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Ferrari M, Muto A, Bruno L, Muzzalupo I, Chiappetta A. Modulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis-Related Genes during the Ripening of Olea europaea L. cvs Carolea and Tondina Drupes in Relation to Environmental Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108770. [PMID: 37240115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins protect plants against various biotic and abiotic stresses, and anthocyanin-rich foods exert benefits on human health due to their antioxidant activity. Nevertheless, little information is available on the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the anthocyanin content in olive fruits. Based on this consideration, the total anthocyanin content, the genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, and three putative R2R3-MYB transcription factors were evaluated at different ripening stages in the drupes of the Carolea and Tondina cultivars, sampled at different altitudes in the Calabria region, Italy. During drupe ripening, the total anthocyanin content and the transcript levels of analyzed genes gradually increased. In line with the anthocyanin content, a different level of expression of anthocyanin structural genes was observed in 'Carolea' compared to 'Tondina', and in relation to the cultivation area. Furthermore, we identified Oeu050989.1 as a putative R2R3-MYB involved in the regulation of anthocyanin structural genes correlated with the environmental temperature change response. We conclude that anthocyanin accumulation is strongly regulated by development, genotype, and also by environmental factors such as temperature, associated with the altitude gradient. The obtained results contribute to reducing the current information gap regarding the molecular mechanisms on anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation related to the environmental conditions in Olea europaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ferrari
- Department of Biology, Ecology, and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Antonella Muto
- Department of Biology, Ecology, and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Leonardo Bruno
- Department of Biology, Ecology, and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Innocenzo Muzzalupo
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis, Forestry and Wood Research Center, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Adriana Chiappetta
- Department of Biology, Ecology, and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Hong Y, Lv Y, Zhang J, Ahmad N, Li X, Yao N, Liu X, Li H. The safflower MBW complex regulates HYSA accumulation through degradation by the E3 ligase CtBB1. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:1277-1296. [PMID: 36598461 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory mechanism of the MBW (MYB-bHLH-WD40) complex in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) remains unclear. In the present study, we show that the separate overexpression of the genes CtbHLH41, CtMYB63, and CtWD40-6 in Arabidopsis thaliana increased anthocyanin and procyanidin contents in the transgenic plants and partially rescued the trichome reduction phenotype of the corresponding bhlh41, myb63, and wd40-6 single mutants. Overexpression of CtbHLH41, CtMYB63, or CtWD40-6 in safflower significantly increased the content of the natural pigment hydroxysafflor yellow A (HYSA) and negatively regulated safflower petal size. Yeast-two-hybrid, functional, and genetic assays demonstrated that the safflower E3 ligase CtBB1 (BIG BROTHER 1) can ubiquitinate CtbHLH41, marking it for degradation through the 26S proteasome and negatively regulating flavonoid accumulation. CtMYB63/CtWD40-6 enhanced the transcriptional activity of CtbHLH41 on the CtDFR (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase) promoter. We propose that the MBW-CtBB1 regulatory module may play an important role in coordinating HYSA accumulation with other response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570100, China
| | - Yanxi Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghaijiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Na Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xiuming Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570100, China
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Strazzer P, Verbree B, Bliek M, Koes R, Quattrocchio FM. The Amsterdam petunia germplasm collection: A tool in plant science. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1129724. [PMID: 37025133 PMCID: PMC10070740 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1129724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Petunia hybrida is a plant model system used by many researchers to investigate a broad range of biological questions. One of the reasons for the success of this organism as a lab model is the existence of numerous mutants, involved in a wide range of processes, and the ever-increasing size of this collection owing to a highly active and efficient transposon system. We report here on the origin of petunia-based research and describe the collection of petunia lines housed in the University of Amsterdam, where many of the existing genotypes are maintained.
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Wang X, Chen X, Luo S, Ma W, Li N, Zhang W, Tikunov Y, Xuan S, Zhao J, Wang Y, Zheng G, Yu P, Bai Y, Bovy A, Shen S. Discovery of a DFR gene that controls anthocyanin accumulation in the spiny Solanum group: roles of a natural promoter variant and alternative splicing. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1096-1109. [PMID: 35749258 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are important pigments that impart color in plants. In Solanum, different species display various fruit or flower colors due to varying degrees of anthocyanin accumulation. Here we identified two anthocyanin-free mutants from an ethylmethane sulfonate-induced mutant library and naturally occurring mutants in Solanum melongena, with mutations in the 5' splicing site of the second intron of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) - leading to altered splicing. Further study revealed that alternative splicing of the second intron was closely related to anthocyanin accumulation in 17 accessions from three cultivated species: S. melongena, Solanum macrocarpon and Solanum aethiopicum, and their wild related species. Analysis of natural variations of DFR, using an expanded population including 282 accessions belonging to the spiny Solanum group, identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the MYB recognition site in the promoter region, which causes differential expression of DFR and affects anthocyanin accumulation in fruits of the detected accessions. Our study suggests that, owing to years of domestication, the natural variation in the DFR promoter region and the alternative splicing of the DFR gene account for altered anthocyanin accumulation during spiny Solanum domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuangxia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yury Tikunov
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shuxin Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Gengdi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Bovy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shuxing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Yu T, Han G, Luan Z, Zhu C, Zhao J, Sheng Y. Functional Analysis of Genes GlaDFR1 and GlaDFR2 Encoding Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase (DFR) in Gentiana lutea L. Var. Aurantiaca (M. Laínz) M. Laínz. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1382604. [PMID: 35047628 PMCID: PMC8763498 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1382604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are important pigments for flower color, determining the ornamental and economic values of horticultural plants. As a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of anthocyanidins, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) catalyzes the reduction of dihydroflavonols to generate the precursors for anthocyanidins (i.e., leucoanthocyanidins) and anthocyanins. To investigate the functions of DFRs in plants, we cloned the GlaDFR1 and GlaDFR2 genes from the petals of Gentiana lutea var. aurantiaca and transformed both genes into Nicotiana tabacum by Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disc method. We further investigated the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of T1 generation transgenic tobacco plants selected based on the hygromycin resistance and verified by both PCR and semiquantitative real-time PCR analyses. The phenotypic segregation was observed in the flower color of the transgenic tobacco plants, showing petals darker than those in the wild-type (WT) plants. Results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the contents of gentiocyanin derivatives were decreased in the petals of transgenic plants in comparison to those of WT plants. Ours results revealed the molecular functions of GlaDFR1 and GlaDFR2 in the formation of coloration, providing solid theoretical foundation and candidate genes for further genetic improvement in flower color of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Guojun Han
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Zhihui Luan
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Changfu Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Yanmin Sheng
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130031, China
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Sun W, Zhou N, Wang Y, Sun S, Zhang Y, Ju Z, Yi Y. Characterization and functional analysis of RdDFR1 regulation on flower color formation in Rhododendron delavayi. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 169:203-210. [PMID: 34801974 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rhododendron delavayi is a popular ornamental plant with globular flowers noted for their bright red color, but very limited studies have been reported on its flower color formation. In this study, we successfully isolated a novel DFR gene (RdDFR1) from red flowers of Rhododendron delavayi. Multiple sequence alignments revealed that RdDFR1 had the conserved NADP and substrate binding domain, and was classified into Asn-type DFR. Meanwhile, quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that transcript levels of RdDFR1 matched the accumulation patterns of anthocyanins during flower development, hinting its potential role involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Then in vitro enzymatic analysis indicated that recombinant RdDFR1 protein could catalyze the production of leucoanthocyanidins from dihydroquercetin and dihydromyricetin. Furthermore, the in planta assay, using Arabidopsis thaliana dfr mutant (tt3-1) and tobacco, displayed that RdDFR1 transgenes recovered the defective proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin biosynthesis at seed coats, hypocotyl as well as cotyledon, and altered the flowers color of tobacco from pale pink to dark pink which demonstrated its function as dihydroflavonol 4-reductase in vivo. In summary, our findings suggest that RdDFR1 plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of anthocyanin and will also make a contribution to understand the mechanisms of flower color formation in Rhododendron delavayi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountain Area of Southwest of China, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Nana Zhou
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountain Area of Southwest of China, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountain Area of Southwest of China, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountain Area of Southwest of China, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountain Area of Southwest of China, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhigang Ju
- Pharmacy College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China.
| | - Yin Yi
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountain Area of Southwest of China, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
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7
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Beyond Purple Tomatoes: Combined Strategies Targeting Anthocyanins to Generate Crimson, Magenta, and Indigo Fruit. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7090327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The range of colours of many flowers and fruits is largely due to variations in the types of anthocyanins produced. The degree of hydroxylation on the B-ring affects the hue of these pigments, causing a shift from the orange end of the visible spectrum to the blue end. Besides colour, this modification can also affect other properties of anthocyanins, including the ability to protect the plant against different stresses or, when included in the human diet, to provide benefits for disease prevention. The level of hydroxylation of the B-ring is determined by the activity of two key hydroxylases, F3′H and F3′5′H, and by the substrate preference of DFR, an enzyme acting downstream in the biosynthetic pathway. We show that, in tomato, a strategy based on fruit-specific engineering of three regulatory genes (AmDel, AmRos1, AtMYB12) and a single biosynthetic gene (AmDFR), together with the availability of a specific mutation (f3′5′h), results in the generation of three different varieties producing high levels of anthocyanins with different levels of hydroxylation. These tomatoes show distinctive colours and mimic the classes of anthocyanins found in natural berries, thus providing unique near-isogenic material for different studies.
