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Ma SH, Kim HM, Park SH, Park SY, Mai TD, Do JH, Koo Y, Joung YH. The ten amino acids of the oxygen-evolving enhancer of tobacco is sufficient as the peptide residues for protein transport to the chloroplast thylakoid. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:513-523. [PMID: 33393067 PMCID: PMC7892526 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The thylakoid transit peptide of tobacco oxygen-evolving enhancer protein contains a minimal ten amino acid sequences for thylakoid lumen transports. This ten amino acids do not contain twin-arginine, which is required for typical chloroplast lumen translocation. Chloroplasts are intracellular organelles responsible for photosynthesis to produce organic carbon for all organisms. Numerous proteins must be transported from the cytosol to chloroplasts to support photosynthesis. This transport is facilitated by chloroplast transit peptides (TPs). Four chloroplast thylakoid lumen TPs were isolated from Nicotiana tabacum and were functionally analyzed as thylakoid lumen TPs. Typical chloroplast stroma-transit peptides and thylakoid lumen transit peptides (tTPs) are found in N. tabacum transit peptides (NtTPs) and the functions of these peptides are confirmed with TP-GFP fusion proteins under fluorescence microscopy and chloroplast fractionation, followed by Western blot analysis. During the functional analysis of tTPs, we uncovered the minimum 10 amino acid sequence is sufficient for thylakoid lumen transport. These ten amino acids can efficiently translocate GFP protein, even if they do not contain the twin-arginine residues required for the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway, which is a typical thylakoid lumen transport. Further, thylakoid lumen transporting processes through the Tat pathway was examined by analyzing tTP sequence functions and we demonstrate that the importance of hydrophobic core for the tTP cleavage and target protein translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Ma
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Hyun Min Kim
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Se Hee Park
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Seo Young Park
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Thanh Dat Mai
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Ju Hui Do
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Yeonjong Koo
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
| | - Young Hee Joung
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
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Wang H, Ki JS. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of copper-zinc superoxide dismutases from the freshwater alga Closterium ehrenbergii under metal stress. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:5-14. [PMID: 31452338 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) acts as the first line of defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells. In the present study, we determined two novel CuZnSOD genes (designated as CeCSD1 and CeCSD2) from the toxicity-testing freshwater algae Closterium ehrenbergii and examined their structural features, phylogenetic relationships, and gene expression under exposure to different metals. Putative CeCSD1 (204 aa, 20.6 kDa) and CeCSD2 (155 aa, 15.3 kDa) proteins had conserved CuZnSOD family motifs and metal (Cu, Zn) binding sites, but different N-terminus structures, that is, CeCSD1 has a signal peptide to chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis of each protein revealed that C. ehrenbergii was well clustered with other green algae and plants. Real-time PCR results showed that the gene expression obviously increased with heavy metal exposure. In addition, excess copper considerably increased the SOD activity and ROS generation but decreased the photosynthetic efficiency in treated cells. These results suggest that CeCSDs are involved in the antioxidant defense system and can be regarded as potential biomarkers for monitoring metal contaminants in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, South Korea
| | - Jang-Seu Ki
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, South Korea
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Backes S, Hess S, Boos F, Woellhaf MW, Gödel S, Jung M, Mühlhaus T, Herrmann JM. Tom70 enhances mitochondrial preprotein import efficiency by binding to internal targeting sequences. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1369-1382. [PMID: 29382700 PMCID: PMC5881500 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-terminal matrix-targeting signals (MTSs) are critical for mitochondrial protein import. Backes et al. identified additional internal MTS-like sequences scattered along the sequences of mitochondrial proteins. By binding to Tom70 on the mitochondrial surface, these sequences support the import process. The biogenesis of mitochondria depends on the import of hundreds of preproteins. N-terminal matrix-targeting signals (MTSs) direct preproteins to the surface receptors Tom20, Tom22, and Tom70. In this study, we show that many preproteins contain additional internal MTS-like signals (iMTS-Ls) in their mature region that share the characteristic properties of presequences. These features allow the in silico prediction of iMTS-Ls. Using Atp1 as model substrate, we show that iMTS-Ls mediate the binding to Tom70 and have the potential to target the protein to mitochondria if they are presented at its N terminus. The import of preproteins with high iMTS-L content is significantly impaired in the absence of Tom70, whereas preproteins with low iMTS-L scores are less dependent on Tom70. We propose a stepping stone model according to which the Tom70-mediated interaction with internal binding sites improves the import competence of preproteins and increases the efficiency of their translocation into the mitochondrial matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Backes
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Steffen Hess
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Felix Boos
