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Ranjan P, Kashyap RS, Goel M, Veetil SK, Kateriya S. Cellular organelles facilitate dimerization of a newly identified Arf from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2014; 50:1137-1145. [PMID: 26988793 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
GTPases of the Ras superfamily regulate a wide variety of cellular processes including vesicular transport and various secretory pathways of the cell. ADP - ribosylation factor (ARF) belongs to one of the five major families of the Ras superfamily and serves as an important component of vesicle formation and transport machinery of the cells. The binding of GTP to these Arfs and its subsequent hydrolysis, induces conformational changes in these proteins leading to their enzymatic activities. The dimeric form of Arf is associated with membrane pinch-off during vesicle formation. In this report, we have identified an arf gene from the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, CrArf, and showed that the oligomeric state of the protein in C. renhardtii is modulated by the cellular membrane environment of the organism. Protein cross-linking experiments showed that the purified recombinant CrArf has the ability to form a dimer. Both the 20-kDa monomeric and 40-kDa dimeric forms of CrArf were recognized from Chlamydomonas total cell lysate (CrTLC) and purified recombinant CrArf by the CrArf specific antibody. The membranous environment of the cell appeared to facilitate dimerization of the CrArf, as dimeric form was found exclusively associated with the membrane bound organelles. The subcellular localization studies in Chlamydomonas suggested that CrArf mainly localized in the cytosol and was mislocalized in vesicle transport machinery inhibitor treated cells. This research sheds light on the importance of the cellular membrane environment for regulating the oligomeric state of CrArf protein in this organism and associated functional role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeyush Ranjan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Rudra Shankar Kashyap
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Manisha Goel
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Sindhu Kandoth Veetil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
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Kato N, Dong T, Bailey M, Lum T, Ingram D. Triacylglycerol mobilization is suppressed by brefeldin A in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1585-99. [PMID: 23872273 PMCID: PMC4081630 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Brefeldin A suppresses vesicle trafficking by inhibiting exchange of GDP for GTP in ADP-ribosylation factor. We report that brefeldin A suppresses mobilization of triacylglycerols in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a model organism of green microalgae. Analyses revealed that brefeldin A causes Chlamydomonas to form lipid droplets in which triacylglycerols accumulate in a dose-dependent manner. Pulse labeling experiment using fluorescent fatty acids suggested that brefeldin A inhibits the cells from degrading fatty acids. The experiment also revealed that the cells transiently form novel compartments that accumulate exogenously added fatty acids in the cytoplasm, designated fatty acid-induced microbodies (FAIMs). Brefeldin A up-regulates the formation of FAIMs, whereas nitrogen deprivation that up-regulates triacylglycerol synthesis in Chlamydomonas does not cause the cells to form FAIMs. These results underscore the role of the vesicle trafficking machinery in triacylglycerol metabolism in green microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 226 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- *Corresponding author: E-mail: ; Fax: +1-225-578-2597
| | - Trung Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 226 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Michael Bailey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 226 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Tony Lum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 226 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Drury Ingram
- Cell Biology & Bioimaging Core, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd., Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Yu S, Liang Y. A trapper keeper for TRAPP, its structures and functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3933-44. [PMID: 22669257 PMCID: PMC11114727 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During biosynthesis many membrane and secreted proteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum, through the Golgi and on to the plasma membrane in small transport vesicles. These transport vesicles have to undergo budding, movement, tethering, docking, and fusion at each organelle of the biosynthetic pathway. The transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex was initially identified as the tethering factor for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived COPII vesicles, but the functions of TRAPP may extend to other areas of biology. Three forms of TRAPP complexes have been discovered to date, and recent advances in research have provided new insights on the structures and functions of TRAPP. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the recent findings in TRAPP biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China,
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Keskin BC, Yuca E, Ertekin O, Yüksel B, Memon AR. Expression characteristics of ARF1 and SAR1 during development and the de-etiolation process. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:24-32. [PMID: 21973219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ARF1 (ADP-ribosylation factor 1) and SAR1 (secretion-associated RAS super family) are involved in the formation and budding of vesicles throughout plant endomembrane systems. The molecular mechanisms of this transport have been studied extensively in mammalian and yeast cells. However, very little is known about the mechanisms of coat protein complex (COP) formation and recruitment of COP-vesicle cargoes in plants. To provide insights into vesicular trafficking in Pisum sativum L., we investigated mRNA and protein expression patterns of ARF1 and SAR1 in roots and shoots at early growth stages and in the de-etiolation process. We showed that ARF1 was concentrated mostly in the crude Golgi fractions, and SAR1 was concentrated predominantly in the crude ER fractions of de-etiolated shoots. ARF1 and SAR1 proteins were several times more abundant in shoots relative to roots. In total protein homogenates, the expression level of SAR1 and ARF1 was higher in shoots of dark-grown pea plants than light-grown plants. In contrast, ARF1 was higher in roots of light-grown pea relative to roots of dark-grown pea. With ageing, the ARF1 mRNA in roots was reduced, while SAR1 expression increased. Unlike ARF1 transcripts, ARF1 protein levels did not fluctuate significantly in root and shoot tissue during early development. The relative abundance of SAR1 protein in root tissues may suggest a high level of vesicular transport from the ER to the Golgi. Experimental results suggested that white light probably affects the regulation of ARF1 and SAR1 protein levels. On the other hand, short-term white light affects SAR1 but not ARF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cevher Keskin