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Yan H, Pei X, Zhang H, Li X, Zhang X, Zhao M, Chiang VL, Sederoff RR, Zhao X. MYB-Mediated Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3103. [PMID: 33803587 PMCID: PMC8002911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are natural water-soluble pigments that are important in plants because they endow a variety of colors to vegetative tissues and reproductive plant organs, mainly ranging from red to purple and blue. The colors regulated by anthocyanins give plants different visual effects through different biosynthetic pathways that provide pigmentation for flowers, fruits and seeds to attract pollinators and seed dispersers. The biosynthesis of anthocyanins is genetically determined by structural and regulatory genes. MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) proteins are important transcriptional regulators that play important roles in the regulation of plant secondary metabolism. MYB transcription factors (TFs) occupy a dominant position in the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The TF conserved binding motifs can be combined with other TFs to regulate the enrichment and sedimentation of anthocyanins. In this study, the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic mechanisms of MYB-TFs are discussed. The role of the environment in the control of the anthocyanin biosynthesis network is summarized, the complex formation of anthocyanins and the mechanism of environment-induced anthocyanin synthesis are analyzed. Some prospects for MYB-TF to modulate the comprehensive regulation of anthocyanins are put forward, to provide a more relevant basis for further research in this field, and to guide the directed genetic modification of anthocyanins for the improvement of crops for food quality, nutrition and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (V.L.C.)
| | - Xiaona Pei
- Harbin Research Institute of Forestry Machinery, State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Harbin 150086, China;
- Research Center of Cold Temperate Forestry, CAF, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (V.L.C.)
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (V.L.C.)
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (V.L.C.)
| | - Minghui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (V.L.C.)
| | - Vincent L. Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (V.L.C.)
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Ronald Ross Sederoff
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Xiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (V.L.C.)
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Krishnatreya DB, Agarwala N, Gill SS, Bandyopadhyay T. Understanding the role of miRNAs for improvement of tea quality and stress tolerance. J Biotechnol 2021; 328:34-46. [PMID: 33421509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an emerging class of small non-coding RNAs that exhibit important role in regulation of gene expression, mostly through the mechanism of cleavage and/or inhibition of translation of target mRNAs during or after transcription. Although much has been unravelled about the role of miRNAs in diverse biological processes like maintenance of functional integrity of genes and genome, growth and development, metabolism, and adaptive responses towards biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, not much is known on their specific roles in majority of cash crops - an area of investigation with potentially significant and gainful economic implications. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is globally the second most consumed beverage after water and its cultivation has major agro-economic and social ramifications. In recent years, global tea production has been greatly challenged by many biotic and abiotic stress factors and a deeper understanding of molecular processes regulating stress adaptation in this largely under investigated crop stands to significantly facilitate potential crop improvement strategies towards durable stress tolerance. This review endeavours to highlight recent advances in our understanding of the role of miRNAs in regulating stress tolerance traits in tea plant with additional focus on their role in determining tea quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niraj Agarwala
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Jalukbari, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India.
| | - Sarvajeet Singh Gill
- Center for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
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Liu J, Ai X, Wang Y, Lu Q, Li T, Wu L, Sun L, Shen H. Fine mapping of the Ca3GT gene controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis in mature unripe fruit of Capsicum annuum L. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:2729-2742. [PMID: 32564095 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The anthocyanin biosynthesis gene Ca3GT was fine-mapped in a 110.5-kb region through a map-based cloning strategy. Gene expression and promoter analyses confirmed the strong candidate gene Capana10g001978. Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) fruit can be dark green, green, light green, purple, yellow, or ivory at the juvenile stage. Anthocyanins are responsible for fruit color formation in mature unripe pepper fruit, and transient accumulation of anthocyanins is the main problem in breeding pepper plants with mature purple fruit. Only a few genes controlling this trait have been cloned. The present study aimed to map and identify an anthocyanin biosynthesis gene from pepper using an F2 population derived from a cross between line '17C3808' (purple mature unripe fruit) and line '17C3807' (green mature unripe fruit). The trait was mapped on a 110.5-kb interval between markers SSR18213 and SSR18228 on chromosome 10. There were three open reading frames in this region; Capana10g001978 was predicted in this region as markers CAPS-78-708 and InDel146 co-segregated with it. Capana10g001978 is a structural gene encoding the GTB transcription factor involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. Comparing parental sequences, two base mutations were identified in the exon of Capana10g001978, at positions + 528 bp and + 708 bp, which resulted in changes in the 176th and 236th amino acid residues, from glutamine (CAA) to histidine (CAC), causing a nonsense mutation (from CAG to CAA). Additionally, Capana10g001978 was highly expressed in the pericarp of mature, unripe pepper fruit. There were four single nucleotide polymorphisms, three sequence deletions, and one sequence insertion in the promoter region of purple, mature, and unripe pepper fruit, leading to the formation of a W-box and a GT1-motif. Thus, Capana10g001978 is a strong candidate gene of Ca3GT involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in mature unripe pepper fruit. These results provide important information regarding the isolation and characterization of Ca3GT, and they are the starting point for studying the regulatory pathway responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiyin Ai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yihao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiaohua Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lang Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Huolin Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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11
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Jiang N, Lee YS, Mukundi E, Gomez-Cano F, Rivero L, Grotewold E. Diversity of genetic lesions characterizes new Arabidopsis flavonoid pigment mutant alleles from T-DNA collections. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110335. [PMID: 31928687 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The visual phenotypes afforded by flavonoid pigments have provided invaluable tools for modern genetics. Many Arabidopsis transparent testa (tt) mutants lacking the characteristic proanthocyanidin (PA) seed coat pigmentation and often failing to accumulate anthocyanins in vegetative tissues have been characterized. These mutants have significantly contributed to our understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis, regulation, and transport. A comprehensive screening for tt mutants in available large T-DNA collection lines resulted in the identification of 16 independent lines lacking PAs and anthocyanins, or with seed coat pigmentation clearly distinct from wild type. Segregation analyses and the characterization of second alleles in the genes disrupted by the indexed T-DNA insertions demonstrated that all the lines contained at least one additional mutation responsible for the tt phenotypes. Using a combination of RNA-Seq and whole genome re-sequencing and confirmed through complementation, we show here that these mutations correspond to novel alleles of ttg1 (two alleles), tt3 (two alleles), tt5 (two alleles), ban (two alleles), tt1 (two alleles), and tt8 (six alleles), which harbored additional T-DNA insertions, indels, missense mutations, and large genomic deletion. Several of the identified alleles offer interesting perspectives on flavonoid biosynthesis and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-6473, USA
| | - Yun Sun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-6473, USA
| | - Eric Mukundi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-6473, USA
| | - Fabio Gomez-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-6473, USA
| | - Luz Rivero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-6473, USA
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-6473, USA.
