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Ershova N, Kamarova K, Sheshukova E, Antimonova A, Komarova T. A novel cellular factor of Nicotiana benthamiana susceptibility to tobamovirus infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1224958. [PMID: 37534286 PMCID: PMC10390835 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1224958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection, which entails synthesis of viral proteins and active reproduction of the viral genome, effects significant changes in the functions of many intracellular systems in plants. Along with these processes, a virus has to suppress cellular defense to create favorable conditions for its successful systemic spread in a plant. The virus exploits various cellular factors of a permissive host modulating its metabolism as well as local and systemic transport of macromolecules and photoassimilates. The Nicotiana benthamiana stress-induced gene encoding Kunitz peptidase inhibitor-like protein (KPILP) has recently been shown to be involved in chloroplast retrograde signaling regulation and stimulation of intercellular transport of macromolecules. In this paper we demonstrate the key role of KPILP in the development of tobamovius infection. Systemic infection of N. benthamiana plants with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) or the closely related crucifer-infecting tobamovirus (crTMV) induces a drastic increase in KPILP mRNA accumulation. KPILP knockdown significantly reduces the efficiency of TMV and crTMV intercellular transport and reproduction. Plants with KPILP silencing become partially resistant to tobamovirus infection. Therefore, KPILP could be regarded as a novel proviral factor in the development of TMV and crTMV infection in N. benthamiana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ershova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kamila Kamarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Sheshukova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Antimonova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Komarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Zhang Y, Gao C, Zhang Y, Huang H, Du Y, Wu L, Wu L. FTX271: A potential gene resource for plant antiviral transgenic breeding. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1003478. [PMID: 36246260 PMCID: PMC9558137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1003478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flammutoxin (FTX), as well as its precursor TDP, is a protein from Flammulina velutipes with antiviral activity. Transgenic tobacco with the FTX271 (gene of FTX or TDP) can not only delay the onset time of symptoms but also alleviate the symptoms caused by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), but the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, FTX271 was introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana, and the disease resistance mechanism activated by FTX271 was speculated by transcriptomic and proteomic techniques. The results showed that TDP was detected, and some genes, proteins and pathways were significant upregulated or enriched in transgenic tobacco, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade signal transduction pathway, the expression of hypersensitive response (HR) marker genes H1N1 and HSR203J, pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, and the key genes COI1 and lipoxygenase gene LOX2 of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, indicating FTX271 may activate the MAPK pathway and increase the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and JA, which promoted the HR and inducible systemic resistance (ISR). ISR caused increased expression of peroxidase (POD) and other proteins involved in pathogen defense. In addition, transgenic tobacco may use sHSP-assisted photoreparation to alleviate the symptoms of TMV. In conclusion, JA-mediated ISR and sHSP-assisted photoreparation are activated by FTX271 to protect tobacco from TMV infection and alleviate the symptoms caused by the virus. The study provided a theoretical basis for the TMV resistance mechanism of FTX271, which may represent a potential gene resource for plant antiviral transgenic breeding.
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Wu Z, Ma G, Zhu H, Chen M, Huang M, Xie X, Li X. Plant Viral Coat Proteins as Biochemical Targets for Antiviral Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8892-8900. [PMID: 35830295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coat proteins (CPs) of RNA plant viruses play a pivotal role in virus particle assembly, vector transmission, host identification, RNA replication, and intracellular and intercellular movement. Numerous compounds targeting CPs have been designed, synthesized, and screened for their antiviral activities. This review is intended to fill a knowledge gap where a comprehensive summary is needed for antiviral agent discovery based on plant viral CPs. In this review, major achievements are summarized with emphasis on plant viral CPs as biochemical targets and action mechanisms of antiviral agents. This review hopefully provides new insights and references for the further development of new safe and effective antiviral pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guangming Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hengmin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Meiqing Chen
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Min Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xin Xie
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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Genome-Wide Profiling of Alternative Splicing and Gene Fusion during Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030456. [PMID: 35328010 PMCID: PMC8955601 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) causes maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD), which is a viral disease that significantly affects maize yields worldwide. Plants tolerate stress through transcriptional reprogramming at the alternative splicing (AS), transcriptional, and fusion gene (FG) levels. However, it is unclear whether and how AS and FG interfere with transcriptional reprogramming in MRDD. In this study, we performed global profiling of AS and FG on maize response to RBSDV and compared it with transcriptional changes. There are approximately 1.43 to 2.25 AS events per gene in maize infected with RBSDV. GRMZM2G438622 was only detected in four AS modes (A3SS, A5SS, RI, and SE), whereas GRMZM2G059392 showed downregulated expression and four AS events. A total of 106 and 176 FGs were detected at two time points, respectively, including six differentially expressed genes and five differentially spliced genes. The gene GRMZM2G076798 was the only FG that occurred at two time points and was involved in two FG events. Among these, 104 GOs were enriched, indicating that nodulin-, disease resistance-, and chloroplastic-related genes respond to RBSDV stress in maize. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying post-transcriptional and transcriptional regulation of maize response to RBSDV stress.