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, TUBITAK, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Matsuo T, Ishiura M. Chlamydomonas reinhardtiias a new model system for studying the molecular basis of the circadian clock. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1495-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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New Insights into the Circadian Clock in Chlamydomonas. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 280:281-314. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)80006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Wang JP, Bughrara SS. Monitoring of gene expression profiles and identification of candidate genes involved in drought responses in Festuca mairei. Mol Genet Genomics 2007; 277:571-87. [PMID: 17323082 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-007-0208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To understand the molecular genetic basis underlying drought tolerance in grasses, the cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) technique was applied for identification of genes responding to drought stress in a xerophytic adapted plant, Festuca mairei. A total of 11,346 transcript derived fragments (TDFs) were detected, and 464 (4.1%) TDFs were identified as differentially expressed fragments (DEFs) during the drought treatment of the plant. The expression patterns of these DEFs included up-regulated ( approximately 30%), down-regulated ( approximately 54.3%), and the remainder ( approximately 16.7%) showing transient changes. The differential expression patterns of 171 DEFs were further confirmed by macroarray hybridization analysis. Sequences had been obtained for 163 DEFs, and 62 sequences had no significant hits to sequences currently in public databases. Predicted functions of remaining 101 sequences were subdivided into 17 categories. Down-regulated genes were highly represented by metabolism and cellular biogenesis. Up-regulated DEFs were enriched in genes involved in transcription, defense, cell cycle and DNA processing. Analysis of the 163 DEFs provides a first glimpse into the transcripts of F. mairei during drought stress treatment. The combination of data from studies on genetic model plants and on diverse plant species will enhance understanding of the drought tolerance mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping P Wang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Lin WY, Ting YC, Pan TM. Proteomic response to intracellular proteins of Monascus pilosus grown under phosphate-limited complex medium with different growth rates and pigment production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:467-74. [PMID: 17227081 DOI: 10.1021/jf0622937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Monascus pigments are important colorings in food applications. Rice containing potassium phosphate and sodium nitrate was reported as a good pigment-producing medium for Monascus in previous studies. We found that the lack of potassium phosphate in this medium depressed red pigment production in cultivated Monascus pilosus. However, the influence of phosphate limitation on the biochemical metabolisms concerning culture growth and pigment production in Monascus remains unknown. Here, we used proteomic analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and database interrogation to separate and identify the proteins of M. pilosus grown between the lack of potassium phosphate and the control media. Phosphate limitation to this complex medium induced an up-regulation of aldehyde dehydrogenase and several glycolytic enzymes in Monascus relative to the control. In contrast, the metabolic enzymes such as glucosamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase and ADP-ribosylation factor 1 were up-regulated in the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wun-Yuan Lin
- Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Kucho KI, Okamoto K, Tabata S, Fukuzawa H, Ishiura M. Identification of novel clock-controlled genes by cDNA macroarray analysis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 57:889-906. [PMID: 15952072 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-005-3248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are self-sustaining oscillations whose period length under constant conditions is about 24 h. Circadian rhythms are widespread and involve functions as diverse as human sleep-wake cycles and cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation. In spite of a long research history, knowledge about clock-controlled genes is limited in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Using a cDNA macroarray containing 10 368 nuclear-encoded genes, we examined global circadian regulation of transcription in Chlamydomonas. We identified 269 candidates for circadianly expressed gene. Northern blot analysis confirmed reproducible and sustainable rhythmicity for 12 genes. Most genes exhibited peak expression at the transition point between day and night. One hundred and eighteen genes were assigned predicted annotations. The functions of the cycling genes were diverse and included photosynthesis, respiration, cellular structure, and various metabolic pathways. Surprisingly, 18 genes encoding chloroplast ribosomal proteins showed a coordinated circadian pattern of expression and peaked just at the beginning of subjective day. The co-regulation of genes bearing a similar function was also observed in genes involved in cellular structure. They peaked at the end of the subjective night, which is when the regeneration of cell walls and flagella in daughter cells occurs. Expression of the chlamyopsin gene, which encodes an opsin-type photoreceptor, also exhibited circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Kucho
- Center for Gene Research, , Nagoya University, Furo-cho, 464-8602, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