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12
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Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Putative Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Accumulation and Coloration in White and Pink Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Flower. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010190. [PMID: 31906542 PMCID: PMC6983220 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A variant of tea tree (Camellia sinensis (L.)) with purple buds and leaves and pink flowers can be used as a unique ornamental plant. However, the mechanism of flower coloration remains unclear. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of coloration, as well as anthocyanin accumulation in white and pink tea flowers, metabolite profiling and transcriptome sequencing was analyzed in various tea flower developmental stages. Results of metabolomics analysis revealed that three specific anthocyanin substances could be identified, i.e., cyanidin O-syringic acid, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-O-β-d-glucoside, which only accumulated in pink tea flowers, and were not able to be detected in white flowers. RNA-seq and weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed eight highly expressed structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, and particularly, different expression patterns of flavonol synthase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes were observed. We deduced that the disequilibrium of expression levels in flavonol synthases and dihydroflavonol-4-reductases resulted in different levels of anthocyanin accumulation and coloration in white and pink tea flowers. Results of qRT-PCR performed for 9 key genes suggested that the expression profiles of differentially expressed genes were generally consistent with the results of high-throughput sequencing. These findings provide insight into anthocyanin accumulation and coloration mechanisms during tea flower development, which will contribute to the breeding of pink-flowered and anthocyanin-rich tea cultivars.
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13
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Zou K, Liu X, Zhang D, Yang Q, Fu S, Meng D, Chang W, Li R, Yin H, Liang Y. Flavonoid Biosynthesis Is Likely More Susceptible to Elevation and Tree Age Than Other Branch Pathways Involved in Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis in Ginkgo Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:983. [PMID: 31417595 PMCID: PMC6682722 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo leaves are always resources for flavonoids pharmaceutical industry. However, the effect of the elevation and tree age changes on flavonoid biosynthesis have not been detailly explored in Ginkgo leaves. In addition, whether these environmental pressures have similar effects on the biosynthesis of other non-flavonoids polyphenolics in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis is not known at present. In this research, de novo transcriptome sequencing of Ginkgo leaves was performed coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the influence of elevation and tree age on phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. A total of 557,659,530 clean reads were assembled into 188,155 unigenes, of which 135,102 (71.80%) were successfully annotated in seven public databases. The putative DFRs, LARs, and ANRs were significantly up-regulated with the increase of elevation in young Ginkgo tree leaves. The relative concentration of flavonoid derivatives with high parent ion intensity was likely to imply that the elevation increase promoted the biosynthesis of flavonoids. Complex gene variations involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were observed with the tree age increase. However, flavonoid derivatives analysis predicted that the rise of tree age was more likely to be detrimental to the flavonoids manufacture. Otherwise, multiple genes implicated in the synthesis of hydroxycinnamates, lignin, and lignan exhibited fluctuations with the elevation increase. Significantly up-regulated CADs and down-regulated PRDs potentially led to the accumulation of p-Coumaryl alcohol, one of the lignin monomers, and might inhibit further lignification. Overall, the putative DFRs seemed to show more considerable variability toward these stress, and appeared to be the main regulatory point in the flavonoid biosynthesis. Light enhancement caused by elevation increase may be the main reason for flavonoids accumulation. Flavonoid biosynthesis exhibited a greater degree of perturbation than that of hydroxycinnamates, lignins and lignans, potentially suggesting that flavonoid biosynthesis might be more susceptible than other branch pathways involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. This research effectively expanded the functional genomic library and provide new insights into phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in Ginkgo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Du Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Shaodong Fu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Delong Meng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Zhejiang CONBA Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaqun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Yili Liang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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14
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Fujino N, Tenma N, Waki T, Ito K, Komatsuzaki Y, Sugiyama K, Yamazaki T, Yoshida S, Hatayama M, Yamashita S, Tanaka Y, Motohashi R, Denessiouk K, Takahashi S, Nakayama T. Physical interactions among flavonoid enzymes in snapdragon and torenia reveal the diversity in the flavonoid metabolon organization of different plant species. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:372-392. [PMID: 29421843 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid metabolons (weakly-bound multi-enzyme complexes of flavonoid enzymes) are believed to occur in diverse plant species. However, how flavonoid enzymes are organized to form a metabolon is unknown for most plant species. We analyzed the physical interaction partnerships of the flavonoid enzymes from two lamiales plants (snapdragon and torenia) that produce flavones and anthocyanins. In snapdragon, protein-protein interaction assays using yeast and plant systems revealed the following binary interactions: flavone synthase II (FNSII)/chalcone synthase (CHS); FNSII/chalcone isomerase (CHI); FNSII/dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR); CHS/CHI; CHI/DFR; and flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase/CHI. These results along with the subcellular localizations and membrane associations of snapdragon flavonoid enzymes suggested that FNSII serves as a component of the flavonoid metabolon tethered to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The observed interaction partnerships and temporal gene expression patterns of flavonoid enzymes in red snapdragon petal cells suggested the flower stage-dependent formation of the flavonoid metabolon, which accounted for the sequential flavone and anthocyanin accumulation patterns therein. We also identified interactions between FNSII and other flavonoid enzymes in torenia, in which the co-suppression of FNSII expression was previously reported to diminish petal anthocyanin contents. The observed physical interactions among flavonoid enzymes of these plant species provided further evidence supporting the long-suspected organization of flavonoid metabolons as enzyme complexes tethered to the ER via cytochrome P450, and illustrated how flavonoid metabolons mediate flower coloration. Moreover, the observed interaction partnerships were distinct from those previously identified in other plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana and soybean), suggesting that the organization of flavonoid metabolons may differ among plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Natsuki Tenma
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Waki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuki Komatsuzaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Keigo Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Saori Yoshida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Hatayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Suntory World Research Center, Suntory Holdings Ltd., Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Reiko Motohashi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | | | - Seiji Takahashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toru Nakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
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15
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Katsu K, Suzuki R, Tsuchiya W, Inagaki N, Yamazaki T, Hisano T, Yasui Y, Komori T, Koshio M, Kubota S, Walker AR, Furukawa K, Matsui K. A new buckwheat dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), with a unique substrate binding structure, has altered substrate specificity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:239. [PMID: 29228897 PMCID: PMC5725924 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) is the key enzyme committed to anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. DFR proteins can catalyse mainly the three substrates (dihydrokaempferol, dihydroquercetin, and dihydromyricetin), and show different substrate preferences. Although relationships between the substrate preference and amino acids in the region responsible for substrate specificity have been investigated in several plant species, the molecular basis of the substrate preference of DFR is not yet fully understood. RESULTS By using degenerate primers in a PCR, we isolated two cDNA clones that encoded DFR in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Based on sequence similarity, one cDNA clone (FeDFR1a) was identical to the FeDFR in DNA databases (DDBJ/Gen Bank/EMBL). The other cDNA clone, FeDFR2, had a similar sequence to FeDFR1a, but a different exon-intron structure. Linkage analysis in an F2 segregating population showed that the two loci were linked. Unlike common DFR proteins in other plant species, FeDFR2 contained a valine instead of the typical asparagine at the third position and an extra glycine between sites 6 and 7 in the region that determines substrate specificity, and showed less activity against dihydrokaempferol than did FeDFR1a with an asparagine at the third position. Our 3D model suggested that the third residue and its neighbouring residues contribute to substrate specificity. FeDFR1a was expressed in all organs that we investigated, whereas FeDFR2 was preferentially expressed in roots and seeds. CONCLUSIONS We isolated two buckwheat cDNA clones of DFR genes. FeDFR2 has unique structural and functional features that differ from those of previously reported DFRs in other plants. The 3D model suggested that not only the amino acid at the third position but also its neighbouring residues that are involved in the formation of the substrate-binding pocket play important roles in determining substrate preferences. The unique characteristics of FeDFR2 would provide a useful tool for future studies on the substrate specificity and organ-specific expression of DFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Katsu
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, Suya 2421, Koshi, Kumamoto, 861-1192 Japan
| | - Rintaro Suzuki
- NARO, Advanced Analysis Center, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Wataru Tsuchiya
- NARO, Advanced Analysis Center, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Noritoshi Inagaki
- NARO, Advanced Analysis Center, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Toshimasa Yamazaki
- NARO, Advanced Analysis Center, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Tomomi Hisano
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, Suya 2421, Koshi, Kumamoto, 861-1192 Japan
| | - Yasuo Yasui
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Komori
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188 Japan
| | - Motoyuki Koshio
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188 Japan
| | - Seiji Kubota
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188 Japan