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Han X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Xiao H, Wu L, Wu L. Antiviral agent fTDP stimulates the SA signaling pathway and enhances tobacco defense against tobacco mosaic virus. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 180:105002. [PMID: 34955185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
TEER-decreasing protein (TDP) from Flammulina velutipes was antiviral resource against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). However, the resistance mechanisms have not been clarified. In this study, the fTDP (fusion teer-decreasing protein), obtained by prokaryotic fusion expression system, exhibited obvious protective efficacy against TMV and significantly suppressed the reproduction of TMV in tobacco. Transcriptomics and proteomics analysis showed that fTDP may interact with a receptor, activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and NB-ARC and increase the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and salicylic acid (SA), which promoted the hypersensitive response (HR) and system acquired resistance (SAR). SAR caused increased expression of catalase (CAT), pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and other proteins involved in pathogen defense, such as chalcone-dihydroflavone isomerase (CHI) and cytochrome P450. In conclusion, SAR was induced by fTDP to protect tobacco from TMV infection and alleviate the symptoms caused by the virus. The study provided a theoretical basis for the application of the TDP protein, which may represent a potential biopesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Han
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yahong Zhang
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Liping Wu
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
| | - Lan Wu
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
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Tseliou E, Chondrogiannis C, Kalachanis D, Goudoudaki S, Manoussopoulos Y, Grammatikopoulos G. Integration of biophysical photosynthetic parameters into one photochemical index for early detection of Tobacco Mosaic Virus infection in pepper plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 267:153542. [PMID: 34638005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in host plants is significantly reduced by many virus families. The early detection of viral infection before the onset of visual symptoms in both directly and systemically infected leaves is critical in crop protection. Viral pathogens cause a variety of symptoms through modifications of chloroplast structure and function and the response of the photochemistry process is immediate. Therefore, chlorophyll fluorescence monitoring has been extensively investigated the last two decades as a tool for timely assessment of pathogenic threats. Alternatively, the analysis of Chla fluorescence transients offers several interlinked parameters which describe the fate of excitation energy round and through the photosystems. Additionally, OJIP fluorescence transients and leaf reflectance spectra methodologies serve for rapid screening of large number of samples. The objective of the present study was to achieve early detection of viral infection, integrating the multiparametric information of the Chla fluorescence transients and of the leaf reflectance spectra into one photochemical performance index. Infection decreased the maximum quantum yield of PSII (FV/FM), the effective quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), the CO2 assimilation rate (A) and the stomatal conductance (gs) in the studied TMV-pepper plant pathosystem, while non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased. Some parameters from the OJIP transients and the leaf reflectance spectra were significantly affected 24 h after infection, while others modified three to five days later. Similar results were obtained from systemically infected leaves but with one to three days hysteresis compared to inoculated leaves. Differences between healthy and infected leaves were marginal during the first 24 h post infection. The Integrated Biomarker Response tool was used to create a photochemical infection index (PINFI) which integrates the partial effects of infection on each fluorescence and reflectance index. The PINFI, which to the best of our knowledge is the first photochemical infection index created by the IBR method, discriminated reliably between the infected and healthy leaves of pepper plants from the first 24 h after infection with the TMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tseliou
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Christos Chondrogiannis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kalachanis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Stavroula Goudoudaki
- ELGO-Demeter, Plant Protection Division of Patras, NEO and Amerikis, Patras, 26444, Greece
| | - Yiannis Manoussopoulos
- ELGO-Demeter, Plant Protection Division of Patras, NEO and Amerikis, Patras, 26444, Greece
| | - George Grammatikopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece.
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Huang YP, Huang YW, Hsiao YJ, Li SC, Hsu YH, Tsai CH. Autophagy is involved in assisting the replication of Bamboo mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4657-4670. [PMID: 31552430 PMCID: PMC6760330 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in plants under biotic stress, including the response to pathogen infection. We investigated whether autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are involved in infection with Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. Initially, we observed that BaMV infection in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves upregulated the expression of ATGs but did not trigger cell death. The induction of ATGs, which possibly triggers autophagy, increased rather than diminished BaMV accumulation in the leaves, as revealed by gene knockdown and transient expression experiments. Furthermore, the inhibitor 3-methyladenine blocked autophagosome formation and the autophagy inducer rapamycin, which negatively and positively affected BaMV accumulation, respectively. Pull-down experiments with an antibody against orange fluorescent protein (OFP)-NbATG8f, an autophagosome marker protein, showed that both plus- and minus-sense BaMV RNAs could associate with NbATG8f. Confocal microscopy revealed that ATG8f-enriched vesicles possibly derived from chloroplasts contained both the BaMV viral RNA and its replicase. Thus, BaMV infection may induce the expression of ATGs possibly via autophagy to selectively engulf a portion of viral RNA-containing chloroplast. Virus-induced vesicles enriched with ATG8f could provide an alternative site for viral RNA replication or a shelter from the host silencing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Jen Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Cen Li
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zhao J, Xu J, Chen B, Cui W, Zhou Z, Song X, Chen Z, Zheng H, Lin L, Peng J, Lu Y, Deng Z, Chen J, Yan F. Characterization of Proteins Involved in Chloroplast Targeting Disturbed by Rice Stripe Virus by Novel Protoplast⁻Chloroplast Proteomics. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E253. [PMID: 30634635 PMCID: PMC6358847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the most devastating viral pathogens in rice and can also cause the general chlorosis symptom in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The chloroplast changes associated with chlorosis symptom suggest that RSV interrupts normal chloroplast functions. Although the change of proteins of the whole cell or inside the chloroplast in response to RSV infection have been revealed by proteomics, the mechanisms resulted in chloroplast-related symptoms and the crucial factors remain to be elucidated. RSV infection caused the malformation of chloroplast structure and a global reduction of chloroplast membrane protein complexes in N. benthamiana plants. Here, both the protoplast proteome and the chloroplast proteome were acquired simultaneously upon RSV infection, and the proteins in each fraction were analyzed. In the protoplasts, 1128 proteins were identified, among which 494 proteins presented significant changes during RSV; meanwhile, 659 proteins were identified from the chloroplasts, and 279 of these chloroplast proteins presented significant change. According to the label-free LC⁻MS/MS data, 66 nucleus-encoded chloroplast-related proteins (ChRPs), which only reduced in chloroplast but not in the whole protoplast, were identified, indicating that these nuclear-encoded ChRPswere not transported to chloroplasts during RSV infection. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis confirmed that RSV infection changed the biological process of protein targeting to chloroplast, where 3 crucial ChRPs (K4CSN4, K4CR23, and K4BXN9) were involved in the regulation of protein targeting into chloroplast. In addition to these 3 proteins, 41 among the 63 candidate proteins were characterized to have chloroplast transit peptides. These results indicated that RSV infection changed the biological process of protein targeting into chloroplast and the location of ChRPs through crucial protein factors, which illuminated a new layer of RSV⁻host interaction that might contribute to the symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Texas A&M University AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75252, USA.
