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Sanz P, Rubio T, Garcia-Gimeno MA. Neuroinflammation and Epilepsy: From Pathophysiology to Therapies Based on Repurposing Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4161. [PMID: 38673747 PMCID: PMC11049926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and epilepsy are different pathologies, but, in some cases, they are so closely related that the activation of one of the pathologies leads to the development of the other. In this work, we discuss the three main cell types involved in neuroinflammation, namely (i) reactive astrocytes, (ii) activated microglia, and infiltration of (iii) peripheral immune cells in the central nervous system. Then, we discuss how neuroinflammation and epilepsy are interconnected and describe the use of different repurposing drugs with anti-inflammatory properties that have been shown to have a beneficial effect in different epilepsy models. This review reinforces the idea that compounds designed to alleviate seizures need to target not only the neuroinflammation caused by reactive astrocytes and microglia but also the interaction of these cells with infiltrated peripheral immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascual Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Rubio
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Adelaida Garcia-Gimeno
- Department of Biotechnology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural, Universitat Politécnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
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Baig MS, Barmpoutsi S, Bharti S, Weigert A, Hirani N, Atre R, Khabiya R, Sharma R, Sarup S, Savai R. Adaptor molecules mediate negative regulation of macrophage inflammatory pathways: a closer look. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355012. [PMID: 38482001 PMCID: PMC10933033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in initiating, maintaining, and terminating inflammation. For that, macrophages respond to various external stimuli in changing environments through signaling pathways that are tightly regulated and interconnected. This process involves, among others, autoregulatory loops that activate and deactivate macrophages through various cytokines, stimulants, and other chemical mediators. Adaptor proteins play an indispensable role in facilitating various inflammatory signals. These proteins are dynamic and flexible modulators of immune cell signaling and act as molecular bridges between cell surface receptors and intracellular effector molecules. They are involved in regulating physiological inflammation and also contribute significantly to the development of chronic inflammatory processes. This is at least partly due to their involvement in the activation and deactivation of macrophages, leading to changes in the macrophages' activation/phenotype. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the 20 adaptor molecules and proteins that act as negative regulators of inflammation in macrophages and effectively suppress inflammatory signaling pathways. We emphasize the functional role of adaptors in signal transduction in macrophages and their influence on the phenotypic transition of macrophages from pro-inflammatory M1-like states to anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotypes. This endeavor mainly aims at highlighting and orchestrating the intricate dynamics of adaptor molecules by elucidating the associated key roles along with respective domains and opening avenues for therapeutic and investigative purposes in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza S. Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Spyridoula Barmpoutsi
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in Cancerogenesis, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Shreya Bharti
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nik Hirani
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rajat Atre
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rakhi Khabiya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Shivmuni Sarup
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in Cancerogenesis, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Rubio T, Viana R, Moreno-Estellés M, Campos-Rodríguez Á, Sanz P. TNF and IL6/Jak2 signaling pathways are the main contributors of the glia-derived neuroinflammation present in Lafora disease, a fatal form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105964. [PMID: 36526090 PMCID: PMC10682476 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD; OMIM#254780) is a rare form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy (prevalence <1:1,000,000) characterized by the accumulation of insoluble deposits of aberrant glycogen (polyglucosans), named Lafora bodies, in the brain but also in peripheral tissues. LD is the most severe form of the group of progressive myoclonus epilepsies, since patients present a rapid deterioration and dementia with amplification of seizures, leading to death after a decade from the onset of the first symptoms. We have recently described that reactive glia-derived neuroinflammation should be considered a novel hallmark of LD since we observed a florid upregulation of differentially expressed genes in both LD mouse lines, which were mainly related to mediators of inflammatory response. In this work, we define an upregulation of the expression of mediators of the TNF and IL6/JAK2 signaling pathways in LD. In addition, we describe the activation of the non-canonical form of the inflammasome. Furthermore, we describe the infiltration of peripheral immune cells in the brain parenchyma, which could aggravate glia-derived neuroinflammation. Finally, we describe CXCL10 and S100b as blood biomarkers of the disease, which will allow the study of the progression of the disease using serum blood samples. We consider that the identification of these initial inflammatory changes in LD will be very important to implement possible anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies to prevent the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rubio
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Viana
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mireia Moreno-Estellés
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Pascual Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain..
