1
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Qi YQ, Xiong F, Chen YJ. The correlation between tumor-associated macrophages and the prognosis of east Asian hepatocellular carcinoma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 252:154919. [PMID: 37939428 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous related studies have found that the levels of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were correlated with prognoses in hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the prognostic value of TAMs for East Asian HCC patients remains inconclusive. METHODS Our objectives were to systematically review the performance and explore the prognostic and clinical value of TAMs in patients with HCC. A total of 23 relevant studies of 4389 patients were included into our meta-analysis. And the work has been reported in line with PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS The results demonstrated that increased expression level of peritumoral infiltrated CD68+ macrophages had a poor prognostic value on overall survival (OS), disease free survival (DFS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). However, there was no correlation between disease-free survival (DFS) and the abundance of CD68+ TAMs both in intratumoral regions. Additionally, low density of CD169+, high density of CD206, and high density of CD204+ TAMs had a worse prognostic value on OS while the CD163+ TAMs had no diagnostic value on OS. The densities of CD68+ TAMs exhibited significantly correlation with AFP level and vascular invasion. The levels of CD169+ TAMs showed apparent relation to vascular invasion and TNM stages. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that TAMs may accomplish as significant prognostic biomarkers for East Asian HCC patients. However, further researches should be performed to estimate the clinical value of TAMs in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Qi
- Department of Biliary-pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Department of Biliary-pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yong-Jun Chen
- Department of Biliary-pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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2
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du Plessis M, Fourie C, Stone W, Engelbrecht AM. The impact of endocrine disrupting compounds and carcinogens in wastewater: Implications for breast cancer. Biochimie 2023; 209:103-115. [PMID: 36775066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer is often associated with geographic variation which indicates that a person's surrounding environment can be an important etiological factor in cancer development. Environmental risk factors can include exposure to sewage- or wastewater, which consist of a complex mixture of pathogens, mutagens and carcinogens. Wastewater contains primarily carbonaceous, nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds, however it can also contain trace amounts of chemical pollutants including toxic metal cations, hydrocarbons and pesticides. More importantly, the contamination of drinking water by wastewater is a potential source of exposure to mammary carcinogens and endocrine disrupting compounds. Organic solvents and other pollutants often found in wastewater have been detected in various tissues, including breast and adipose tissues. Furthermore, these pollutants such as phenolic compounds in some detergents and plastics, as well as parabens and pesticides can mimic estrogen. High estrogen levels are a well-established risk factor for estrogen-receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Therefore, exposure to wastewater is a risk factor for the initiation, progression and metastasis of breast cancer. Carcinogens present in wastewater can promote tumourigenesis through various mechanisms, including the formation of DNA adducts, gene mutations and oxidative stress. Lastly, the presence of endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewater can have negative implications for ER-positive breast cancers, where these molecules can activate ERα to promote cell proliferation, survival and metastasis. As such, strategies should be implemented to limit exposure, such as providing funding into treatment technologies and implementation of regulations that limit the production and use of these potentially harmful chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha du Plessis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Carla Fourie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Wendy Stone
- Stellenbosch University Water Institute, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; African Cancer Institute (ACI), Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa
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3