| | - Jingjing Xu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Binghua Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
- Center of Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Weijun Cui
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Zhongjing Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Xijiao Song
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Zhuo Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Center of Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Hongying Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jiejun Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Yuwen Lu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Zhiping Deng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Jianping Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Fei Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Bhattacharyya D, Chakraborty S. Chloroplast: the Trojan horse in plant-virus interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:504-518. [PMID: 28056496 PMCID: PMC6638057 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is one of the most dynamic organelles of a plant cell. It carries out photosynthesis, synthesizes major phytohormones, plays an active part in the defence response and is crucial for interorganelle signalling. Viruses, on the other hand, are extremely strategic in manipulating the internal environment of the host cell. The chloroplast, a prime target for viruses, undergoes enormous structural and functional damage during viral infection. Indeed, large proportions of affected gene products in a virus-infected plant are closely associated with the chloroplast and the process of photosynthesis. Although the chloroplast is deficient in gene silencing machinery, it elicits the effector-triggered immune response against viral pathogens. Virus infection induces the organelle to produce an extensive network of stromules which are involved in both viral propagation and antiviral defence. From studies over the last few decades, the involvement of the chloroplast in the regulation of plant-virus interaction has become increasingly evident. This review presents an exhaustive account of these facts, with their implications for pathogenicity. We have attempted to highlight the intricacies of chloroplast-virus interactions and to explain the existing gaps in our current knowledge, which will enable virologists to utilize chloroplast genome-based antiviral resistance in economically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhriti Bhattacharyya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
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Ganusova EE, Rice JH, Carlew TS, Patel A, Perrodin-Njoku E, Hewezi T, Burch-Smith TM. Altered Expression of a Chloroplast Protein Affects the Outcome of Virus and Nematode Infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:478-488. [PMID: 28323529 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-17-0031-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast-resident RNA helicase ISE2 (INCREASED SIZE EXCLUSION LIMIT2) can modulate the formation and distribution of plasmodesmata and intercellular trafficking. We have determined that ISE2 expression is induced by viral infection. Therefore, the responses of Nicotiana benthamiana plants with varying levels of ISE2 expression to infection by Tobacco mosaic virus and Turnip mosaic virus were examined. Surprisingly, increased or decreased ISE2 expression led to faster viral systemic spread and, in some cases, enhanced systemic necrosis. The contributions of RNA silencing and hormone-mediated immune responses to the increased viral susceptibility of these plants were assessed. In addition, Arabidopsis thaliana plants with increased ISE2 expression were found to be more susceptible to infection by the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Our analyses provide intriguing insights into unexpected functional roles of a chloroplast protein in mediating plant-pathogen interactions. The possible roles of plasmodesmata in determining the outcomes of these interactions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Ganusova
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
| | - J Hollis Rice
- 2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee; and
| | - Timothy S Carlew
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
| | - Akshita Patel
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
| | - Emmanuel Perrodin-Njoku
- 3 National Technical Institute for the Deaf, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, U.S.A
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- 2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee; and
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
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11
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Zhao J, Zhang X, Hong Y, Liu Y. Chloroplast in Plant-Virus Interaction. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1565. [PMID: 27757106 PMCID: PMC5047884 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the chloroplast is the organelle that conducts photosynthesis. It has been known that chloroplast is involved in virus infection of plants for approximate 70 years. Recently, the subject of chloroplast-virus interplay is getting more and more attention. In this article we discuss the different aspects of chloroplast-virus interaction into three sections: the effect of virus infection on the structure and function of chloroplast, the role of chloroplast in virus infection cycle, and the function of chloroplast in host defense against viruses. In particular, we focus on the characterization of chloroplast protein-viral protein interactions that underlie the interplay between chloroplast and virus. It can be summarized that chloroplast is a common target of plant viruses for viral pathogenesis or propagation; and conversely, chloroplast and its components also can play active roles in plant defense against viruses. Chloroplast photosynthesis-related genes/proteins (CPRGs/CPRPs) are suggested to play a central role during the complex chloroplast-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
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Zhou Y, Xu Z, Duan C, Chen Y, Meng Q, Wu J, Hao Z, Wang Z, Li M, Yong H, Zhang D, Zhang S, Weng J, Li X. Dual transcriptome analysis reveals insights into the response to Rice black-streaked dwarf virus in maize. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4593-609. [PMID: 27493226 PMCID: PMC4973738 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD) is a viral infection that results in heavy yield losses in maize worldwide, particularly in the summer maize-growing regions of China. MRDD is caused by the Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV). In the present study, analyses of microRNAs (miRNAs), the degradome, and transcriptome sequences were used to elucidate the RBSDV-responsive pathway(s) in maize. Genomic analysis indicated that the expression of three non-conserved and 28 conserved miRNAs, representing 17 known miRNA families and 14 novel miRNAs, were significantly altered in response to RBSDV when maize was inoculated at the V3 (third leaf) stage. A total of 99 target transcripts from 48 genes of 10 known miRNAs were found to be responsive to RBSDV infection. The annotations of these target genes include a SQUAMOSA promoter binding (SPB) protein, a P450 reductase, an oxidoreductase, and a ubiquitin-related gene, among others. Characterization of the entire transcriptome suggested that a total of 28 and 1085 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected at 1.5 and 3.0 d, respectively, after artificial inoculation with RBSDV. The expression patterns of cell wall- and chloroplast-related genes, and disease resistance- and stress-related genes changed significantly in response to RBSDV infection. The negatively regulated genes GRMZM2G069316 and GRMZM2G031169, which are the target genes for miR169i-p5 and miR8155, were identified as a nucleolin and a NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein in maize, respectively. The gene ontology term GO:0003824, including GRMZM2G031169 and other 51 DEGs, was designated as responsive to RBSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street, XiangFang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, China
| | - Zhennan Xu
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street, XiangFang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, China
| | - Canxing Duan
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China
| | - Qingchang Meng
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China
| | - Jirong Wu
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China
| | - Zhuanfang Hao
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street, XiangFang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, China
| | - Mingshun Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongjun Yong
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Degui Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shihuang Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianfeng Weng
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinhai Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