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Jia Y, Tang L, Yao Y, Zhuo L, Qu D, Chen X, Ji Y, Tao J, Zhu Y. Low-intensity exercise combined with sodium valproate attenuates kainic acid-induced seizures and associated co-morbidities by inhibiting NF-κB signaling in mice. Front Neurol 2022; 13:993405. [PMID: 36212646 PMCID: PMC9534325 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.993405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium valproate (VPA) is a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant that is effective both in adults and children suffering from epilepsy, but it causes psychiatric and behavioral side effects in patients with epilepsy. In addition, 30% of patients with epilepsy develop resistance to VPA. At present, regular physical exercise has shown many benefits and has become an effective complementary therapy for various brain diseases, including epilepsy. Therefore, we wondered whether VPA combined with exercise would be more effective in the treatment of seizures and associated co-morbidities. Here, we used a mouse model with kainic acid (KA)-induced epilepsy to compare the seizure status and the levels of related co-morbidities, such as cognition, depression, anxiety, and movement disorders, in each group using animal behavioral experiment and local field potential recordings. Subsequently, we investigated the mechanism behind this phenomenon by immunological means. Our results showed that low-intensity exercise combined with VPA reduced seizures and associated co-morbidities. This phenomenon seems to be related to the Toll-like receptor 4, activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and release of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and IL-6. In brief, low-intensity exercise combined with VPA enhanced the downregulation of NF-κB-related inflammatory response, thereby alleviating the seizures, and associated co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Jia
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lele Tang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yao
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Zhuo
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Qu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghua Ji
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yonghua Ji
| | - Jie Tao
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Jie Tao
| | - Yudan Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Yudan Zhu
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DDX50 Is a Viral Restriction Factor That Enhances IRF3 Activation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020316. [PMID: 35215908 PMCID: PMC8875258 DOI: 10.3390/v14020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB are crucial in innate immune signalling in response to many viral and bacterial pathogens. However, mechanisms leading to their activation remain incompletely understood. Viral RNA can be detected by RLR receptors, such as RIG-I and MDA5, and the dsRNA receptor TLR3. Alternatively, the DExD-Box RNA helicases DDX1-DDX21-DHX36 activate IRF3/NF-κB in a TRIF-dependent manner independent of RIG-I, MDA5, or TLR3. Here, we describe DDX50, which shares 55.6% amino acid identity with DDX21, as a non-redundant factor that promotes activation of the IRF3 signalling pathway following its stimulation with viral RNA or infection with RNA and DNA viruses. Deletion of DDX50 in mouse and human cells impaired IRF3 phosphorylation and IRF3-dependent endogenous gene expression and cytokine/chemokine production in response to cytoplasmic dsRNA (polyIC transfection), and infection by RNA and DNA viruses. Mechanistically, whilst DDX50 co-immunoprecipitated TRIF, it acted independently to the previously described TRIF-dependent RNA sensor DDX1. Indeed, shRNA-mediated depletion of DDX1 showed DDX1 was dispensable for signalling in response to RNA virus infection. Importantly, loss of DDX50 resulted in a significant increase in replication and dissemination of virus following infection with vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus, or Zika virus, highlighting its important role as a broad-ranging viral restriction factor.