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Zwager MC, Bense R, Waaijer S, Qiu SQ, Timmer-Bosscha H, de Vries EGE, Schröder CP, van der Vegt B. Assessing the role of tumour-associated macrophage subsets in breast cancer subtypes using digital image analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2023; 198:11-22. [PMID: 36622544 PMCID: PMC9883348 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The number of M1-like and M2-like tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and their ratio can play a role in breast cancer development and progression. Early clinical trials using macrophage targeting compounds are currently ongoing. However, the most optimal detection method of M1-like and M2-like macrophage subsets and their clinical relevance in breast cancer is still unclear. We aimed to optimize the assessment of TAM subsets in different breast cancer subtypes, and therefore related TAM subset numbers and ratio to clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcome. METHODS Tissue microarrays of 347 consecutive primary Luminal-A, Luminal-B, HER2-positive and triple-negative tumours of patients with early-stage breast cancer were serially sectioned and immunohistochemically stained for the pan-macrophage marker CD68 and the M2-like macrophage markers CD163, CSF-1R and CD206. TAM numbers were quantified using a digital image analysis algorithm. M1-like macrophage numbers were calculated by subtracting M2-like TAM numbers from the total TAM number. RESULTS M2-like markers CD163 and CSF-1R showed a moderate positive association with each other and with CD68 (r ≥ 0.47), but only weakly with CD206 (r ≤ 0.06). CD68 + , CD163 + and CSF-1R + macrophages correlated with tumour grade in Luminal-B tumours (P < 0.001). Total or subset TAM numbers did not correlate with disease outcome in any breast cancer subtype. CONCLUSION In conclusion, macrophages and their subsets can be detected by means of a panel of TAM markers and are related to unfavourable clinicopathological characteristics in Luminal-B breast cancer. However, their impact on outcome remains unclear. Preferably, this should be determined in prospective series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke C. Zwager
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rico Bense
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Waaijer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Si-Qi Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Breast Diseases, Clinical Research Center, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hetty Timmer-Bosscha
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G. E. de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien P. Schröder
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dutch Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Vegt
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Zhou H, Gan M, Jin X, Dai M, Wang Y, Lei Y, Lin Z, Ming J. miR‑382 inhibits breast cancer progression and metastasis by affecting the M2 polarization of tumor‑associated macrophages by targeting PGC‑1α. Int J Oncol 2022; 61:126. [PMID: 36069230 PMCID: PMC9477106 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are principal immune cells with a high plasticity in the human body that can differentiate under different conditions in the tumor microenvironment to adopt two polarized phenotypes with opposite functions. Therefore, converting macrophages from the immunosuppressive phenotype (M2) to the inflammatory phenotype (M1) is considered a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this conversion process have not yet been completely elucidated. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) have been shown to play key roles in regulating macrophage polarization through their ability to modulate gene expression. In the present study, it was found that miR‑382 expression was significantly downregulated in tumor‑associated macrophages (TAMs) and M2‑polarized macrophages in breast cancer. In vitro, macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype and M2‑type cytokine release were inhibited by transfection with miR‑382‑overexpressing lentivirus. Similarly, the overexpression of miR‑382 inhibited the ability of TAMs to promote the malignant behaviors of breast cancer cells. In addition, peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ coactivator‑1α (PGC‑1α) was identified as the downstream target of miR‑382 and it was found that PGC‑1α affected macrophage polarization by altering the metabolic status. The ectopic expression of PGC‑1α restored the phenotype and cytokine secretion of miR‑382‑overexpressing macrophages. Furthermore, PGC‑1α expression reversed the miR‑382‑induced changes in the metabolic state of TAMs and the effects of TAMs on breast cancer cells. Of note, the in vivo growth and metastasis of 4T1 cells were inhibited by miR‑382‑overexpressing TAMs. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that miR‑382 may alter the metabolic status of macrophages by targeting PGC‑1α, thereby decreasing the proportion of TAMs with the M2 phenotype, and inhibiting the progression and metastasis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Shapingba Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Mingyu Gan
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030607, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Fuling Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing 408099, P.R. China
| | - Meng Dai
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Youyang Lei
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Zijing Lin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jia Ming