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Wang J, Wang XR, Zhou Q, Yang JM, Guo HX, Yang LJ, Liu WQ. iTRAQ protein profile analysis provides integrated insight into mechanisms of tolerance to TMV in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). J Proteomics 2016; 132:21-30. [PMID: 26608101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To further investigate the mechanism of the plant tolerance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection, tobacco NC89 (N) hypersensitive to TMV and its natural mutant Yuyan8 (Y) with tolerance to TMV were employed for differential accumulation proteome analysis. There were 260 specifically accumulated proteins in Yuyan8 after 24 h inoculation (Yd), and the accumulations of 285 proteins inherent in Y have changed after TMV infection. Equally, there were 183 specifically accumulated proteins in NC89 after 24 h inoculation (Nd), and 132 proteins inherent in N have changed after TMV infection. These differential proteins were respectively enriched in two pathways, of which photosynthesis pathway was the common pathway in two varieties. In photoreaction system, the accumulations of differential proteins, especially D1 protein, were not decreased in Yd compared to Nd. The results indicated that maintaining the stability of D1 protein and reasonable utilization of the energy was the essential for tolerance to TMV infection. It was also revealed that 14-3-3 protein and PR4 was specific expressed, and the expression of LRR was enhanced in Yd, suggesting that regulation of defense protein mediated by 14-3-3 protein quickly activated resistance system and enhanced the plant tolerance to TMV infection. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first work that the molecular basis of tobacco tolerance was discussed basic on proteomic investigation performed on wild type and its natural mutant. Our results lay the foundation for development of molecular breeding and further proteome research in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- The Key Lab of National Tobacco Cultivation, College of Tobacco Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Xiao-ran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Qi Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Jin-miao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Hong-xiang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Li-jun Yang
- Zhumadian Branch of Henan Province Tobacco Company, Zhumadian 463000, PR China
| | - Wei-qun Liu
- The Key Lab of National Tobacco Cultivation, College of Tobacco Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
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Abstract
In plants, the chloroplast is the organelle that conducts photosynthesis. It has been known that chloroplast is involved in virus infection of plants for approximate 70 years. Recently, the subject of chloroplast-virus interplay is getting more and more attention. In this article we discuss the different aspects of chloroplast-virus interaction into three sections: the effect of virus infection on the structure and function of chloroplast, the role of chloroplast in virus infection cycle, and the function of chloroplast in host defense against viruses. In particular, we focus on the characterization of chloroplast protein-viral protein interactions that underlie the interplay between chloroplast and virus. It can be summarized that chloroplast is a common target of plant viruses for viral pathogenesis or propagation; and conversely, chloroplast and its components also can play active roles in plant defense against viruses. Chloroplast photosynthesis-related genes/proteins (CPRGs/CPRPs) are suggested to play a central role during the complex chloroplast-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
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Liu HW, Liang CQ, Liu PF, Luo LX, Li JQ. Quantitative proteomics identifies 38 proteins that are differentially expressed in cucumber in response to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus infection. Virol J 2015; 12:216. [PMID: 26666291 PMCID: PMC4678648 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since it was first reported in 1935, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) has become a serious pathogen in a range of cucurbit crops. The virus is generally transmitted by propagation materials, and to date no effective chemical or cultural methods of control have been developed to combat its spread. The current study presents a preliminary analysis of the pathogenic mechanisms from the perspective of protein expression levels in an infected cucumber host, with the objective of elucidating the infection process and potential strategies to reduce both the economic and yield losses associated with CGMMV. METHODS Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) were used to identify the differentially expressed proteins in cucumber plants infected with CGMMV compared with mock-inoculated plants. The functions of the proteins were deduced by functional annotation and their involvement in metabolic processes explored by KEGG pathway analysis to identify their interactions during CGMMV infection, while their in vivo expression was further verified by qPCR. RESULTS Infection by CGMMV altered both the expression level and absolute quantity of 38 proteins (fold change >0.6) in cucumber hosts. Of these, 23 were found to be up-regulated, while 15 were down-regulated. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that 22 of the proteins had a combined function and were associated with molecular function (MF), biological process (BP) and cellular component (CC). Several other proteins had a dual function with 1, 7, and 2 proteins being associated with BP/CC, BP/MF, CC/MF, respectively. The remaining 3 proteins were only involved in MF. In addition, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis identified 18 proteins that were involved in 13 separate metabolic pathways. These pathways were subsequently merged to generate three network diagrams illustrating the interactions between the different pathways, while qPCR was used to track the changes in expression levels of the proteins identified at 3 time points during CGMMV infection. Taken together these results greatly expand our understanding of the relationships between CGMMV and cucumber hosts. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study indicate that CGMMV infection significantly changes the physiology of cucumbers, affecting the expression levels of individual proteins as well as entire metabolic pathways. The bioinformatic analysis also identified several pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins that could be useful in the development of disease-resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Seed and Plant Health (BERC-SPH), Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), Beijing, 100193, PR China.
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Chao-Qiong Liang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Seed and Plant Health (BERC-SPH), Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Peng-Fei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Seed and Plant Health (BERC-SPH), Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Lai-Xin Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Seed and Plant Health (BERC-SPH), Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Jian-Qiang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Seed and Plant Health (BERC-SPH), Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Otulak K, Chouda M, Bujarski J, Garbaczewska G. The evidence of Tobacco rattle virus impact on host plant organelles ultrastructure. Micron 2015; 70:7-20. [PMID: 25541480 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tobraviruses, like other (+) stranded RNA viruses of plants, replicate their genome in cytoplasm and use such usual membranous structures like endoplasmic reticulum. Based on the ultrastructural examination of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-infected potato and tobacco leaf tissues, in this work we provide evidence of the participation of not only the membranous and vesicular ER structures but also other cell organelles during the viral infection cycle. Non-capsidated TRV PSG particles (potato isolate from the Netherlands) (long and short forms) were observed inside the nucleus while the presence of TRV capsid protein (CP) was detected in the nucleus caryolymph and within the nucleolus area. Both capsidated and non-capsidated viral particles were localized inside the strongly disorganized chloroplasts and mitochondria. The electron-dense TRV particles were connected with vesicular structures of mitochondria as well as with chloroplasts in both potato and tobacco tissues. At 15-30 days after infection, vesicles filled with TRV short particles were visible in mitochondria revealing the expanded cristae structures. Immunodetection analysis revealed the TRV PSG CP epitope inside chloroplast with disorganized thylakoids structure as well as in mitochondria of different tobacco and potato tissues. The ultrastructural analysis demonstrated high dynamics of the main cell organelles during the TRV PSG-Solanaceous plants interactions. Moreover, our results suggest a relationship between organelle changes and different stages of virus infection cycle and/or particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Otulak
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, WULS-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Chouda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, WULS-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Józef Bujarski
- Plant Molecular Biology Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Grażyna Garbaczewska