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Tiotiu A, Zounemat Kermani N, Badi Y, Pavlidis S, Hansbro PM, Guo Y, Chung KF, Adcock IM. Sputum macrophage diversity and activation in asthma: Role of severity and inflammatory phenotype. Allergy 2021; 76:775-788. [PMID: 32740964 DOI: 10.1111/all.14535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages control innate and acquired immunity, but their role in severe asthma remains ill-defined. We investigated gene signatures of macrophage subtypes in the sputum of 104 asthmatics and 16 healthy volunteers from the U-BIOPRED cohort. METHODS Forty-nine gene signatures (modules) for differentially stimulated macrophages, one to assess lung tissue-resident cells (TR-Mφ) and two for their polarization (classically and alternatively activated macrophages: M1 and M2, respectively) were studied using gene set variation analysis. We calculated enrichment scores (ES) across severity and previously identified asthma transcriptome-associated clusters (TACs). RESULTS Macrophage numbers were significantly decreased in severe asthma compared to mild-moderate asthma and healthy volunteers. The ES for most modules were also significantly reduced in severe asthma except for 3 associated with inflammatory responses driven by TNF and Toll-like receptors via NF-κB, eicosanoid biosynthesis via the lipoxygenase pathway and IL-2 biosynthesis (all P < .01). Sputum macrophage number and the ES for most macrophage signatures were higher in the TAC3 group compared to TAC1 and TAC2 asthmatics. However, a high enrichment was found in TAC1 for 3 modules showing inflammatory pathways linked to Toll-like and TNF receptor activation and arachidonic acid metabolism (P < .001) and in TAC2 for the inflammasome and interferon signalling pathways (P < .001). Data were validated in the ADEPT cohort. Module analysis provides additional information compared to conventional M1 and M2 classification. TR-Mφ were enriched in TAC3 and associated with mitochondrial function. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage activation is attenuated in severe granulocytic asthma highlighting defective innate immunity except for specific subsets characterized by distinct inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Tiotiu
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
- Department of Pulmonology University Hospital of Nancy Nancy France
| | | | - Yusef Badi
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
- Department of Computing Data Science Institute Imperial College London London UK
| | - Stelios Pavlidis
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
- Department of Computing Data Science Institute Imperial College London London UK
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs Hunter Medical Research Institute The University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
- Centre for Inflammation Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Yi‐Ke Guo
- Department of Computing Data Science Institute Imperial College London London UK
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs Hunter Medical Research Institute The University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
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Balka KR, De Nardo D. Molecular and spatial mechanisms governing STING signalling. FEBS J 2020; 288:5504-5529. [PMID: 33237620 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Detection of microbial nucleic acids via innate immune receptors is critical for establishing host defence against pathogens. The DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway has gained increasing attention in the last decade as a key pathway for combating viral and bacterial infections. cGAS-STING activation primarily promotes the secretion of antiviral type I IFNs via the key transcription factor, IRF3. In addition, cGAS-STING signalling also elicits proinflammatory cytokines through NF-κB activity. Activation of IRF3 and NF-κB is mediated by the chief signalling receptor protein STING. Interestingly, STING undergoes significant trafficking events across multiple subcellular locations, which regulates both the activation of downstream signalling pathways, as well as appropriate termination of the responses. Studies to date have provided a comprehensive view of the regulation and role of the IRF3-IFN pathway downstream of STING. However, many aspects of STING signalling remain relatively poorly defined. This review will explore the current understanding of the mechanisms through which STING elicits inflammatory and antimicrobial responses, focusing on the precise signalling and intracellular trafficking events that occur. We will also discuss exciting and emerging concepts in the field, including the importance of IFN-independent STING responses for host defence and during STING-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Balka
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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8
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Sanz P, Garcia-Gimeno MA. Reactive Glia Inflammatory Signaling Pathways and Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114096. [PMID: 32521797 PMCID: PMC7312833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and epilepsy are interconnected. Brain inflammation promotes neuronal hyper-excitability and seizures, and dysregulation in the glia immune-inflammatory function is a common factor that predisposes or contributes to the generation of seizures. At the same time, acute seizures upregulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia and astrocytes, triggering a downstream cascade of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, epileptic seizures and inflammatory mediators form a vicious positive feedback loop, reinforcing each other. In this work, we have reviewed the main glial signaling pathways involved in neuroinflammation, how they are affected in epileptic conditions, and the therapeutic opportunities they offer to prevent these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascual Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963391779; Fax: +34-963690800