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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Zhang J, Zhou X, Hao H. Macrophage phenotype-switching in cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175229. [PMID: 36002039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been found to be of great importance in tumorigenesis and in promoting malignant progression, including tumour angiogenesis and metastasis. Moreover, the TAM phenotype is more likely to be an M2 type. Transforming TAMs by M2-polarization into the tumour-suppressive M1-phenotype is an important approach for tumour therapy. In this review, we analysed the effects of the tumour microenvironment on macrophage phenotype-switching, including hypoxia and cytokines, and the mechanisms of drugs targeting TAMs. Furthermore, we analysed the effects of exosomes on macrophage polarization, phenotype switching of macrophages, and the mechanisms of lipid mediators targeting TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
| | - Hua Hao
- Department of Pathology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
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Chakraborty D, Ivan C, Amero P, Khan M, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Başağaoğlu H, Lopez-Berestein G. Explainable Artificial Intelligence Reveals Novel Insight into Tumor Microenvironment Conditions Linked with Better Prognosis in Patients with Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3450. [PMID: 34298668 PMCID: PMC8303703 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the data-driven relationship between immune cell composition in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the ≥5-year survival rates of breast cancer patients using explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) models. We acquired TCGA breast invasive carcinoma data from the cbioPortal and retrieved immune cell composition estimates from bulk RNA sequencing data from TIMER2.0 based on EPIC, CIBERSORT, TIMER, and xCell computational methods. Novel insights derived from our XAI model showed that B cells, CD8+ T cells, M0 macrophages, and NK T cells are the most critical TME features for enhanced prognosis of breast cancer patients. Our XAI model also revealed the inflection points of these critical TME features, above or below which ≥5-year survival rates improve. Subsequently, we ascertained the conditional probabilities of ≥5-year survival under specific conditions inferred from the inflection points. In particular, the XAI models revealed that the B cell fraction (relative to all cells in a sample) exceeding 0.025, M0 macrophage fraction (relative to the total immune cell content) below 0.05, and NK T cell and CD8+ T cell fractions (based on cancer type-specific arbitrary units) above 0.075 and 0.25, respectively, in the TME could enhance the ≥5-year survival in breast cancer patients. The findings could lead to accurate clinical predictions and enhanced immunotherapies, and to the design of innovative strategies to reprogram the breast TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debaditya Chakraborty
- Department of Construction Science, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.I.); (P.A.); (C.R.-A.); (G.L.-B.)
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paola Amero
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.I.); (P.A.); (C.R.-A.); (G.L.-B.)
| | - Maliha Khan
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Cristian Rodriguez-Aguayo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.I.); (P.A.); (C.R.-A.); (G.L.-B.)
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.I.); (P.A.); (C.R.-A.); (G.L.-B.)
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Metabolic reprogramming due to hypoxia in pancreatic cancer: Implications for tumor formation, immunity, and more. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111798. [PMID: 34120068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in most malignant tumors, especially in pancreatic cancer (PC). Hypoxia is the result of unlimited tumor growth and plays an active role in promoting tumor survival, progression, and invasion. As the part of the hypoxia microenvironment in PC is gradually clarified, hypoxia is becoming a key determinant and an important therapeutic target of pancreatic cancer. To adapt to the severe hypoxia environment, cells have changed their metabolic phenotypes to maintain their survival and proliferation. Enhanced glycolysis is the most prominent feature of cancer cells' metabolic reprogramming in response to hypoxia. It provides the energy source for hypoxic cancer cells (although it provides less than oxidative phosphorylation) and produces metabolites that can be absorbed and utilized by normoxic cancer cells. In addition, the uptake of glutamine and fatty acids by hypoxic cancer cells is also increased, which is also conducive to tumor progression. Their metabolites are pooled in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP). As a nutrition sensor, HBP, in turn, can coordinate glucose and glutamine metabolism. Its end product, UDP-GlcNAc, is the substrate of protein post-translational modification (PTM) involved in various signaling pathways supporting tumor progression. Adaptive metabolic changes of cancer cells promote their survival and affect tumor immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which contributes to tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment and induces tumor immunotherapy resistance. Here, we summarize the hypoxic microenvironment, its effect on metabolic reprogramming, and its contribution to immunotherapy resistance in pancreatic cancer.