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, WULS-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Han Y, Luo Y, Qin S, Xi L, Wan B, Du L. Induction of systemic resistance against tobacco mosaic virus by Ningnanmycin in tobacco. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 111:14-8. [PMID: 24861928 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ningnanmycin (NNM) is an antiviral agent firstly isolated from Strepcomces noursei var·xichangensisn. Studies have shown that NNM promotes PAL, POD and SOD activity and possesses antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). In this study, our results demonstrated that NNM inhibited the polymerization process of TMV coat protein (TMV-CP) in vitro and promoted the systemic accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs), which are the markers of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). An non-expressor, pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) that regulates SAR and induces systemic resistance (ISR), increased. In addition, the Jaz3 expression increase showed that NNM also induced ISR. Based on the results of this work and earlier reports, it is suggesting that NNM induces tobacco systemic resistance against TMV via activating multiple plant defense signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongguang Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shirong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bo Wan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Linfang Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Osmond CB, Berry JA, Balachandran S, Büchen-Osmond C, Daley PF, Hodgson RAJ. Potential Consequences of Virus Infection for Shade-Sun Acclimation in Leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1990.tb00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Jang C, Seo EY, Nam J, Bae H, Gim YG, Kim HG, Cho IS, Lee ZW, Bauchan GR, Hammond J, Lim HS. Insights into Alternanthera mosaic virus TGB3 Functions: Interactions with Nicotiana benthamiana PsbO Correlate with Chloroplast Vesiculation and Veinal Necrosis Caused by TGB3 Over-Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:5. [PMID: 23386854 PMCID: PMC3560364 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) triple gene block 3 (TGB3) protein is involved in viral movement. AltMV TGB3 subcellular localization was previously shown to be distinct from that of Potato virus X (PVX) TGB3, and a chloroplast binding domain identified; veinal necrosis and chloroplast vesiculation were observed in Nicotiana benthamiana when AltMV TGB3 was over-expressed from PVX. Plants with over-expressed TGB3 showed more lethal damage under dark conditions than under light. Yeast-two-hybrid analysis and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) reveal that Arabidopsis thaliana PsbO1 has strong interactions with TGB3; N. benthamiana PsbO (NbPsbO) also showed obvious interaction signals with TGB3 through BiFC. These results demonstrate an important role for TGB3 in virus cell-to-cell movement and virus-host plant interactions. The Photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex protein PsbO interaction with TGB3 is presumed to have a crucial role in symptom development and lethal damage under dark conditions. In order to further examine interactions between AtPsbO1, NbPsbO, and TGB3, and to identify the binding domain(s) in TGB3 protein, BiFC assays were performed between AtPsbO1 or NbPsbO and various mutants of TGB3. Interactions with C-terminally deleted TGB3 were significantly weaker than those with wild-type TGB3, and both N-terminally deleted TGB3 and a TGB3 mutant previously shown to lose chloroplast interactions failed to interact detectably with PsbO in BiFC. To gain additional information about TGB3 interactions in AltMV-susceptible plants, we cloned 12 natural AltMV TGB3 sequence variants into a PVX expression vector to examine differences in symptom development in N. benthamiana. Symptom differences were observed on PVX over-expression, with all AltMV TGB3 variants showing more severe symptoms than the WT PVX control, but without obvious correlation to sequence differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyong Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Seo
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiryun Nam
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Hanhong Bae
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Yeong Guk Gim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Hong Gi Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - In Sook Cho
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development AdministrationSuwon, South Korea
| | - Zee-Won Lee
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science InstituteDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Gary R. Bauchan
- Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureBeltsville, MD, USA
| | - John Hammond
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureBeltsville, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: John Hammond, Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, B-010A, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. e-mail: ; Hyoun-Sub Lim, Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, 79 Daehangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea. e-mail:
| | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: John Hammond, Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, B-010A, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. e-mail: ; Hyoun-Sub Lim, Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, 79 Daehangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea. e-mail:
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Manfre A, Glenn M, Nuñez A, Moreau RA, Dardick C. Light quantity and photosystem function mediate host susceptibility to Turnip mosaic virus via a salicylic acid-independent mechanism. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:315-27. [PMID: 21091158 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-10-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence going as far back as the early part of the 20th century suggests that both light and chloroplast function may play key roles in host susceptibility to viruses. Despite the long history of such work, confirmation of these phenomena and a determination of the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we revisited these questions using modern imaging technologies to study the susceptibility of Nicotiana benthamiana to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). We found that both light deficiency and photosystem impairment increased the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to TuMV infection. Time-lapse photography studies indicated that, under these conditions, rub-inoculated plants exhibited greater numbers of infection foci and more rapid foci development. The rate of systemic movement was also accelerated though cell-to-cell movement appeared unchanged. Inhibition of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense responses is not likely responsible for changes in susceptibility because SA and pathogen response-1 gene induction were not affected by light deficiency or chloroplast impairment and treatment of plants with SA had no measureable impact on TuMV infection. Taken together, these data suggest that both light and optimal chloroplast function influence virus infection either by limiting the cellular resources needed by TuMV to establish replication complexes or the host's ability to activate SA-independent defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Manfre
- United States Department of Agriculture, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, WV, USA
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21
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Qiao Y, Li HF, Wong SM, Fan ZF. Plastocyanin transit peptide interacts with Potato virus X coat protein, while silencing of plastocyanin reduces coat protein accumulation in chloroplasts and symptom severity in host plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:1523-34. [PMID: 19888818 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-12-1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus X coat protein (PVXCP) is, through communication with host proteins, involved in processes such as virus movement and symptom development. Here, we report that PVXCP also interacts with the precursor of plastocyanin, a protein involved in photosynthesis, both in vitro and in vivo. Yeast two-hybrid analysis indicated that PVXCP interacted with only the plastocyanin transit peptide. In subsequent bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, both proteins were collocated within chloroplasts. Western blot analyses of chloroplast fractions showed that PVXCP could be detected in the envelope, stroma, and lumen fractions. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that grana were dilated in PVX-infected Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, virus-induced gene silencing of plastocyanin by prior infection of N. benthamiana using a Tobacco rattle virus vector reduced the severity of symptoms that developed following subsequent PVX infection as well as the accumulation of PVXCP in isolated chloroplasts. However, PVXCP could not be detected in pea chloroplasts in an in vitro re-uptake assay using the plastocyanin precursor protein. Taken together, these data suggest that PVXCP interacts with the plastocyanin precursor protein and that silencing the expression of this protein leads to reduced PVXCP accumulation in chloroplasts and ameliorates symptom severity in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Seay M, Hayward AP, Tsao J, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Something old, something new: plant innate immunity and autophagy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 335:287-306. [PMID: 19802571 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy performs a variety of established functions during plant growth and development. Recently, autophagy has been further implicated in the regulation of programmed cell death induced during the plant innate immune response. In this chapter we describe specific mechanisms through which autophagy may contribute to a successful defense against pathogen invasion. Accumulating evidence shows that the plant immune system utilizes the chloroplasts as primary sites for the regulation of cell death programs. Viruses also appear to utilize the chloroplast as a site of replication and accumulation, potentially inactivating chloroplast defense signaling in the process. Autophagy-like mechanisms have been observed to target the chloroplast, which we refer to as "chlorophagy," potentially targeting invasive viruses for degradation or regulating chloroplast-based signaling during the immune response. We hypothesize that chlorophagy is significant for the execution of plant immune defenses, during both basal and effector-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montrell Seay