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Sabrina Gödel
- Computational Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Martin Jung
- Medical Biochemistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Computational Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Information for targeting to the chloroplastic inner envelope membrane is contained in the mature region of the maize Bt1-encoded protein. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)37059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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6
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Carboxyl-terminal sequences can influence the in vitro import and intraorganellar targeting of chloroplast protein precursors. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Douwe de Boer A, Weisbeek PJ. Chloroplast protein topogenesis: import, sorting and assembly. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1071:221-53. [PMID: 1958688 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(91)90015-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Douwe de Boer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Joyard J, Block MA, Douce R. Molecular aspects of plastid envelope biochemistry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 199:489-509. [PMID: 1868841 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Joyard
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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11
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Perry S, Buvinger W, Bennett J, Keegstra K. Synthetic analogues of a transit peptide inhibit binding or translocation of chloroplastic precursor proteins. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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12
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Abstract
A large proportion of the chlorophyll in a plant is engaged in harvesting light energy and transferring it to the photochemical reaction centres. These 'antenna' chlorophylls are non-covalently bound to specific proteins to form chlorophyll-protein complexes. The chlorophyll a/b-binding (CAB) polypeptides are encoded by an extended family of nuclear genes. It has recently been discovered that other proteins not known to bind chlorophyll, the early light-inducible proteins (ELIPs), are also related and could be considered part of this family. We suggest that the latter proteins may be involved in pigment biosynthesis or in assembly of the thylakoid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Green
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Dreses-Werringloer U, Fischer K, Wachter E, Link TA, Flügge UI. cDNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the precursor of the 37-kDa inner envelope membrane polypeptide from spinach chloroplasts. Its transit peptide contains an amphiphilic alpha-helix as the only detectable structural element. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 195:361-8. [PMID: 1997321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We present the nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of a cDNA clone that encodes the entire precursor of the 37-kDa inner envelope membrane protein from spinach chloroplasts. The precursor protein consists of 344 amino acids (Mr 38,976). In vitro processing followed by radiosequence analysis of the in vitro transcribed and translated precursor protein revealed that its transit peptide consists of only 21 amino acid residues. The transit peptide has the potential to form an amphiphilic alpha-helix with a strong hydrophobic moment. It is speculated that this structural element represents an ancestral envelope-targeting domain. The in vitro synthesized precursor protein is directed to the chloroplasts and it is inserted into the envelope membrane in an ATP-dependent manner. The mature protein (323 amino acid residues, Mr 36,830) has a moderate hydrophobicity and contains only one membrane-spanning segment which is located at the C-terminus and possibly anchors the protein within the envelope membrane.
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Raines CA, Lloyd JC, Dyer TA. Molecular biology of the C3 photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1991; 27:1-14. [PMID: 24414440 DOI: 10.1007/bf00029971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/1990] [Accepted: 09/30/1990] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the enzymes of the C3 photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle have been studied using the techniques of molecular biology. In this review we discuss the primary protein sequences and structural predictions that have been made for a number of these enzymes, which, with the input of crystallographic analysis, gives the opportunity to understand the mechanisms of enzyme activity.The genome organisation and gene structure of the PCR enzymes is another area which has recently expanded, and we discuss the regulation of the genes encoding these enzymes and the complex interaction of various factors which influence their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Raines
- Biology Department, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, CO4 3SQ, Colchester, UK
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Protein Sorting in the Secretory System of Plant Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
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Flügge UI. On the translocation of proteins across the chloroplast envelope. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1990; 22:769-87. [PMID: 2092037 DOI: 10.1007/bf00786930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most of the chloroplast proteins are coded for in the nucleus and are synthesized in the cytosol from where they are subsequently transported into the different chloroplast compartments. The structural properties of the N-terminal extensions (transit peptides) of these nuclear-coded precursor proteins are discussed as well as the energy requirements for their translocation and the involvement of receptor proteins and that of other (ATP-dependent) factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- U I Flügge