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8
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Luo B, Yan D, Yan H, Yuan J. Cytochrome P450: Implications for human breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:548. [PMID: 34093769 PMCID: PMC8170261 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment options for breast cancer include endocrine therapy, targeted therapy and chemotherapy. However, some patients with triple-negative breast cancer cannot benefit from these methods. Therefore, novel therapeutic targets should be developed. The cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) is a crucial metabolic oxidase, which is involved in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances in the human body. Some products undergoing the metabolic pathway of the CYP enzyme, such as hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls and 4-chlorobiphenyl, are toxic to humans and are considered to be potential carcinogens. As a class of multi-gene superfamily enzymes, the subtypes of CYPs are selectively expressed in breast cancer tissues, especially in the basal-like type. In addition, CYPs are essential for the activation or inactivation of anticancer drugs. The association between CYP expression and cancer risk, tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis and prognosis has been widely reported in basic and clinical studies. The present review describes the current findings regarding the importance of exploring metabolic pathways of CYPs and gene polymorphisms for the development of vital therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Luo
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Yan
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Honglin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Wang S, Wang N, Huang X, Yang B, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Wang X, Lin Y, Wang Z. Baohuoside i suppresses breast cancer metastasis by downregulating the tumor-associated macrophages/C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 78:153331. [PMID: 32911383 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and metastasis is the leading cause of breast cancer-related deaths. Our previous studies have shown that XIAOPI formula, a newly approved drug by the State Food and Drug Administration of China (SFDA), can dramatically inhibit breast cancer metastasis by modulating the tumor-associated macrophages/C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (TAMs/CXCL1) pathway. However, the bioactive compound accounting for the anti-metastatic effect of XIAOPI formula remains unclear. PURPOSE This study was designed to separate the anti-metastatic bioactive compound from XIAOPI formula and to elucidate its action mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS TAMs/CXCL1 promoter activity-guided fractionation and multiple chemical structure identification approaches were conducted to screen the bioactive compound from XIAOPI formula. Breast cancer cells and TAMs were co-cultured in vitro or co-injected in vivo to simulate their coexistence. Multiple molecular biology experiments, zebrafish breast cancer xenotransplantation model and mouse breast cancer xenografts were applied to validate the anti-metastatic activity of the screened compound. RESULTS Bioactivity-guided fractionation identified baohuoside I (BHS) as the key bioactive compound of XIAOPI formula in inhibiting TAMs/CXCL1 promoter activity. Functional studies revealed that BHS could significantly inhibit the migration and invasion as well as the expression of metastasis-related proteins in both human and mouse breast cancer cells, along with decreasing the proportion of breast cancer stem cells (CSCs). Furthermore, BHS could suppress the M2 phenotype polarization of TAMs and therefore attenuate their CXCL1 expression and secretion. Notably, mechanistic investigations validated TAMs/CXCL1 as the crucial target of BHS in suppressing breast cancer metastasis as exogenous addition of CXCL1 significantly abrogated the anti-metastatic effect of BHS on breast cancer cells. Moreover, BHS was highly safe in vivo as it exhibited no observable embryotoxicity or teratogenic effect on zebrafish embryos. More importantly, BHS remarkably suppressed breast cancer metastasis and TAMs/CXCL1 activity in both zebrafish breast cancer xenotransplantation model and mouse breast cancer xenografts. CONCLUSION This study not only provides novel insights into TAMs/CXCL1 as a reliable screening target for anti-metastatic drug discovery, but also suggests BHS as a promising candidate drug for metastatic breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqi Wang
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, the Research Center for Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Neng Wang
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, the Research Center for Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, the Research Center for Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bowen Yang
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, the Research Center for Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifeng Zheng
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, the Research Center for Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Juping Zhang
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, the Research Center for Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, the Research Center for Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, the Research Center for Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, the Research Center for Integrative Cancer Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & the Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Chen R, Lu X, Li Z, Sun Y, He Z, Li X. Dihydroartemisinin Prevents Progression and Metastasis of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Inhibiting Polarization of Macrophages in Tumor Microenvironment. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:3375-3387. [PMID: 32425545 PMCID: PMC7188074 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s249046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polarized M2 macrophages are an important type of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM), with roles in the growth, invasion, and migration of cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a traditional Chinese medicine extract, has been shown to inhibit the progression and metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); however, the effect of DHA on cancer prevention, and the associated mechanism, has not been investigated in the tumor microenvironment. Materials and Methods First, human Thp-1 monocytes were induced and differentiated into M2 macrophages using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Induction success was confirmed by cell morphology evaluation, flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Then, DHA was applied to interfere with M2 macrophage polarization, and conditioned medium (CM), including conditioned medium from M2 macrophages (M2-CM) and conditioned medium from M2 macrophages with DHA (M2-DHA-CM), was obtained. CM was applied to Fadu or Cal-27 cells, and its effects on cancer invasion, migration, and angiogenesis were evaluated using transwell, wound-healing, and tube formation assays, respectively. Finally, Western blotting was used to evaluate the relationship between signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway activation and M2 macrophage polarization. Results Human Thp-1 monocytes were successfully polarized into M2-like TAMs using PMA, IL-6, and IL-4. We found that M2-like TAMs promoted the invasion, migration, and angiogenesis of HNSCC cells; however, DHA significantly inhibited IL-4/IL-6-induced M2 macrophage polarization. Additionally, as DHA induced a decrease in the number of M2-like TAMs, M2-DHA-CM inhibited the induction of invasion, migration, and angiogenesis of Fadu and Cal-27 cells. Finally, DHA inhibited M2 macrophage polarization by blocking STAT3 pathway activation in macrophages. Conclusion DHA inhibits the invasion, migration, and angiogenesis of HNSCC by preventing M2 macrophage polarization via blocking STAT3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuying Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxin He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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Wang S, Liu X, Huang R, Zheng Y, Wang N, Yang B, Situ H, Lin Y, Wang Z. XIAOPI Formula Inhibits Breast Cancer Stem Cells via Suppressing Tumor-Associated Macrophages/C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1371. [PMID: 31803057 PMCID: PMC6874098 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the most abundant stromal cells associated with the host immune system in multiple malignancies including breast cancer. With proven clinical efficacy and no noticeable adverse effects, XIAOPI formula (XPS) has been approved for breast hyperplasia treatment by the State Food and Drug Administration of China (SFDA) in 2018. The existing knowledge about the anti-breast cancer activities and mechanisms of XPS has been very limited. The present study aimed to investigate whether XPS could exert an anti-breast cancer effect by regulating tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor microenvironment. Herein, breast cancer cells and TAMs were co-cultured using the transwell co-culture system to simulate the coexistence of them. XPS could significantly inhibit the proliferation, colony formation, breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) subpopulation, mammosphere formation abilities as well as stemness-related genes expression in both human and mouse breast cancer cells in the co-culture system. Additionally, XPS could suppress M2 phenotype polarization as well as C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) expression and secretion of TAMs. Notably, further mechanistic explorations verified TAMs/CXCL1 as the critical target of XPS in inhibiting breast CSCs self-renewal in the co-culture system as the exogenous CXCL1 administration could abrogate the inhibitory effect of XPS on breast CSCs self-renewal. More importantly, XPS significantly inhibited mammary tumor growth, breast CSCs subpopulation, and TAMs/CXCL1 activity in mouse 4T1-Luc xenografts in vivo without any detectable side effects. Taken together, this study not only uncovers the immunomodulatory mechanism of XPS in treating breast cancer but also sheds novel insights into TAMs/CXCL1 as a potential molecular target for breast CSCs elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqi Wang
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Post-doctoral Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renlun Huang
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Zheng
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Post-doctoral Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Neng Wang
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Yang
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honglin Situ
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, The Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine & The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Post-doctoral Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Bioinformatic profiling of prognosis-related genes in the breast cancer immune microenvironment. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9328-9347. [PMID: 31715586 PMCID: PMC6874454 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the microenvironment of breast cancer, immune cell infiltration is associated with an improved prognosis. To identify immune-related prognostic markers and therapeutic targets, we determined the lymphocyte-specific kinase (LCK) metagene scores of samples from breast cancer patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas. The LCK metagene score correlated highly with other immune-related scores, as well as with the clinical stage, prognosis and tumor suppressor gene mutation status (BRCA2, TP53, PTEN) of patients in the four breast cancer subtypes. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed to detect representative genes from LCK metagene-related gene modules. In two of these modules, the levels of the co-expressed genes correlated highly with LCK metagene levels, so we conducted an enrichment analysis to discover their functions. We also identified differentially expressed genes in samples with high and low LCK metagene scores. By examining the overlapping results from these analyses, we obtained 115 genes, and found that 22 of them were independent predictors of overall survival in breast cancer patients. These genes were validated for their prognostic and diagnostic value with external data sets and paired tumor and non-tumor tissues. The genes identified herein could serve as diagnostic/prognostic markers and immune-related therapeutic targets in breast cancer.