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
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Zhang C, Liu Y, Sun X, Qian W, Zhang D, Qiu B. Characterization of a specific interaction between IP-L, a tobacco protein localized in the thylakoid membranes, and Tomato mosaic virus coat protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 374:253-7. [PMID: 18625203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated a specific interaction between Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) coat protein (CP) and a tobacco protein designated IP-L that may be involved in the long-distance movement of ToMV. Here, using the yeast two-hybrid system and GST pull-down assay, we demonstrated that the N-terminal helical region (residues 3-18) of IP-L is required for the interaction, while two alpha-helical domains (residues 21-31 and 142-147) of ToMV CP are involved. Furthermore, using immunoblotting, we showed that both of the IP-L and the majority of ToMV CP are co-localized in the chloroplast thylakoid membranes. These results provide further evidence for the association between tobamovirus CPs and thylakoid membrane components, which has been shown to be involved in chlorosis formation during viral infection, and indicate that the interaction between ToMV CP and IP-L may affect chloroplast function and stability and thus leading to chlorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozheng Zhang
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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Shi Y, Chen J, Hong X, Chen J, Adams MJ. A potyvirus P1 protein interacts with the Rieske Fe/S protein of its host. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2007; 8:785-90. [PMID: 20507538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screens were used to test for interactions between the P1 protein of Soybean mosaic virus Pinellia isolate (SMV-P) and a cDNA expression library of its host, the aroid Pinellia ternata. Of the 13 independent interacting clones identified, ten were identical and had an open reading frame predicted to encode a 23.7-kDa protein closely related to the cytochrome b6/f complex Rieske Fe/S genes of plants. The interaction between SMV-P-P1 and the mature Rieske Fe/S protein (without transit peptide) of the host was confirmed by in vitro co-immunoprecipitation of the two proteins. Y2H assays using different parts of the two proteins showed that only the N-terminal part (amino acids 1-82) of SMV-P P1 was responsible for the interaction with the Rieske Fe/S protein and that amino acids 1-33 interacted only with the transit peptide, while amino acids 34-82 could interact with the entire Rieske Fe/S protein. SMV-P P1 also interacted moderately with the Rieske Fe/S protein of its other hosts, soybean and Zantedeschia aethiopica, but weakly with that of the non-host Arabidopsis thaliana. The P1-Rieske Fe/S protein interactions are likely to be involved in symptom development, and the very variable N-terminus of P1 may play an important role in host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
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25
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Christov I, Stefanov D, Velinov T, Goltsev V, Georgieva K, Abracheva P, Genova Y, Christov N. The symptomless leaf infection with grapevine leafroll associated virus 3 in grown in vitro plants as a simple model system for investigation of viral effects on photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:1124-33. [PMID: 16716452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic changes evaluated by oxygen evolution, chlorophyll fluorescence, photoacoustics, and delayed fluorescence (DF) were studied in leaves of grown in vitro for 8 weeks grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera) infected by grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3). The infected leaves were characterized during the viral infection without visible disease symptoms. The symptomless infection led to a decrease in plant biomass. The non-photochemical fluorescence quenching, qN, declined, whereas the photochemical quenching, qP, and the Chl a/b ratio were not significantly affected. Photoacoustic and oxygen evolution measurements showed that the energy storage and oxygen evolution rate decreased in the infected leaves. Enhanced alternative electron sinks during the symptomless viral infection were also estimated. The changes in fluorescence and DF temperature curves demonstrated an enhanced stability of the thylakoid membranes in the infected leaves. This effect was clearly expressed at high actinic light intensities. The viral infected in vitro grown grapevine plants were used in the present study as a simplified model system that allow to avoid the involvement of different environmental factors that could interfere with the GLRaV infection and the virus-grapevine interactions. Thus, the 'pure' impact of the viral infection on photosynthesis could be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Christov
- Institute of Viticulture and Enology, 5800, Pleven, Bulgaria
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26
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Pérez-Bueno ML, Rahoutei J, Sajnani C, García-Luque I, Barón M. Proteomic analysis of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II under biotec stress: Studies on Nicotiana benthamiana infected with tobamoviruses. Proteomics 2004; 4:418-25. [PMID: 14760711 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200300655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that tobamovirus infection induces an inhibition of photosystem II electron transport, disturbing the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). In the infected plants, the OEC polypeptide pattern was modified when compared to healthy plants, the levels of the PsbP and PsbQ extrinsic proteins being lowered to different extents. In this work we have further investigated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) the changes on the OEC protein pattern of thylakoid membranes isolated from Nicotiana benthamiana Domin plants infected with the Spanish strain of pepper mild mottle virus. When the thylakoid membranes from healthy plants were analyzed for the presence of PsbO and PsbP proteins by 2-DE (pI range 4-7) and further immunoassayed by using specific-antisera against these two proteins, it was observed that four polypeptides cross-reacted with each antiserum. These data, along with the N-terminal amino acid sequence determined for the eight polypeptides, indicate that the N. benthamiana PsbO and PsbP proteins correspond to protein families. In the silver-stained 2-DE gels of thylakoid membranes isolated at different days postinoculation from virus-infected plants, it was observed that the content of PsbP polypeptides decreased dramatically with respect to those of PsbO, during the progress of the infection. Interestingly, there was a differential decrease of the different PsbP proteins, indicative of a distinct regulation of their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Pérez-Bueno
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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27
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Lehto K, Tikkanen M, Hiriart JB, Paakkarinen V, Aro EM. Depletion of the photosystem II core complex in mature tobacco leaves infected by the flavum strain of tobacco mosaic virus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:1135-44. [PMID: 14651347 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.12.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The flavum strain of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) differs from the wild-type (wt) virus by causing strong yellow and green mosaic in the systemically infected developing leaves, yellowing in the fully expanded leaves, and distinct malformations of chloroplasts in both types of infected tissues. Analysis of the thylakoid proteins of flavum strain-infected tobacco leaves indicated that the chlorosis in mature leaves was accompanied by depletion of the entire photosystem II (PSII) core complexes and the 33-kDa protein of the oxygen evolving complex. The only change observed in the thylakoid proteins of the corresponding wt TMV-infected leaves was a slight reduction of the alpha and beta subunits of the ATP synthase complex. The coat proteins of different yellowing strains of TMV are known to effectively accumulate inside chloroplasts, but in this work, the viral movement protein also was detected in association with the thylakoid membranes of flavum strain-infected leaves. The mRNAs of different enzymes involved in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway were not reduced in the mature chlorotic leaves. These results suggest that the chlorosis was not caused by reduction of pigment biosynthesis, but rather, by reduction of specific proteins of the PSII core complexes and by consequent break-down of the pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Lehto