| | - Maria Adelaida Garcia-Gimeno
- Department of Biotechnology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural (ETSIAMN), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
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Balka KR, Louis C, Saunders TL, Smith AM, Calleja DJ, D'Silva DB, Moghaddas F, Tailler M, Lawlor KE, Zhan Y, Burns CJ, Wicks IP, Miner JJ, Kile BT, Masters SL, De Nardo D. TBK1 and IKKε Act Redundantly to Mediate STING-Induced NF-κB Responses in Myeloid Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107492. [PMID: 32268090 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) is a critical component of host innate immune defense but can contribute to chronic autoimmune or autoinflammatory disease. Once activated, the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS)-STING pathway induces both type I interferon (IFN) expression and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-mediated cytokine production. Currently, these two signaling arms are thought to be mediated by a single upstream kinase, TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Here, using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we show that TBK1 alone is dispensable for STING-induced NF-κB responses in human and mouse immune cells, as well as in vivo. We further demonstrate that TBK1 acts redundantly with IκB kinase ε (IKKε) to drive NF-κB upon STING activation. Interestingly, we show that activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is highly dependent on TBK1 kinase activity, whereas NF-κB is significantly less sensitive to TBK1/IKKε kinase inhibition. Our work redefines signaling events downstream of cGAS-STING. Our findings further suggest that cGAS-STING will need to be targeted directly to effectively ameliorate the inflammation underpinning disorders associated with STING hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Balka
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Cynthia Louis
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tahnee L Saunders
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Amber M Smith
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dale J Calleja
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Damian B D'Silva
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona Moghaddas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Maximilien Tailler
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kate E Lawlor
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Yifan Zhan
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher J Burns
- Chemical Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ian P Wicks
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Rheumatology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Miner
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin T Kile
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Health and Medical Sciences Faculty Office, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Vaccinia Virus BBK E3 Ligase Adaptor A55 Targets Importin-Dependent NF-κB Activation and Inhibits CD8 + T-Cell Memory. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00051-19. [PMID: 30814284 PMCID: PMC6498060 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00051-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection of cells is sensed by pathogen recognition receptors that trigger an antiviral innate immune response, and consequently viruses have evolved countermeasures. Vaccinia virus (VACV) evades the host immune response by expressing scores of immunomodulatory proteins. One family of VACV proteins are the BTB-BACK (broad-complex, tram-trac, and bric-a-brac [BTB] and C-terminal Kelch [BACK]) domain-containing, Kelch-like (BBK) family of predicted cullin-3 E3 ligase adaptors: A55, C2, and F3. Previous studies demonstrated that gene A55R encodes a protein that is nonessential for VACV replication yet affects viral virulence in vivo Here, we report that A55 is an NF-κB inhibitor acting downstream of IκBα degradation, preventing gene transcription and cytokine secretion in response to cytokine stimulation. A55 targets the host importin α1 (KPNA2), acting to reduce p65 binding and its nuclear translocation. Interestingly, while A55 was confirmed to coprecipitate with cullin-3 in a BTB-dependent manner, its NF-κB inhibitory activity mapped to the Kelch domain, which alone is sufficient to coprecipitate with KPNA2 and inhibit NF-κB signaling. Intradermal infection of mice with a virus lacking A55R (vΔA55) increased VACV-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation, activation, and cytotoxicity in comparison to levels of the wild-type (WT) virus. Furthermore, immunization with vΔA55 induced increased protection to intranasal VACV challenge compared to the level with control viruses. In summary, this report describes the first target of a poxvirus-encoded BBK protein and a novel mechanism for DNA virus immune evasion, resulting in increased CD8+ T-cell memory and a more immunogenic vaccine.IMPORTANCE NF-κB is a critical transcription factor in the innate immune response to infection and in shaping adaptive immunity. The identification of host and virus proteins that modulate the induction of immunological memory is important for improving virus-based vaccine design and efficacy. In viruses, the expression of BTB-BACK Kelch-like (BBK) proteins is restricted to poxviruses and conserved within them, indicating the importance of these proteins for these medically important viruses. Using vaccinia virus (VACV), the smallpox vaccine, we report that the VACV BBK protein A55 dysregulates NF-κB signaling by disrupting the p65-importin interaction, thus preventing NF-κB translocation and blocking NF-κB-dependent gene transcription. Infection with VACV lacking A55 induces increased VACV-specific CD8+ T-cell memory and better protection against VACV challenge. Studying viral immunomodulators therefore expands not only our understanding of viral pathogenesis and immune evasion strategies but also of the immune signaling cascades controlling antiviral immunity and the development of immune memory.