| | - Amanda R. Walker
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Wine Innovation West, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Kiyoshi Furukawa
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Matsui
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, Suya 2421, Koshi, Kumamoto, 861-1192 Japan
- Present address: NARO, Institute of Crop Science, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518 Japan
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16
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Wang L, Ran L, Hou Y, Tian Q, Li C, Liu R, Fan D, Luo K. The transcription factor MYB115 contributes to the regulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and enhances fungal resistance in poplar. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:351-367. [PMID: 28444797 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are major defense phenolic compounds in the leaves of poplar (Populus spp.) in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Transcriptional regulation of PA biosynthetic genes by the MYB-basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-WD40 complexes in poplar is not still fully understood. Here, an Arabidopsis TT2-like gene MYB115 was isolated from Populus tomentosa and characterized by various molecular, genetic and biochemical approaches. MYB115 restored PA productions in the seed coat of the Arabidopsis tt2 mutant. Overexpression of MYB115 in poplar activated expression of PA biosynthetic genes, resulting in a significant increase in PA concentrations. By contrast, the CRISPR/Cas9-generated myb115 mutant exhibited reduced PA content and decreased expression of PA biosynthetic genes. MYB115 directly activated the promoters of PA-specific structural genes. MYB115 interacted with poplar TT8. Coexpression of MYB115, TT8 and poplar TTG1 significantly enhanced the expression of ANR1 and LAR3. Additionally, transgenic plants overexpressing MYB115 had increased resistance to the fungal pathogen Dothiorella gregaria, whereas myb115 mutant exhibited greater sensitivity compared with wild-type plants. Our data provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms controlling PA biosynthesis by MYB115 in poplar, which could be effectively employed for metabolic engineering of PAs to improve resistance to fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lingyu Ran
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yisu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 810008, Xining, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Di Fan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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17
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Liu X, Xiang M, Fan Y, Yang C, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Chen M, Liao Z. A Root-Preferential DFR-Like Gene Encoding Dihydrokaempferol Reductase Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of Purple-Fleshed Sweet Potato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:279. [PMID: 28293252 PMCID: PMC5329058 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Purple-fleshed sweet potato is good for health due to rich anthocyanins in tubers. Although the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway is well understood in up-ground organs of plants, the knowledge on anthocyanin biosynthesis in underground tubers is limited. In the present study, we isolated and functionally characterized a root-preferential gene encoding dihydrokaempferol reductase (IbDHKR) from purple-fleshed sweet potato. IbDHKR showed highly similarity with the reported dihydroflavonol reductases in other plant species at the sequence levels and the NADPH-binding motif and the substrate-binding domain were also found in IbDHKR. The tissue profile showed that IbDHKR was expressed in all the tested organs, but with much higher level in tuber roots. The expression level of IbDHKR was consistent with the anthocyanin content in sweet potato organs, suggesting that tuber roots were the main organs to synthesize anthocyanins. The recombinant 44 kD IbDHKR was purified and fed by three different dihydroflavonol substrates including dihydrokaempferol (DHK), dihydroquerctin, and dihydromyrecetin. The substrate feeding assay indicated that only DHK could be accepted as substrate by IbDHKR, which was reduced to leucopelargonidin confirmed by LC-MS. Finally, IbDHKR was overexpressed in transgenic tobacco. The IbDHKR-overexpression tobacco corolla was more highly pigmented and contained higher level of anthocyanins than the wild-type tobacco corolla. In summary, IbDHKR was a root-preferential gene involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and its encoding protein, specifically catalyzing DHK reduction to yield leucopelargonidin, was a candidate gene for engineering anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region – Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Sweet Potato, School of Life Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Min Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region – Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Sweet Potato, School of Life Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Yufang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region – Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Sweet Potato, School of Life Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Chunxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region – Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Sweet Potato, School of Life Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Lingjiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region – Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Sweet Potato, School of Life Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Qitang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region – Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Sweet Potato, School of Life Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region – Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Sweet Potato, School of Life Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
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18
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Sun P, Cheng C, Lin Y, Zhu Q, Lin J, Lai Z. Combined small RNA and degradome sequencing reveals complex microRNA regulation of catechin biosynthesis in tea (Camellia sinensis). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171173. [PMID: 28225779 PMCID: PMC5321428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are endogenous non-coding small RNAs playing crucial regulatory roles in plants. Tea, a globally popular non-alcoholic drink, is rich in health-enhancing catechins. In this study, 69 conserved and 47 novel miRNAs targeting 644 genes were identified by high-throughout sequencing. Predicted target genes of miRNAs were mainly involved in plant growth, signal transduction, morphogenesis and defense. To further identify targets of tea miRNAs, degradome sequencing and RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of 5'cDNA ends (RLM-RACE) were applied. Using degradome sequencing, 26 genes mainly involved in transcription factor, resistance protein and signal transduction protein synthesis were identified as potential miRNA targets, with 5 genes subsequently verified. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that the expression patterns of novel-miR1, novel-miR2, csn-miR160a, csn-miR162a, csn-miR394 and csn-miR396a were negatively correlated with catechin content. The expression of six miRNAs (csn-miRNA167a, csn-miR2593e, csn-miR4380a, csn-miR3444b, csn-miR5251 and csn-miR7777-5p.1) and their target genes involved in catechin biosynthesis were also analyzed by qRT-PCR. Negative and positive correlations were found between these miRNAs and catechin contents, while positive correlations were found between their target genes and catechin content. This result suggests that these miRNAs may negatively regulate catechin biosynthesis by down-regulating their biosynthesis-related target genes. Taken together, our results indicate that miRNAs are crucial regulators in tea, with the results of 5'-RLM-RACE and expression analyses revealing the important role of miRNAs in catechin anabolism. Our findings should facilitate future research to elucidate the function of miRNAs in catechin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunzhen Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiufang Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinke Lin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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19
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Wendell DL, Vaziri A, Shergill G. The Gene Encoding Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase Is a Candidate for the anthocyaninless Locus of Rapid Cycling Brassica rapa (Fast Plants Type). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161394. [PMID: 27548675 PMCID: PMC4993499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid cycling Brassica rapa, also known as Wisconsin Fast Plants, are a widely used organism in both K-12 and college science education. They are an excellent system for genetics laboratory instruction because it is very easy to conduct genetic crosses with this organism, there are numerous seed stocks with variation in both Mendelian and quantitative traits, they have a short generation time, and there is a wealth of educational materials for instructors using them. Their main deficiency for genetics education is that none of the genetic variation in RCBr has yet been characterized at the molecular level. Here we present the first molecular characterization of a gene responsible for a trait in Fast Plants. The trait under study is purple/nonpurple variation due to the anthocyaninless locus, which is one of the Mendelian traits most frequently used for genetics education with this organism. We present evidence that the DFR gene, which encodes dihyroflavonol 4-reductase, is the candidate gene for the anthocyaninless (ANL) locus in RCBr. DFR shows complete linkage with ANL in genetic crosses with a total of 948 informative chromosomes, and strains with the recessive nonpurple phenotype have a transposon-related insertion in the DFR which is predicted to disrupt gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L. Wendell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anoumid Vaziri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gurbaksh Shergill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
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Movahed N, Pastore C, Cellini A, Allegro G, Valentini G, Zenoni S, Cavallini E, D'Incà E, Tornielli GB, Filippetti I. The grapevine VviPrx31 peroxidase as a candidate gene involved in anthocyanin degradation in ripening berries under high temperature. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:513-26. [PMID: 26825649 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin levels decline in some red grape berry varieties ripened under high-temperature conditions, but the underlying mechanism is not yet clear. Here we studied the effects of two different temperature regimes, representing actual Sangiovese (Vitis vinifera L.) viticulture regions, on the accumulation of mRNAs and enzymes controlling berry skin anthocyanins. Potted uniform plants of Sangiovese were kept from veraison to harvest, in two plastic greenhouses with different temperature conditions. The low temperature (LT) conditions featured average and maximum daily air temperatures of 20 and 29 °C, respectively, whereas the corresponding high temperature (HT) conditions were 22 and 36 °C, respectively. The anthocyanin concentration at harvest was much lower in HT berries than LT berries although their profile was similar under both conditions. Under HT conditions, the biosynthesis of anthocyanins was suppressed at both the transcriptional and enzymatic levels, but peroxidase activity was higher. This suggests that the low anthocyanin content of HT berries reflects the combined impact of reduced biosynthesis and increased degradation, particularly the direct role of peroxidases in anthocyanin catabolism. Overexpression of VviPrx31 decreased anthocyanin contents in Petunia hybrida petals under heat stress condition. These data suggest that high temperature can stimulate peroxidase activity thus anthocyanin degradation in ripening grape berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Movahed