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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28
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Almási A, Harsányi A, Gáborjányi R. Photosynthetic Alterations of Virus Infected Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1556/aphyt.36.2001.1-2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Wijdeveld MM, Goldbach RW, Meurs C, van Loon LC. On the relationship between X-bodies and symptom development in plants infected with different tobamoviruses. Arch Virol 1993; 133:143-55. [PMID: 8240005 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between systemic mosaic symptoms and the occurrence of viral 126-kDa protein in X-bodies was studied in tobacco infected with the tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) strains U2, U5, and ribgrass mosaic virus (RMV) strain HR, and in other plant species infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) strain W U 1. Strains U2, U5, and HR coded for proteins of 126, 126, and 130 kDa, respectively, but these were not recognized by antisera against the corresponding protein from W U 1. Only the HR 130-kDa protein reacted with an antiserum raised against a peptide of amino acids 849-863 from the sequence of W U 1. Electron microscopic analysis established the presence of virus clusters in the cytoplasm, as well as in chloroplasts, in leaf tissue infected with U 2 or U 5, and adjacent to nuclei and chloroplasts in scattered cells infected with HR. X-bodies were not detected after infection with any of these strains, but were large and adjacent to nuclei in W U 1-infected tomato displaying severe mosaic symptoms. Large X-bodies were detected near nuclei in W U 1-infected tomato displaying severe mosaic symptoms, but none were detected after infection of tobacco with any of the other tobamoviruses. The induction of X-bodies appears to be characteristic of some tobamovirus only and, at best, can only be associated with, rather than causative of, the severity of symptoms induced by those viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Wijdeveld
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Wijdeveld MM, Goldbach RW, Meurs C, van Loon LC. Accumulation of the 126 kDa protein of tobacco mosaic virus during systemic infection analysed by immunocytochemistry and ELISA. Arch Virol 1992; 127:195-207. [PMID: 1456890 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Systemic infection of tobacco with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) strain WU1, is accompanied by massive accumulation of the virus-coded non-structural 126 kDa protein in X-bodies. The development of X-bodies and the time course of the increase in 126 kDa protein in systemically infected leaves were analyzed by immunocytochemistry and ELISA, respectively, using an antiserum raised against a fusion protein of beta-galactosidase and part of the 126 kDa protein. The ELISA assay developed enabled routine detection of viral 126 kDa (as well as 183 kDa) protein in samples of less than 5 mg of systemically infected leaves. Plants were inoculated by differential temperature treatment, whereafter the accumulation of 126 kDa protein was related to viral multiplication, the development of X-bodies and the formation of symptoms. Both 126 kDa protein and coat protein became detectable between 40 and 66 h after transfer of the plants and increased in parallel up to 200 h. Vein clearing was visible at 66 h, followed by mosaic in the newly developed leaves at 112 h. By electron microscopical analysis small X-bodies, weakly labelled with antibodies against the 126 kDa protein, were detected as early as 24 h after transfer. At this stage they were not associated with nuclei. Thereafter, however, X-bodies increased in size and 126 kDa labelling density, and were increasingly often observed attached to nuclei. In emerging leaves that developed mosaic symptoms, X-bodies were associated with nuclei already at an early stage. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that association of X-bodies with nuclei may lead to symptom induction, when the leaf is invaded by the virus early in its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Wijdeveld
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Makino A, Osmond B. Solubilization of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from the membrane fraction of pea leaves. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1991; 29:79-85. [PMID: 24415109 DOI: 10.1007/bf00035378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/1991] [Accepted: 05/13/1991] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The solubilization of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) from the membrane fraction was studied in whole leaf extracts and chloroplasts from pea. The amount of membrane-bound Rubisco was dependent on the pH of the chloroplastic lysate buffer. Maximum binding was found at pH 8.0, with about 8% of total leaf Rubisco being bound. The binding of Rubisco to the membranes was strong, and it was not released by repeated washing with hypotonic buffer or by changing ionic strength. Detergents such as Triton X-100, Tween 20, deoxycholate and dodecylsulfate were effective in solubilizing the membrane-bound Rubisco. Triton X-100 was most effective in the range of 0.04% to 0.2% and it solubilized Rubisco from the membrane without any decrease in enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Makino
- Department of Botany, Duke University, 27706, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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32
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Spruijt RB, Böhmer MR, Wilschut J, Hemminga MA. Interaction of non-enveloped plant viruses and their viral coat proteins with phospholipid vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1065:217-24. [PMID: 2059653 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of the non-enveloped plant viruses TMV (rod-shaped) and CCMV (spherical) and of their coat proteins in several well-defined aggregation states, with artificial membranes was investigated to study the early stages of the cellular infection process. Information about the separate steps in the interaction mechanisms was obtained by employing three assays, performed as a function of vesicle size, net membrane charge, pH and ionic strength. The assays allow to discriminate between aggregation of vesicles (turbidity assay) and membrane destabilization (vesicle leakage assay and lipid mixing assay). The aggregation of the vesicles is a result of electrostatic interactions between the viral material and vesicles surface (cross-linking), while the destabilization of the membrane is a result of penetration or bilayer disruption by hydrophobic protein domains. TMV virions and its coat protein, and CCMV virions, due to their net negative charge, predominantly interact with positively charged membranes. The coat protein of CCMV was found to interact with negatively charged membranes, an interaction that can be assigned to its basical N-terminal sequence. Changing the aggregational state of the viral coat proteins yielded most significant interactions in case of TMV coat protein aggregated in the disk form and CCMV coat protein aggregated in empty capsids with oppositely charged membranes. These protein aggregates are found to be the best compromise between efficiency (capacity of the protein to bridge vesicles and destabilize their membranes) and concentration of protein aggregates. The results are discussed with respect to previously proposed biological models of the early stages of plant virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Spruijt
