to address this lacuna by presenting, for the first time, the whole-genome assembly of the freshwater species Brachionus calyciflorus. The total length of the assembled genome was 129.6 Mb, with 1,041 scaffolds. The N50 value was 786.6 kb, and the GC content was 24%. A total of 16,114 genes were annotated with repeat sequences, accounting for 21% of the assembled genome. This assembled genome may form a basis for future studies addressing key questions on the evolution of monogonont rotifers. It will also provide the necessary molecular resources to mechanistically investigate ecophysiological and ecotoxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Su Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Bo-Young Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Jeong
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dae-Sik Hwang
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Min Kang
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Steven A J Declerck
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ik-Young Choi
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Heum Gi Park
- Department of Marine Resource Development, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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