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 46, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Pastore
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 46, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Cellini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 46, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Allegro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 46, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Valentini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 46, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Zenoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Erika Cavallini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Erica D'Incà
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Filippetti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 46, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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Prinsi B, Negri AS, Quattrocchio FM, Koes RE, Espen L. Proteomics of red and white corolla limbs in petunia reveals a novel function of the anthocyanin regulator ANTHOCYANIN1 in determining flower longevity. J Proteomics 2016; 131:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Overexpressing the wheat dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene TaDFR increases anthocyanin accumulation in an Arabidopsis dfr mutant. Genes Genomics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-015-0373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhu Z, Wang H, Wang Y, Guan S, Wang F, Tang J, Zhang R, Xie L, Lu Y. Characterization of the cis elements in the proximal promoter regions of the anthocyanin pathway genes reveals a common regulatory logic that governs pathway regulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3775-89. [PMID: 25911741 PMCID: PMC4473980 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellular activities such as compound synthesis often require the transcriptional activation of an entire pathway; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying pathway activation have rarely been explained. Here, the cis regulatory architecture of the anthocyanin pathway genes targeted by the transcription factor (TF) complex including MYB, bHLH, and WDR was systematically analysed in one species and the findings extended to others. In Ipomoea purpurea, the IpMYB1-IpbHLH2-IpWDR1 (IpMBW) complex was found to be orthologous to the PAP1-GL3-TTG1 (AtPGT) complex of Arabidopsis thaliana, and interacted with a 7-bp MYB-recognizing element (MRE) and a 6-bp bHLH-recognizing element (BRE) at the proximal promoter region of the pathway genes. There was little transcription of the gene in the absence of the MRE or BRE. The cis elements identified experimentally converged on two syntaxes, ANCNNCC for MREs and CACN(A/C/T)(G/T) for BREs, and our bioinformatic analysis showed that these were present within anthocyanin gene promoters in at least 35 species, including both gymnosperms and angiosperms. For the anthocyanin pathway, IpMBW and AtPGT recognized the interspecific promoters of both early and later genes. In A. thaliana, the seed-specific TF complex (TT2, TT8, and TTG1) may regulate all the anthocyanin pathway genes, in addition to the proanthocyanidin-specific BAN. When multiple TF complexes in the anthocyanin pathway were compared, the cis architecture played a role larger than the TF complex in determining the variation in promoter activity. Collectively, a cis logic common to the pathway gene promoters was found, and this logic is essential for the trans factors to regulate the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nan Xin Cun, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nan Xin Cun, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nan Xin Cun, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nan Xin Cun, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nan Xin Cun, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nan Xin Cun, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nan Xin Cun, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lulu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nan Xin Cun, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nan Xin Cun, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Villacreses J, Rojas-Herrera M, Sánchez C, Hewstone N, Undurraga SF, Alzate JF, Manque P, Maracaja-Coutinho V, Polanco V. Deep sequencing reveals the complete genome and evidence for transcriptional activity of the first virus-like sequences identified in Aristotelia chilensis (Maqui Berry). Viruses 2015; 7:1685-99. [PMID: 25855242 PMCID: PMC4411674 DOI: 10.3390/v7041685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the genome sequence and evidence for transcriptional activity of a virus-like element in the native Chilean berry tree Aristotelia chilensis. We propose to name the endogenous sequence as Aristotelia chilensis Virus 1 (AcV1). High-throughput sequencing of the genome of this tree uncovered an endogenous viral element, with a size of 7122 bp, corresponding to the complete genome of AcV1. Its sequence contains three open reading frames (ORFs): ORFs 1 and 2 shares 66%–73% amino acid similarity with members of the Caulimoviridae virus family, especially the Petunia vein clearing virus (PVCV), Petuvirus genus. ORF1 encodes a movement protein (MP); ORF2 a Reverse Transcriptase (RT) and a Ribonuclease H (RNase H) domain; and ORF3 showed no amino acid sequence similarity with any other known virus proteins. Analogous to other known endogenous pararetrovirus sequences (EPRVs), AcV1 is integrated in the genome of Maqui Berry and showed low viral transcriptional activity, which was detected by deep sequencing technology (DNA and RNA-seq). Phylogenetic analysis of AcV1 and other pararetroviruses revealed a closer resemblance with Petuvirus. Overall, our data suggests that AcV1 could be a new member of Caulimoviridae family, genus Petuvirus, and the first evidence of this kind of virus in a fruit plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Villacreses
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580000, Chile.
| | - Marcelo Rojas-Herrera
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580000, Chile.
| | - Carolina Sánchez
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580000, Chile.
| | | | - Soledad F Undurraga
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580000, Chile.
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Patricio Manque
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580000, Chile.
| | | | - Victor Polanco
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580000, Chile.
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Jiang X, Liu Y, Wu Y, Tan H, Meng F, Wang YS, Li M, Zhao L, Liu L, Qian Y, Gao L, Xia T. Analysis of accumulation patterns and preliminary study on the condensation mechanism of proanthocyanidins in the tea plant [Camellia sinensis]. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8742. [PMID: 25735226 PMCID: PMC4348662 DOI: 10.1038/srep08742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, proanthocyanidins were qualitatively and quantitatively identified using hydrolysis and thiolysis assays, NP-HPLC, HPLC-ESI-MS, MALDI-TOF-MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR techniques in different organs of tea plants. The results showed that in leaves, the tri-hydroxyl, cis- and galloylated flavan-3-ols were the main monomeric catechins units, and (epi)catechin was found to be the major unit of polymeric flavan-3-ols when the degree of polymerization was greater than five. In roots, the PAs were found to be abundant, and epicatechin formed the predominant extension unit of oligomeric and polymeric PAs. In order to understand the mechanism of proanthocyanidins polymerization, auto-condensation of the flavan-3-ols was investigated. The results showed that the same trimers (m/z 865) were detected in the extracts of tea plants and in the non-enzymatic in vitro assay, in weak acid as well as weak alkaline solutions at room temperature, when the substrates used were either procyanidin B2 and monomeric flavan-3-ols (epicatechin or catechin), or only procyanidin B2. This suggested that procyanidin B2 not only released carbocation as electrophilic upper units, but also could be used as nucleophilic lower units directly itself, to form the procyanidin trimer in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yahui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huarong Tan
- Biotechnology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yun Sheng Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mingzhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yumei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Coburn RA, Griffin RH, Smith SD. Genetic basis for a rare floral mutant in an Andean species of Solanaceae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:264-72. [PMID: 25667079 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY White forms of typically pigmented flowers are one of the most common polymorphisms in flowering plants. Although the range of genetic changes that give rise to white phenotypes is well known from model systems, few studies have identified causative mutations in natural populations. METHODS Here we combine genetic studies, in vitro enzyme assays, and biochemical analyses to identify the mechanism underlying the loss of anthocyanin pigment production in the naturally occurring white-flowered morph of Iochroma calycinum (Solanaceae). KEY RESULTS Comparison of anthocyanin gene sequences revealed a putative loss-of-function mutation, an 11 amino-acid deletion in dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), in the white morph. Functional assays of Dfr alleles from blue and white morphs demonstrated that this deletion results in a loss of enzymatic activity, indicating that the deletion could be solely responsible for the lack of pigment production. Consistent with this hypothesis, quantitative PCR showed no significant differences in expression of anthocyanin genes between the morphs. Also, thin layer chromatography confirmed that the white morph continues to accumulate compounds upstream of the DFR enzyme. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these experiments indicate that the structural mutation at Dfr underlies the rare white flower morph of I. calycinum. This study is one of only a few examples where a flower color polymorphism is due to a loss-of-function mutation in the coding region of an anthocyanin enzyme. The rarity of such mutations in nature suggests that negative consequences prevent fixation across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Coburn
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1104 T Street, Manter Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 USA
| | - Randi H Griffin
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1104 T Street, Manter Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 USA Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Biological Sciences Building 108, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Stacey D Smith
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1104 T Street, Manter Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 USA University of Colorado Boulder, C127 Ramaley Hall, Campus Box 334, Boulder, Colorado 80309 USA
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Abstract
Astringency is one of the most important components of fruit oral sensory quality. Astringency mainly comes from tannins and other polyphenolic compounds and causes the drying, roughening and puckering of the mouth epithelia attributed to the interaction between tannins and salivary proteins. There is growing interest in the study of fruit astringency because of the healthy properties of astringent substances found in fruit, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antiallergenic, hepatoprotective, vasodilating and antithrombotic activities. This review will focus mainly on the relationship between tannin structure and the astringency sensation as well as the biosynthetic pathways of astringent substances in fruit and their regulatory mechanisms.
