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Thomas MJ, Dommermuth L. Interrelationships Among Fertility, Internal Migration,and Proximity to Nonresident Family: A Multilevel Multiprocess Analysis. Demography 2021; 58:1817-1841. [PMID: 34379118 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-9424636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Past research has found that relations to nonresident family can influence individual fertility and migration behaviors separately. However, fertility and migration outcomes may also be interrelated, suggesting potential links across all three demographic processes. With this in mind, we track a cohort of women in Norway from age 18 to 31, recording the emergence of birth and migration events as well as their proximity to nonresident family networks (siblings and parents). Using a multilevel multiprocess statistical framework, with observations nested within women and equations for births, migrations, and proximity to nonresident family estimated simultaneously, our results support the notion that linked lives matter. Even in early adulthood, proximity to nonresident family has a positive effect on transitions to motherhood, whereas the presence of children (itself an outcome of past fertility) is associated with lower propensities to migrate. Mothers also have higher propensities to be living near family than women without children. The presence of local nonresident family reduces propensities for second and third migrations. However, after accounting for unobserved heterogeneity and selection, we observe a small positive effect of proximity to family on first migrations undertaken after age 18. Significant cross-process residual correlations exist across all three outcomes, suggesting that separately estimated model estimates may be vulnerable to bias emerging from unobserved sources of heterogeneity and selection. Our analysis therefore suggests that decisions about fertility, migration, and proximity to family are jointly determined and endogenous, and they should be analyzed simultaneously when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Thomas
- Statistics Norway, Research Department, Oslo, Norway.,Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Wood J. Social differentials in the effect of formal childcare on the transition to parenthood?: An assessment of varying effects by education, working hours and migration background. ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH 2019; 42:100309. [PMID: 36732972 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2019.100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the hypothesis that formal childcare reconciles work and family life - and thus stimulates the transition to parenthood - is theoretically well-grounded and partially empirically supported, available literature has hitherto insufficiently acknowledged differential effects by population subgroups. This is remarkable as population subgroups are likely to exhibit different labour market opportunities and opportunity costs of childbearing, varying attitudes toward work-family combination and the use of formal childcare, and differential institutional knowledge with respect to formal childcare. Using unique register-data for the complete residential Belgian population at the turn of the century, this study applies random and fixed effects hazard models to assess varying associations between local childcare availability and dual earner fertility by level of education, working hours and migration background. Results indicate that lagged variation in childcare coverage across and within municipalities over time is positively associated to first birth hazards for all types of dual earner couples. Whereas varying effects by level of education indicate social differentiation in the sense that the positive impact of local childcare coverage is stronger for highly educated couples, differences by working hours and migration background are more limited and insignificant. The Belgian context provides an excellent laboratory to address this topic for two reasons. First, as a result of its top-ranked position with respect to formal childcare during the 2000s, the results are of interest to countries with lower formal childcare coverage. Second, Belgium exhibits considerable social differentials in labour market opportunities, the uptake and benefits of formal childcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wood
- Centre for Population, Family and Health, Sociology Department, University of Antwerp, Sint Jacobstraat 2, B-2000 Antwerpen, Belgium.
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Wood J, Neels K. Local Childcare Availability and Dual-Earner Fertility: Variation in Childcare Coverage and Birth Hazards Over Place and Time. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2019; 35:913-937. [PMID: 31832030 PMCID: PMC6883015 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-018-9510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The theoretically well-grounded hypothesis that the availability of formal childcare has a positive impact on childbearing in the developed world has been part of the population literature for a long time. Whereas the participation of women in the labour force created a tension between work and family life, the increasing availability of formal childcare in many developed countries is assumed to reconcile these two life domains due to lower opportunity costs and compatible mother and worker roles. However, previous empirical studies on the association between childcare availability and fertility exhibit ambiguous results and considerable variation in the methods applied. This study assesses the childcare-fertility hypothesis for Belgium, a consistently top-ranked country concerning formal childcare coverage that also exhibits considerable variation within the country. Using detailed longitudinal census and register data for the 2000s combined with childcare coverage rates for 588 municipalities and allowing for the endogenous nature of formal childcare and selective migration, our findings indicate clear and substantial positive effects of local formal childcare provision on birth hazards, especially when considering the transition to parenthood. In addition, this article quantifies the impact of local formal childcare availability on fertility at the aggregate level and shows that in the context of low and lowest-low fertility levels in the developed world, the continued extension of formal childcare services can be a fruitful tool to stimulate childbearing among dual-earner couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wood
- Centre for Longitudinal and Life-Course Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karel Neels
- Centre for Longitudinal and Life-Course Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Riederer B, Buber-Ennser I. Regional context and realization of fertility intentions: the role of the urban context. REGIONAL STUDIES 2019; 53:1669-1679. [PMID: 31736514 PMCID: PMC6824246 DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2019.1599843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite regional variation in fertility, rural-urban differences in the realization of fertility intentions have not been addressed in previous research. This paper analyzes the realization with data from 11 European countries, employing binomial and multinomial logistic regression models, decomposition analyses, and examining the role of contextual factors. The results demonstrate that realization is lower in urban than in rural regions. In cities, postponement of childbearing is much more common. This can be partly explained by differences in characteristics (e.g., age, partnership status) of inhabitants who intend to have a(nother) child. Furthermore, contextual factors such as educational and economic opportunities play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Riederer
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Wittgenstein Centre (IIASA, VID/ÖAW, WU), VID/ÖAW, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Buber-Ennser
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Wittgenstein Centre (IIASA, VID/ÖAW, WU), VID/ÖAW, Vienna, Austria.