- Department of Molecular Physics, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Takahashi H, Ehara Y, Hirano H. A protein in the oxygen-evolving complex in the chloroplast is associated with symptom expression on tobacco leaves infected with cucumber mosaic virus strain Y. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1991; 16:689-98. [PMID: 1868202 DOI: 10.1007/bf00023433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular basis of symptom expression in virus-infected plants, the changes in proteins between tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum cv. Ky57, leaves inoculated with cucumber mosaic virus strain Y [CMV(Y)] and strain O [CMV(O)], were compared by 2-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. The appearance of chlorotic spots in CMV(Y)-inoculated tobacco leaves accompanied an increase of 3 polypeptides and a decrease in 6 polypeptides, as compared with those in the CMV(O)-inoculated tobacco which showed no clear symptoms. The decrease in the amounts of two polypeptides of 22 and 23 kDa was particularly significant: these two polypeptides were compared with a 24 kDa polypeptide, which co-migrated with them in 2-D gel electrophoresis but did not clearly decrease at an early stage of infection, as well as major other proteins of CMV(Y)-inoculated tobacco leaves. However, the 22, 23 and 24 kDa polypeptides showed the same peptide mapping pattern. Furthermore, the 12 amino acid residues at N-termini of the three polypeptides match those of the extrinsic 23 kDa polypeptide of an oxygen-evolving complex from spinach. A comparative analysis of the 22, 23 and 24 kDa polypeptides in N. tabacum and its ancestral parents, N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis, revealed that the 22 kDa polypeptide derives from N. sylvestris and the 23 kDa polypeptide from N. tomentosiformis; the 24 kDa polypeptide derives from both ancestral Nicotiana species. The results indicate that the polypeptides whose amounts differentially decrease with the progress of symptom expression in N. tabacum inoculated with CMV(Y) are one component of the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takahashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Frischmuth T, Zimmat G, Jeske H. The nucleotide sequence of abutilon mosaic virus reveals prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic features. Virology 1990; 178:461-8. [PMID: 2219703 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90343-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of abutilon mosaic virus (West Indian isolate, AbMVa) is presented. The resulting genomic structure resembles that of other geminiviruses which are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: AbMV possesses a bipartite circular genome with bidirectional orientation of the open reading frames (ORF). Both components have a common region of 180 bases with 99% homology while the rest of their sequence is distinct. Eukaryotic regulatory transcription elements precede most ORFs and polyadenylation signals are present at the end of most ORFs. However, two ORFs show features of prokaryotic genes. This chimaeric genome organisation is discussed with reference to the finding that AbMV DNA is present in plastids as well as in the nucleus of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Frischmuth
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Angewandte Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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35
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Gröning BR, Frischmuth T, Jeske H. Replicative form DNA of abutilon mosaic virus is present in plastids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00391759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Fuhr G, Müller T, Hagedorn R. Reversible and irreversible rotating field-induced membrane modifications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 980:1-8. [PMID: 2923891 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(89)90192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We analyse the charge distribution as submitted by additionally induced transmembrane potentials in rotating electric fields. In contrast to d.c. and a.c. fields, in rotating fields the induced peak potential differences across the membrane systems are phase shifted with respect both to each other and to the external field vector. These phase differences are strongly frequency-dependent but were also influenced by the electrical properties of both the cell and the surrounding medium. We extend our investigation up to the non-linear field strength range of electrorotation and found reversible and irreversible changes in the rotational behavior of several cells. The most convenient variables for describing non-linear electrorotation are the characteristic frequency (fc1) and the corresponding angular velocity (omega c) of the cells. With increasing field strength the observed rotational behavior becomes more and more irreversible and finally rupture of the membrane occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fuhr
- Department of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, G.D.R
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37
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Hodgson RA, Beachy RN, Pakrasi HB. Selective inhibition of photosystem II in spinach by tobacco mosaic virus: an effect of the viral coat protein. FEBS Lett 1989; 245:267-70. [PMID: 2924924 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of Spinacia oleracea inoculated with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) strain PV230 develop mild chlorotic and mosaic symptoms of infection. Thylakoid membranes isolated from these infected leaves showed a reduced Fv/Fm ratio for chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics, at 25 degrees C. The photosystem II (PS II)-mediated electron-transport rate was inhibited 50%, whereas PS I activity was unaffected by virus infection. Protein analysis indicated that TMV coat protein was associated with thylakoids, in particular with the PS II fraction. The results demonstrate that TMV-infected S. oleracea shows inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport through PS II. We propose that the inhibition of photosynthetic activity results from the association of viral coat protein with the PS II complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Hodgson
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130
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38
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Hills GJ, Plaskitt KA, Young ND, Dunigan DD, Watts JW, Wilson TM, Zaitlin M. Immunogold localization of the intracellular sites of structural and nonstructural tobacco mosaic virus proteins. Virology 1987; 161:488-96. [PMID: 3318095 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies raised against the 126K nonstructural protein (replicase) encoded by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA or the viral coat protein have been used to localize these proteins within virus-infected tobacco leaf cells by an immunogold labeling technique. A protocol is given for low-temperature fixation to facilitate immunogold labeling. In cells of TMV-infected leaf tissue, the 126K protein immunogold label was found almost exclusively in "viroplasms" in the cytoplasm and in pockets of virus particles at the viroplasmic periphery. When utilizing the coat protein antiserum, very little labeling was seen within the viroplasms, although virus particles throughout the cytoplasm were heavily labeled. Viroplasms contained electron-dense rope-like structures embedded in a ribosome-rich matrix. In their "mature" form, viroplasms are the well-known "X body" inclusions. The rope-like structures were up to 1.2 micron long and appear twisted, undergoing several revolutions throughout their length, but were not of a constant pitch. In transverse section, they appeared to be composed of several hollow, radially segmented cylinders 21 nm in diameter, with a 9-nm hole. Antibody labeling showed them to be composed, at least in part, of the 126K protein. Clusters of virus particles at the edge of or within the viroplasms were also labeled with the 126K antiserum, in contrast to virus particles in other areas of the cell, which were not. TMV-infected tobacco mesophyll protoplasts cultured for up to 27 hr did not contain the rope-like ribbons. Instead, isolated protoplasts contained amorphous cytoplasmic areas which were labeled with 126K antibody. Since the 126K protein is most probably a constituent of the TMV RNA-replicating enzyme (replicase), its intracellular location is considered to be indicative of the site of replication of TMV RNA. Therefore these results suggest that replication occurs at the edges of the viroplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Hills
- John Innes Institute, AFRC Institute of Plant Science Research, Norwich, United Kingdom
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39
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Nieto-Sotelo J, Ho TH. Absence of heat shock protein synthesis in isolated mitochondria and plastids from maize. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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40
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41
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Dietzgen RG, Zaitlin M. Tobacco mosaic virus coat protein and the large subunit of the host protein ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase share a common antigenic determinant. Virology 1986; 155:262-6. [PMID: 2430360 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An immunological relationship was detected between the coat protein of the common (U1) strain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and the large subunit of the ubiquitous CO2-fixing host enzyme, ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCo). When assayed by Western immunoblotting or indirect ELISA, polyclonal antisera to TMV coat protein and to RuBisCo reacted with both antigens. In addition, a monoclonal antibody specific for the C-terminal antigenic determinant of TMV coat protein reacted with RuBisCo. Conversely, several monoclonal antibodies generated to the large subunit of RuBisCo reacted with TMV coat protein. This cross-reactivity was verified by an examination of the amino acid sequences of both proteins. A region of homology was found between the carboxy proximal portion of coat protein and the sequence 60-73 residues from the amino terminus of RuBisCo large subunit. This homology was not mirrored at the nucleic acid level because of different codon usages for the two proteins.
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