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13
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Karagiannis GS, Condeelis JS, Oktay MH. Chemotherapy-Induced Metastasis: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Manifestations, Therapeutic Interventions. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4567-4576. [PMID: 31431464 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy offers long-term clinical benefits to many patients with advanced cancer. However, recent evidence has linked the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy with the de novo elicitation of a prometastatic tumor microenvironment. This "modified" tumor microenvironment is triggered by a chemotherapy-driven cytokine storm or through direct effects of certain chemotherapeutics on stromal and/or immune cells, the most critical being tumor-associated macrophages. These chemotherapy-educated cells act as facilitators in tumor-host cell interactions promoting the establishment of distant metastasis. Certain clinical studies now offer substantial evidence that prometastatic changes are indeed identified in the tumor microenvironment of certain patient subpopulations, especially those that do not present with any pathologic response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Deciphering the exact contextual prerequisites for chemotherapy-driven metastasis will be paramount for designing novel mechanism-based treatments for circumventing chemotherapy-induced metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Karagiannis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. .,Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - John S Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Maja H Oktay
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. .,Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.,Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
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14
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Daniel SK, Sullivan KM, Labadie KP, Pillarisetty VG. Hypoxia as a barrier to immunotherapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Clin Transl Med 2019; 8:10. [PMID: 30931508 PMCID: PMC6441665 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-019-0226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a lethal disease with limited response to cytotoxic chemoradiotherapy, as well as newer immunotherapies. The PDA tumor microenvironment contains infiltrating immune cells including cytotoxic T cells; however, there is an overall immunosuppressive milieu. Hypoxia is a known element of the solid tumor microenvironment and may promote tumor survival. Through various mechanisms including, but not limited to, those mediated by HIF-1α, hypoxia also leads to increased tumor proliferation and metabolic changes. Furthermore, epithelial to mesenchymal transition is promoted through several pathways, including NOTCH and c-MET, regulated by hypoxia. Hypoxia-promoted changes also contribute to the immunosuppressive phenotype seen in many different cell types within the microenvironment and thereby may inhibit an effective immune system response to PDA. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and myofibroblasts appear to contribute to the recruitment of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and B cells in PDA via cytokines increased due to hypoxia. PSCs also increase collagen secretion in response to HIF-1α, which promotes a fibrotic stroma that alters T cell homing and migration. In hypoxic environments, B cells contribute to cytotoxic T cell exhaustion and produce chemokines to attract more immunosuppressive regulatory T cells. MDSCs inhibit T cell metabolism by hoarding key amino acids, modulate T cell homing by cleaving L-selectin, and prevent T cell activation by increasing PD-L1 expression. Immunosuppressive M2 phenotype macrophages promote T cell anergy via increased nitric oxide (NO) and decreased arginine in hypoxia. Increased numbers of regulatory T cells are seen in hypoxia which prevent effector T cell activation through cytokine production and increased CTLA-4. Effective immunotherapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma and other solid tumors will need to help counteract the immunosuppressive nature of hypoxia-induced changes in the tumor microenvironment. Promising studies will look at combination therapies involving checkpoint inhibitors, chemokine inhibitors, and possible targeting of hypoxia. While no model is perfect, assuring that models incorporate the effects of hypoxia on cancer cells, stromal cells, and effector immune cells will be crucial in developing successful therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Daniel
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - K M Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - K P Labadie
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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