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Sasaki N, Nakayama T. Achievements and Perspectives in Biochemistry Concerning Anthocyanin Modification for Blue Flower Coloration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 56:28-40. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Onkokesung N, Reichelt M, van Doorn A, Schuurink RC, van Loon JJ, Dicke M. Modulation of flavonoid metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana through overexpression of the MYB75 transcription factor: role of kaempferol-3,7-dirhamnoside in resistance to the specialist insect herbivore Pieris brassicae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2203-17. [PMID: 24619996 PMCID: PMC3991749 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins and flavonols are secondary metabolites that can function in plant defence against herbivores. In Arabidopsis thaliana, anthocyanin and flavonol biosynthesis are regulated by MYB transcription factors. Overexpression of MYB75 (oxMYB75) in Arabidopsis results in increasing anthocyanin and flavonol levels which enhances plant resistance to generalist caterpillars. However, how these metabolites affect specialist herbivores has remained unknown. Performance of a specialist aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) was unaffected after feeding on oxMYB75 plants, whereas a specialist caterpillar (Pieris brassicae) gained significantly higher body mass when feeding on this plant. An increase in anthocyanin and total flavonol glycoside levels correlated negatively with the body mass of caterpillars fed on oxMYB75 plants. However, a significant reduction of kaempferol-3,7-dirhamnoside (KRR) corresponded to an increased susceptibility of oxMYB75 plants to caterpillar feeding. Pieris brassicae caterpillars also grew less on an artificial diet containing KRR or on oxMYB75 plants that were exogenously treated with KRR, supporting KRR's function in direct defence against this specialist caterpillar. The results show that enhancing the activity of the anthocyanin pathway in oxMYB75 plants results in re-channelling of quercetin/kaempferol metabolites which has a negative effect on the accumulation of KRR, a novel defensive metabolite against a specialist caterpillar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaporn Onkokesung
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8031, 6700EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Straβe 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Arjen van Doorn
- Keygene NV, Agro Business Park 90, 6708OW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J.A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8031, 6700EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8031, 6700EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Deng X, Bashandy H, Ainasoja M, Kontturi J, Pietiäinen M, Laitinen RAE, Albert VA, Valkonen JPT, Elomaa P, Teeri TH. Functional diversification of duplicated chalcone synthase genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis of Gerbera hybrida. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:1469-1483. [PMID: 24266452 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
• Chalcone synthase (CHS) is the key enzyme in the first committed step of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and catalyzes the stepwise condensation of 4-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to naringenin chalcone. In plants, CHS is often encoded by a small family of genes that are temporally and spatially regulated. Our earlier studies have shown that GCHS4 is highly activated by ectopic expression of an MYB-type regulator GMYB10 in gerbera (Gerbera hybrida). • The tissue- and development-specific expression patterns of three gerbera CHS genes were examined. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was used to knock down GCHS1 and GCHS4 separately in gerbera inflorescences. • Our data show that GCHS4 is the only CHS encoding gene that is expressed in the cyanidin-pigmented vegetative tissues of gerbera cv Terraregina. GCHS3 expression is pronounced in the pappus bristles of the flowers. Expression of both GCHS1 and GCHS4 is high in the epidermal cells of gerbera petals, but only GCHS1 is contributing to flavonoid biosynthesis. • Gerbera contains a family of three CHS encoding genes showing different spatial and temporal regulation. GCHS4 expression in gerbera petals is regulated post-transcriptionally, at the level of either translation elongation or protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Deng
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hany Bashandy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Genetics, Cairo University, 13 Gamaa St., Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Miia Ainasoja
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kontturi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Pietiäinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roosa A E Laitinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor A Albert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jari P T Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu H Teeri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Cavallini E, Zenoni S, Finezzo L, Guzzo F, Zamboni A, Avesani L, Tornielli GB. Functional Diversification of Grapevine MYB5a and MYB5b in the Control of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in a Petunia Anthocyanin Regulatory Mutant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:517-34. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Wang H, Fan W, Li H, Yang J, Huang J, Zhang P. Functional characterization of Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase in anthocyanin biosynthesis of purple sweet potato underlies the direct evidence of anthocyanins function against abiotic stresses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78484. [PMID: 24223813 PMCID: PMC3817210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) is a key enzyme in the catalysis of the stereospecific reduction of dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanidins in anthocyanin biosynthesis. In the purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) cv. Ayamurasaki, expression of the IbDFR gene was strongly associated with anthocyanin accumulation in leaves, stems and roots. Overexpression of the IbDFR in Arabidopsis tt3 mutants fully complemented the pigmentation phenotype of the seed coat, cotyledon and hypocotyl. Downregulation of IbDFR expression in transgenic sweet potato (DFRi) using an RNAi approach dramatically reduced anthocyanin accumulation in young leaves, stems and storage roots. In contrast, the increase of flavonols quercetin-3-O-hexose-hexoside and quercetin-3-O-glucoside in the leaves and roots of DFRi plants is significant. Therefore, the metabolic pathway channeled greater flavonol influx in the DFRi plants when their anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation were decreased. These plants also displayed reduced antioxidant capacity compared to the wild type. After 24 h of cold treatment and 2 h recovery, the wild-type plants were almost fully restored to the initial phenotype compared to the slower recovery of DFRi plants, in which the levels of electrolyte leakage and hydrogen peroxide accumulation were dramatically increased. These results provide direct evidence of anthocyanins function in the protection against oxidative stress in the sweet potato. The molecular characterization of the IbDFR gene in the sweet potato not only confirms its important roles in flavonoid metabolism but also supports the protective function of anthocyanins of enhanced scavenging of reactive oxygen radicals in plants under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijuan Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Science, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Science, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
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Brugliera F, Tao GQ, Tems U, Kalc G, Mouradova E, Price K, Stevenson K, Nakamura N, Stacey I, Katsumoto Y, Tanaka Y, Mason JG. Violet/blue chrysanthemums--metabolic engineering of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway results in novel petal colors. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1696-710. [PMID: 23926066 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum×morifolium Ramat.) are an important cut-flower and potted plant crop in the horticultural industry world wide. Chrysanthemums express the flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) gene and thus accumulate anthocyanins derived from cyanidin in their inflorescences which appear pink/red. Delphinidin-based anthocyanins are lacking due to the deficiency of a flavonoid 3', 5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), and so violet/blue chrysanthemum flower colors are not found. In this study, together with optimization of transgene expression and selection of the host cultivars and gene source, F3'5'H genes have been successfully utilized to produce transgenic bluish chrysanthemums that accumulate delphinidin-based anthocyanins. HPLC analysis and feeding experiments with a delphinidin precursor identified 16 cultivars of chrysanthemums out of 75 that were predicted to turn bluish upon delphinidin accumulation. A selection of eight cultivars were successfully transformed with F3'5'H genes under the control of different promoters. A pansy F3'5'H gene under the control of a chalcone synthase promoter fragment from rose resulted in the effective diversion of the anthocyanin pathway to produce delphinidin in transgenic chrysanthemum flower petals. The resultant petal color was bluish, with 40% of total anthocyanidins attributed to delphinidin. Increased delphinidin levels (up to 80%) were further achieved by hairpin RNA interference-mediated silencing of the endogenous F3'H gene. The resulting petal colors were novel bluish hues, not possible by hybridization breeding. This is the first report of the production of anthocyanins derived from delphinidin in chrysanthemum petals leading to novel flower color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippa Brugliera
- Florigene Pty Ltd., VABC, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Smith SD, Wang S, Rausher MD. Functional evolution of an anthocyanin pathway enzyme during a flower color transition. Mol Biol Evol 2012; 30:602-12. [PMID: 23155005 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissecting the genetic basis for the evolution of species differences requires a combination of phylogenetic and molecular genetic perspectives. By mapping the genetic changes and their phenotypic effects onto the phylogeny, it is possible to distinguish changes that may have been directly responsible for a new character state from those that fine tune the transition. Here, we use phylogenetic and functional methods to trace the evolution of substrate specificity in dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (Dfr), an anthocyanin pathway gene known to be involved in the transition from blue to red flowers in Iochroma. Ancestral state reconstruction indicates that three substitutions occurred during the flower color transition, whereas several additional substitutions followed the transition. Comparisons of enzymatic function between ancestral proteins in blue- and red-flowered lineages and proteins from present-day taxa demonstrate that evolution of specificity for red pigment precursors was caused by the first three substitutions, which were fixed by positive selection and which differ from previously documented mutations affecting specificity. Two inferred substitutions subsequent to the initial flower color transition were also adaptive and resulted in an additional increase in specificity for red precursors. Epistatic interactions among both sets of substitutions may have limited the order of substitutions along branches of the phylogeny leading from blue-pigmented ancestors to the present-day red-flowered taxa. These results suggest that the species differences in DFR specificity may arise by a combination of selection on flower color and selection for improved pathway efficiency but that the exact series of genetic changes resulting in the evolution of specificity is likely to be highly contingent on the starting state.