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11
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Balka KR, De Nardo D. Understanding early TLR signaling through the Myddosome. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:339-351. [PMID: 30256449 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0318-096r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs are expressed on the plasma and endosomal membranes of innate immune cells acting as sensors of foreign and inherent danger signals that threaten the host. Upon activation, TLRs facilitate the assembly of large intracellular oligomeric signaling complexes, termed Myddosomes, which initiate key signal transduction pathways to elicit critical inflammatory immune responses. The formation of the Myddosome is integral for TLR signaling; however, the molecular mechanisms controlling its formation, disassembly, and the subsequent proximal signaling events remain to be clearly defined. In this review, we present a brief overview of TLR signal transduction pathways, summarize the current understanding of the Myddosome and the proteins that comprise its structure, including MyD88 and members of the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family. Finally, we will discuss recent advances and open questions regarding early TLR signaling in the context of the Myddosome complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Balka
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Wong WT, Li LH, Rao YK, Yang SP, Cheng SM, Lin WY, Cheng CC, Chen A, Hua KF. Repositioning of the β-Blocker Carvedilol as a Novel Autophagy Inducer That Inhibits the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1920. [PMID: 30186288 PMCID: PMC6113403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that plays a key role in the innate immune system, and aberrant activation of this complex is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Carvedilol (CVL) is an α-, β-blocker used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure; however, some benefits beyond decreased blood pressure were observed clinically, suggesting the potential anti-inflammatory activity of CVL. In this report, the inhibitory potential of CVL toward the NLRP3 inflammasome and the possible underlying molecular mechanisms were studied. Our results showed that CVL attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in mouse macrophages, without affecting activation of the AIM2, NLRC4 and non-canonical inflammasomes. Mechanistic analysis revealed that CVL prevented lysosomal and mitochondrial damage and reduced ASC oligomerization. Additionally, CVL caused autophagic induction through a Sirt1-dependent pathway, which inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome. In the in vivo mouse model of NLRP3-associated peritonitis, oral administration of CVL reduced (1) peritoneal recruitment of neutrophils; (2) the levels of IL-1β, IL-18, active caspase-1, ASC, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and CXCL1 in the lavage fluids; and (3) the levels of NLRP3 and HO-1 in the peritoneal cells. Our results indicated that CVL is a novel autophagy inducer that inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome and can be repositioned for ameliorating NLRP3-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Wong
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen, Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yerra Koteswara Rao
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Meng Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ann Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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De Nardo D, Balka KR, Cardona Gloria Y, Rao VR, Latz E, Masters SL. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) plays a dual role in myddosome formation and Toll-like receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15195-15207. [PMID: 30076215 PMCID: PMC6166714 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form part of the host innate immune system, in which they act as sensors of microbial and endogenous danger signals. Upon TLR activation, the intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domains of TLR dimers initiate oligomerization of a multiprotein signaling platform comprising myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and members of the interleukin-1 receptor–associated kinase (IRAK) family. Formation of this myddosome complex initiates signal transduction pathways, leading to the activation of transcription factors and the production of inflammatory cytokines. To date, little is known about the assembly and disassembly of the myddosome and about the mechanisms by which these complexes mediate multiple downstream signaling pathways. Here, we isolated myddosome complexes from whole-cell lysates of TLR-activated primary mouse macrophages and from IRAK reporter macrophages to examine the kinetics of myddosome assembly and disassembly. Using a selective inhibitor of IRAK4's kinase activity, we found that whereas TLR cytokine responses were ablated, myddosome formation was stabilized in the absence of IRAK4's kinase activity. Of note, IRAK4 inhibition had only a minimal effect on NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. In summary, our results indicate that IRAK4 has a critical scaffold function in myddosome formation and that its kinase activity is dispensable for myddosome assembly and activation of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways but is essential for MyD88-dependent production of inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that the scaffold function of IRAK4 may be an attractive target for treating inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic De Nardo
- From the Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine R Balka
- From the Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yamel Cardona Gloria
- the Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Vikram R Rao
- the Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Eicke Latz
- the Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,the Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, and.,the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn 53175, Germany
| | - Seth L Masters
- From the Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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De Nardo D, Kalvakolanu DV, Latz E. Immortalization of Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1784:35-49. [PMID: 29761386 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7837-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are specialized phagocytes that display a variety of important functions for the host immune system. They are particularly important for the recognition of exogenous and endogenous danger signals, forming the defensive front line as part of innate immune response. As such, murine macrophages are commonly used for in vitro cell-based assays examining the mechanisms of innate immune activation, which can require the ongoing breeding and housing of a large number of genetically modified mouse strains. Here, we describe a robust protocol for the generation of immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages (iBMDMs) from primary murine bone marrow cells. We further provide general protocols for harvesting, freezing, and thawing of bone marrow cells, maintaining iBMDMs in culture and generation of monoclonal iBMDM populations by single-cell cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic De Nardo
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Greenebaum NCI-Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
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