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Mittag M, Kiaulehn S, Johnson CH. The circadian clock in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. What is it for? What is it similar to? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 137:399-409. [PMID: 15710681 PMCID: PMC1065344 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.052415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mittag
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Memon AR. The role of ADP-ribosylation factor and SAR1 in vesicular trafficking in plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1664:9-30. [PMID: 15238254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ras-like small GTP binding proteins regulate a wide variety of intracellular signalling and vesicular trafficking pathways in eukaryotic cells including plant cells. They share a common structure that operates as a molecular switch by cycling between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound conformational states. The active GTP-bound state is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF), which promote the exchange of GDP for GTP. The inactive GDP-bound state is promoted by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) which accelerate GTP hydrolysis by orders of magnitude. Two types of small GTP-binding proteins, ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) and secretion-associated and Ras-related (Sar), are major regulators of vesicle biogenesis in intracellular traffic and are founding members of a growing family that also includes Arf-related proteins (Arp) and Arf-like (Arl) proteins. The most widely involved small GTPase in vesicular trafficking is probably Arf1, which not only controls assembly of COPI- and AP1, AP3, and AP4/clathrin-coated vesicles but also recruits other proteins to membranes, including some that may be components of further coats. Recent molecular, structural and biochemical studies have provided a wealth of detail of the interactions between Arf and the proteins that regulate its activity as well as providing clues for the types of effector molecules which are controlled by Arf. Sar1 functions as a molecular switch to control the assembly of protein coats (COPII) that direct vesicle budding from ER. The crystallographic analysis of Sar1 reveals a number of structurally unique features that dictate its function in COPII vesicle formation. In this review, I will summarize the current knowledge of Arf and Sar regulation in vesicular trafficking in mammalian and yeast cells and will highlight recent advances in identifying the elements involved in vesicle formation in plant cells. Additionally, I will briefly discuss the similarities and dissimilarities of vesicle traffic in plant, mammalian and yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul R Memon
- TUBITAK, Research Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 21, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been used as an experimental model organism for circadian rhythm research for more than 30 yr. Some of the physiological rhythms of this alga are well established, and several clock mutants have been isolated. The cloning of clock genes from these mutant strains by positional cloning is under way and should give new insights into the mechanism of the circadian clock. In a spectacular space experiment, the question of the existence of an endogenous clock vs. an exogenous mechanism has been studied in this organism. With the emergence of molecular analysis of circadian rhythms in plants in 1985, a circadian gene expression pattern of several nuclear and chloroplast genes was detected. Evidence is now accumulating that shows circadian control at the translational level. In addition, the gating of the cell cycle by the circadian clock has been analyzed. This review focuses on the different aspects of circadian rhythm research in C. reinhardtii over the past 30 yr. The suitability of Chlamydomonas as a model system in chronobiology research and the adaptive significance of the observed rhythms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Werner
- University of Hamburg, Institute for General Botany and Botanical Garden, Department of Cell Biology, Germany.
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms have been described in a variety of microalgae. In each group, some model organisms arose and most detailed studies have been done with them. They include the cyanobacterium ("blue-green alga") Synechococcus and eukaryotic microalgae Gonyaulax polyedra (Dinophyta), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyta), and Euglena gracilis (Euglenophyta). This review focuses on recent approaches to depict molecular components of the circadian system and the mechanisms of regulation in these organisms. In Synechococcus, the identification of the kailocus, which represents a central part of its oscillatory system, is discussed, as well as diverse approaches based on a luminescent reporter gene, which is driven by a clock-controlled cyanobacterial promoter. In eukaryotic microalgae, the diversity of genes/proteins that are controlled by the circadian clock is described and the kind of regulation (transcriptional and translational control) is emphasized. The role and function of conserved clock-controlled RNA-binding proteins such as CCTR from Gonyaulaxor Chlamy 1 from Chlamydomonas are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mittag
- Botanisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität-München, Germany
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Abstract
Increasing numbers of plant proteins are being shown to have posttranslationally-attached lipids. The modifications include N-myristoylation, S-palmitoylation, prenylation by farnesyl or geranylgeranyl moieties, or attachment of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors. This report summarizes recent findings regarding the structure, metabolism and physiological functions of these important protein-linked lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Thompson
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, USA.
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Munnik T, Irvine RF, Musgrave A. Phospholipid signalling in plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1389:222-72. [PMID: 9512651 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(97)00158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Munnik
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, BioCentrum Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Thompson
- Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin 78713, USA.
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