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Huang Y, Gou J, Jia Z, Yang L, Sun Y, Xiao X, Song F, Luo K. Molecular cloning and characterization of two genes encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase from Populus trichocarpa. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30364. [PMID: 22363429 PMCID: PMC3281835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR, EC 1.1.1.219) is a rate-limited enzyme in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) that catalyzes the reduction of dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanins. In this study, two full-length transcripts encoding for PtrDFR1 and PtrDFR2 were isolated from Populus trichocarpa. Sequence alignment of the two PtrDFRs with other known DFRs reveals the homology of these genes. The expression profile of PtrDFRs was investigated in various tissues of P. trichocarpa. To determine their functions, two PtrDFRs were overexpressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The associated color change in the flowers was observed in all 35S:PtrDFR1 lines, but not in 35S:PtrDFR2 lines. Compared to the wild-type control, a significantly higher accumulation of anthocyanins was detected in transgenic plants harboring the PtrDFR1. Furthermore, overexpressing PtrDFR1 in Chinese white poplar (P. tomentosa Carr.) resulted in a higher accumulation of both anthocyanins and condensed tannins, whereas constitutively expressing PtrDFR2 only improved condensed tannin accumulation, indicating the potential regulation of condensed tannins by PtrDFR2 in the biosynthetic pathway in poplars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiqing Gou
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Zhichun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yimin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xunyan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Song
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Aizza LCB, Dornelas MC. A genomic approach to study anthocyanin synthesis and flower pigmentation in passionflowers. J Nucleic Acids 2011; 2011:371517. [PMID: 21772993 PMCID: PMC3137904 DOI: 10.4061/2011/371517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the plant pigments ranging from red to purple colors belong to the anthocyanin group of flavonoids. The flowers of plants belonging to the genus Passiflora (passionflowers) show a wide range of floral adaptations to diverse pollinating agents, including variation in the pigmentation of floral parts ranging from white to red and purple colors. Exploring a database of expressed sequence tags obtained from flower buds of two divergent Passiflora species, we obtained assembled sequences potentially corresponding to 15 different genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in these species. The obtained sequences code for putative enzymes are involved in the production of flavonoid precursors, as well as those involved in the formation of particular ("decorated") anthocyanin molecules. We also obtained sequences encoding regulatory factors that control the expression of structural genes and regulate the spatial and temporal accumulation of pigments. The identification of some of the putative Passiflora anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes provides novel resources for research on secondary metabolism in passionflowers, especially on the elucidation of the processes involved in floral pigmentation, which will allow future studies on the role of pigmentation in pollinator preferences in a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Cristina Baldon Aizza
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal. Rua Monteiro Lobato 970, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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37
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Trabelsi N, d'Estaintot BL, Sigaud G, Gallois B, Chaudière J. Kinetic and binding equilibrium studies of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase from Vitis vinifera and its unusually strong substrate inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jbpc.2011.23038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yoshida K, Iwasaka R, Shimada N, Ayabe SI, Aoki T, Sakuta M. Transcriptional control of the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase multigene family in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2010; 123:801-5. [PMID: 20339894 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-010-0325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In the genome of the model legume Lotus japonicus, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), which is the first committed enzyme of the anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) pathways, is encoded as a tandemly arrayed five-gene family. Expression analysis revealed that both organ specificity and stress responsiveness differ among the DFRs. To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying the expression of DFRs, we investigated the transcriptional control of each member of the DFR multigene family. Ectopic expression of a combination of the transcription factors MYB, bHLH, and WDR showed that only the DFR2 promoter was activated, indicating that each member of the DFR gene family is regulated independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Yoshida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
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Liu H, Du Y, Chu H, Shih CH, Wong YW, Wang M, Chu IK, Tao Y, Lo C. Molecular dissection of the pathogen-inducible 3-deoxyanthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway in sorghum. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1173-85. [PMID: 20529887 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
3-Deoxyanthocyanidins are the unique phytoalexins synthesized by sorghum in response to fungal inoculation. They are structurally related to anthocyanins but the final steps of their pathogen-inducible biosynthesis are not fully understood. We have identified new flavonoid structural genes from the recently completed sorghum BTx623 genome sequence. The biochemical functions of the different expressed sorghum genes were established in planta by complementation in the appropriate Arabidopsis transparent testa mutants. There is a family of nine chalcone synthase genes which are all inducible by fungal inoculation in sorghum seedlings. Specific dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) genes responsive to conditions which stimulated anthocyanin accumulation (SbDFR1) or 3-deoxyanthocyanidin production (SbDFR3) were identified. Recombinant SbDFR1 and SbDFR3 were found to function as typical DFRs by accepting dihydroflavonol substrates. On the other hand, both DFRs showed substantially lower but detectable NADPH-dependent activities toward flavanones. Reduction of flavanones to flavan-4-ols is a reaction step required for 3-deoxyanthocyanidin production. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) converts flavanones to dihydroflavonols for anthocyanin biosynthesis. In sorghum seedlings, expression of two F3H genes was either absent or strongly suppressed during the accumulation of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins. Under such conditions, most flavanones are expected to be reduced by the pathogen-induced SbDFR3 for the formation of flavan-4-ols. Our work also revealed that 3-deoxyanthocyanidin accumulation and SbDFR3 expression were induced by methyl jasmonate treatment in sorghum roots but the stimulation effects were antagonized by salicylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjia Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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40
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Nakatsuka T, Abe Y, Kakizaki Y, Yamamura S, Nishihara M. Production of red-flowered plants by genetic engineering of multiple flavonoid biosynthetic genes. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:1951-9. [PMID: 17639403 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Orange- to red-colored flowers are difficult to produce by conventional breeding techniques in some floricultural plants. This is due to the deficiency in the formation of pelargonidin, which confers orange to red colors, in their flowers. Previous researchers have reported that brick-red colored flowers can be produced by introducing a foreign dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) with different substrate specificity in Petunia hybrida, which does not accumulate pelargonidin pigments naturally. However, because these experiments used dihydrokaempferol (DHK)-accumulated mutants as transformation hosts, this strategy cannot be applied directly to other floricultural plants. Thus in this study, we attempted to produce red-flowered plants by suppressing two endogenous genes and expressing one foreign gene using tobacco as a model plant. We used a chimeric RNAi construct for suppression of two genes (flavonol synthase [FLS] and flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase [F3'H]) and expression of the gerbera DFR gene in order to accumulate pelargonidin pigments in tobacco flowers. We successfully produced red-flowered tobacco plants containing high amounts of additional pelargonidin as confirmed by HPLC analysis. The flavonol content was reduced in the transgenic plants as expected, although complete inhibition was not achieved. Expression analysis also showed that reduction of the two-targeted genes and expression of the foreign gene occurred simultaneously. These results demonstrate that flower color modification can be achieved by multiple gene regulation without use of mutants if the vector constructs are designed resourcefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakatsuka
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
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41
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Saito R, Kuchitsu K, Ozeki Y, Nakayama M. Spatiotemporal metabolic regulation of anthocyanin and related compounds during the development of marginal picotee petals in Petunia hybrida (Solanaceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2007; 120:563-568. [PMID: 17476460 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Structures and levels of anthocyanin-related compounds were analyzed during the development of marginal picotee petals in white-center and white-marginal cultivars of Petunia hybrida. In the white site of a white-center cultivar, higher concentrations of quercetin derivatives possessing 7-O-glucoside and/or 3'-O-glucoside occurred than in the colored site, suggesting that these two quercetin glycosylation steps are site-specifically regulated. The boundary areas of petal coloration were composed of cells showing various color densities, whose uniformity among adjacent cells varied between these cultivars. These results indicate diversity in spatiotemporal regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis and flavonol glycosylations between Petunia cultivars during marginal picotee formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Saito
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
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42