- Institut für Botanik und Pharmazeutische Biologie mit Botanischem Garten Universität Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Siemeister G, Buchholz C, Hachtel W. Genes for ribosomal proteins are retained on the 73 kb DNA from Astasia longa that resembles Euglena chloroplast DNA. Curr Genet 1990; 18:457-64. [PMID: 2078869 DOI: 10.1007/bf00309917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of a 6.7 kb segment of the circular 73 kb DNA from Astasia longa has been determined. We identified genes for a tRNA-Ile (CAU), a tRNA-Phe (GAA), a tRNA-Cys (GCA) and the ribosomal proteins CS8, CL36, CS14 and CS2, that are normally encoded by plastid genomes. In addition, a gene for the chloroplast ribosomal protein CL5 was found that is not encoded by the plastome in either higher plants or a liverwort, but has recently been identified in Euglena chloroplast DNA. Transcripts of these protein genes, and of an unidentified open reading frame (ORF50), were detected. These results support our previous suggestion that the 73 kb DNA from Astasia is a truncated form of plastid DNA. The 73 kb DNA resembles the chloroplast DNA of Euglena gracilis but contains, almost exclusively, genes for a plastid-type translational (and presumably transcriptional) apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Siemeister
- Botanisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany
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Reed JE, Cline K, Stephens LC, Bacot KO, Viitanen PV. Early events in the import/assembly pathway of an integral thylakoid protein. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 194:33-42. [PMID: 2253622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (LHCP) is nuclear-encoded and must traverse the chloroplast envelope before becoming integrally assembled into thylakoid membranes. Previous studies implicated a soluble stromal form of LHCP in the assembly pathway, but relied upon assays in which the thylakoid insertion step was intentionally impaired [Cline, K., Fulsom, D. R. and Viitanen, P. V. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 14225-14232]. Here we have developed a rapid-stopping procedure, based upon the use of HgCl2, to analyze early events of the uninhibited assembly process. With this approach, we have found that proper assembly of LHCP into thylakoids lags considerably behind trans-envelope translocation. During the first few minutes of import, two distinct populations of mature-size LHCP accumulate within the chloroplast. One is the aforementioned soluble stromal intermediate, while the other is a partially (or improperly) assembled thylakoid species. Consistent with precursor/product relationships, both species reach peak levels at a time when virtually none of the imported molecules are correctly assembled. These results confirm and extend our previous interpretation, that upon import, preLHCP is rapidly processed to its mature form, giving rise to a soluble stromal intermediate. They further suggest that the stromal intermediate initially inserts into the thylakoid bilayer in a partially assembled form, which eventually becomes properly assembled into the light-harvesting complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Reed
- Central Research and Development Department, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0402
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Fluhr R. Regulation of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins in transgenic plants. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 1990; 11:197-204. [PMID: 2279355 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic plants have been particularly useful in studying nuclear genes encoding for photosynthetic functions. The expression of these genes and their chimeric constructs in transgenic plants faithfully mimics their natural counterparts. The use of sensitive chimeric reporter genes has enabled localizing the activity of genes encoding photosynthetic proteins to individual cells. Cab and rbcS transgenes have been shown to retain sensitivity to light quality, which is modulated by phytochrome. Conditional light activation under the influence of a circadian rhythm has been shown for Cab transgenes. Transgenic plants containing truncated promoters have helped delineate cis-regulatory positive and negative elements involved in light-mediated transcriptional induction and tissue specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fluhr
- Department of Plant Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Yamamoto Y. Molecular organization of oxygen-evolution system in chloroplast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02488438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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James HE, Bartling D, Musgrove JE, Kirwin PM, Herrmann RG, Robinson C. Transport of proteins into chloroplasts. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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22
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Mizobuchi A, Yamamoto Y. Assembly of photosystem II polypeptides and expression of oxygen evolution activity in the chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis Z during the dark-light transition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(89)80005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Gray JC. Targeting and assembly of chloroplast proteins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1989; 1:706-11. [PMID: 2697279 DOI: 10.1016/0955-0674(89)90037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Gray
- Botany School, University of Cambridge, UK
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Theg SM, Bauerle C, Olsen LJ, Selman BR, Keegstra K. Internal ATP Is The Only Energy Requirement for the Translocation of Precursor Proteins Across Chloroplastic Membranes. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- K Keegstra
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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