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Shao H, Dixon RA, Wang X. Crystal structure of vestitone reductase from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). J Mol Biol 2007; 369:265-76. [PMID: 17433362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are commonly found in leguminous plants, where they play important roles in plant defense and have significant health benefits for animals and humans. Vestitone reductase catalyzes a stereospecific NADPH-dependent reduction of (3R)-vestitone in the biosynthesis of the antimicrobial isoflavonoid phytoalexin medicarpin. The crystal structure of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) vestitone reductase has been determined at 1.4 A resolution. The structure contains a classic Rossmann fold domain in the N terminus and a small C-terminal domain. Sequence and structural analysis showed that vestitone reductase is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily despite the low levels of sequence identity, and the prominent structural differences from other SDR enzymes with known structures. The putative binding sites for the co-factor NADPH and the substrate (3R)-vestitone were defined and located in a large cleft formed between the N and C-terminal domains of enzyme. Potential key residues for enzyme activity were also identified, including the catalytic triad Ser129-Tyr164-Lys168. A molecular docking study showed that (3R)-vestitone, but not the (3S) isomer, forms favored interactions with the co-factor and catalytic triad, thus providing an explanation for the enzyme's strict substrate stereo-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shao
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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43
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Petit P, Granier T, d'Estaintot BL, Manigand C, Bathany K, Schmitter JM, Lauvergeat V, Hamdi S, Gallois B. Crystal structure of grape dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, a key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis. J Mol Biol 2007; 368:1345-57. [PMID: 17395203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent enzyme dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) catalyzes a late step in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and condensed tannins, two flavonoid classes of importance to plant survival and human nutrition. This enzyme has been widely investigated in many plant species, but little is known about its structural and biochemical properties. To provide a basis for detailed structure-function studies, the crystal structure of Vitis vinifera DFR, heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, has been determined at 1.8 A resolution. The 3D structure of the ternary complex obtained with the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and dihydroquercetin, one of the DFR substrates, presents common features with the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family, i.e., an N-terminal domain adopting a Rossmann fold and a variable C-terminal domain, which participates in substrate binding. The structure confirms the importance of the 131-156 region, which lines the substrate binding site and enlightens the role of a specific residue at position 133 (Asn or Asp), assumed to control substrate recognition. The activity of the wild-type enzyme and its variant N133D has been quantified in vitro, using dihydroquercetin or dihydrokaempferol. Our results demonstrate that position 133 cannot be solely responsible for the recognition of the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of dihydroflavonols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Petit
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, UMR CNRS 5248, Bâtiment B8, Avenue des Facultés, Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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Lucheta AR, Silva-Pinhati ACO, Basílio-Palmieri AC, Berger IJ, Freitas-Astúa J, Cristofani M. An in silico analysis of the key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in Citrus sinensis. Genet Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572007000500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Brazil; Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical, Brazil
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Hieber AD, Mudalige-Jayawickrama RG, Kuehnle AR. Color genes in the orchid Oncidium Gower Ramsey: identification, expression, and potential genetic instability in an interspecific cross. PLANTA 2006; 223:521-31. [PMID: 16151849 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are one of the most unique and evolved of flowering plants, with many being valuable floricultural crops. Spatial localization of pigments within the flower of the commercially important bi-color Oncidium Gower Ramsey demonstrated a mixture of carotenoids and anthocyanins concentrated in the adaxial epidermis. Chromatography identified the predominant yellow pigment to be an equal mixture of all-trans and 9-cis isomers of violaxanthin, with esterification specific to the 9-cis isomer. Red ornamentation was comprised of the anthocyanins cyanidin and its methylated derivate, peonidin. Five key pigment biosynthesis genes encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase, carotenoid isomerase, and the downstream 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase were isolated and their expression profiles determined. Northern analyses showed both phytoene desaturase and carotenoid isomerase expression to be up-regulated in floral tissue relative to leaves whereas PSY was not. Three closely related DFR genes were isolated, including one with an insertion in the 3' coding region. DFR expression occurred throughout flower development in Oncidium, unlike in Dendrobium and Bromheadia orchids. A number of the isolated anthocyanin and carotenoid genes showed variations due to insertion events. These findings raise questions about the genetic stability in interspecific crosses in orchids, such as the tri-specific Oncidium Gower Ramsey.
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Affiliation(s)
- A David Hieber
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, St. John Rm 102, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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46
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Shimada N, Sasaki R, Sato S, Kaneko T, Tabata S, Aoki T, Ayabe SI. A comprehensive analysis of six dihydroflavonol 4-reductases encoded by a gene cluster of the Lotus japonicus genome. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:2573-85. [PMID: 16087700 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) is the first committed enzyme of the anthocyanin and condensed tannin pathways. Several DFR cDNAs have been cloned, and different specificities of DFR isozymes in the substrate hydroxylation patterns have been reported, but only fragmentary knowledge of DFR gene organization is available. Reported here is a comprehensive analysis of DFRs of a model legume, Lotus japonicus. A total of five DFR genes were found to form a cluster within a 38 kb region in the L. japonicus genome, whereas six cDNAs, including two splicing variants resulting from a transversion at a splicing acceptor site, were cloned. All the genes were expressed, with different organ specificities, in the mature plant. Three of the DFR proteins heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli showed catalytic activity, and their substrate preferences agreed with the variation of a specific active site residue (Asp or Asn) reported to control the specificity. The hydroxylation patterns of anthocyanidins and condensed tannin units in the stems did not reflect the substrate specificity of the expressed isozymes, implying complex regulation mechanisms in the biosynthesis. The two splicing variants and one DFR with Ser at the specificity-controlling position failed to show the activity, but a revertant protein replacing the unusual splicing restored the activity. The phylogenetic tree, constructed with known DFR sequences, showed evolutionary divergence of some of the DFR genes prior to the plant speciation. This work affords the basis for genetic and biochemical studies on the diversity of DFR and the flavonoid products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimoto Shimada
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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47
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Xie DY, Dixon RA. Proanthocyanidin biosynthesis--still more questions than answers? PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:2127-44. [PMID: 16153412 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins, also known as condensed tannins, are oligomers or polymers of flavan-3-ol units. In spite of important breakthroughs in our understanding of the biosynthesis of the major building blocks of proanthocyanidins, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, important questions still remain to be answered as to the exact nature of the molecular species that undergo polymerization, and the mechanisms of assembly. We review the structures of proanthocyanidins reported over the past 12 years in the context of biosynthesis, and summarize the outstanding questions concerning synthesis of proanthocyanidins from the chemical, biochemical and molecular genetic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Yu Xie
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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48
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de Oliveira Collet SA, Collet MA, Machado MDFP. Differential gene expression for isozymes in somatic mutants of Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2004.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gerats T, Vandenbussche M. A model system for comparative research: Petunia. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2005; 10:251-6. [PMID: 15882658 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Research today aims to analyse the development of plant processes over evolutionary time. To obtain a representative view, a range of plant species covering at least the crucial nodes in phylogeny must be selected for an in depth analysis. Here we present Petunia as one of the available systems: as a representative of the Solanaceae it has the advantages of good culture conditions and the availability of a range of materials, techniques and strategies that can be used to research an interesting and diverse set of questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Gerats
- IWWR, Plant Genetics, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen metabolites, which are side products of cell metabolism, can produce a lot of damage in biological macromolecules and tissues, producing a number of chronic illnesses. On the other hand, antioxidant metabolites usually accumulated in fruits and vegetables can provide an effective protection by neutralizing these reactive molecules. Among comestible vegetables, berry fruits are considered one of the richest sources of antioxidant metabolites; hence, they represent a good model for molecular and biochemical investigations about the biosynthesis and the functional role of antioxidants in plants. This review illustrates how recent developments in the fields of genomics and bioinformatics can provide powerful tools to better understand the molecular mechanisms that trigger biosynthesis and accumulation of antioxidant metabolites in berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D'Amico
- ENEA Centro Ricerche Trisaia, Rotondella (MT), Italy
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