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Chen H, Wang X, Li Z, Zhu Z. The Impact of Neighborhood Environment on Women's Willingness to Have a Second Child in China. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2019; 56:46958019833232. [PMID: 30854908 PMCID: PMC6413426 DOI: 10.1177/0046958019833232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the Chinese government has changed the one-child policy that was implemented more than 3 decades ago and has began encouraging couples to have 2 children. However, this cannot quickly change people's reproductive concepts after more than 30 years of low fertility rate and birth control. In this context, the aim of our study was to assess the effect of neighborhood environment on Chinese women's fertility-willingness for a second child. Our results show that there is a statistically significant relationship between neighborhood environment and women's fertility-willingness for a second child. Women living in affluent neighborhoods with better living environments have lower fertility-willingness for a second child than those in poor neighborhoods. However, childcare institutions (such as kindergartens) provide shared childcare and improve women's fertility-willingness. We suggest that to encourage more couples to have a second child, it is necessary to increase the number of neighborhood kindergartens. In addition, local governments must improve the social welfare of migrant households and loosen the requirements for migrant households to obtain local hukou, which will allow migrant children to enjoy local public services, especially education services.
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Choi SW, Yellow Horse AJ, Yang TC. Family policies and working women’s fertility intentions in South Korea. ASIAN POPULATION STUDIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17441730.2018.1512207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-won Choi
- Department of Sociology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Tse-Chuan Yang
- Department of Sociology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
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Glass J, Simon RW, Andersson MA. Parenthood and Happiness: Effects of Work-Family Reconciliation Policies in 22 OECD Countries. AJS; AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 2016; 122:886-929. [PMID: 28082749 PMCID: PMC5222535 DOI: 10.1086/688892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The recent proliferation of studies examining cross-national variation in the association between parenthood and happiness reveal accumulating evidence of lower levels of happiness among parents than nonparents in most advanced industrialized societies. Conceptualizing parenting as a stressor buffered by institutional support, we hypothesize that parental status differences in happiness are smaller in countries providing more resources and support to families. Our analyses of the European Social Surveys (ESS) and International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) reveal considerable variation in the parenthood gap in happiness across countries, with the U.S. showing the largest disadvantage of parenthood. We also find that more generous family policies, particularly paid time off and childcare subsidies, are associated with smaller disparities in happiness between parents and non-parents. Moreover, the policies that augment parental happiness do not reduce the happiness of nonparents. Our results shed light on macro-level causes of emotional processes, with important implications for public policy.
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Hank K, Kreyenfeld M, Spieß CK. Kinderbetreuung und Fertilität in Deutschland / Child Care and Fertility in Germany. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/zfsoz-2004-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Eine zentrale Rolle in der Diskussion um eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf spielt die Versorgung mit bedarfsgerechter Kinderbetreuung. Eine umfassendes Angebot an Betreuungsplätzen fördert jedoch nicht nur die Müttererwerbstätigkeit, sondern könnte sich auch positiv auf Fertilitätsentscheidungen auswirken. Im vorliegenden Beitrag untersuchen wir auf Basis von Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) und der amtlichen Kinder- und Jugendhilfestatistik den Einfluss der regionalen Verfügbarkeit von Kinderbetreuung auf das Geburtenverhalten west- und ostdeutscher Frauen in den Jahren 1996 bis 2000. Zentrales Ergebnis unserer Analyse ist, dass in den östlichen Bundesländern die Verfügbarkeit institutioneller Kinderbetreuung den Übergang zum ersten Kind positiv beeinflusst, während sich in den westlichen Bundesländern allein die Verfügbarkeit informeller Betreuung durch Großmütter als statistisch signifikant erweist. Verantwortlich hierfür dürfte in erster Linie das unterschiedliche Niveau der öffentlichen Betreuungsinfrastruktur in Ost und West sein, was sich insbesondere bei der Versorgung im Krippen- und Hortbereich sowie bei der Verfügbarkeit von Ganztagsplätzen zeigt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Hank
- Mannheimer Forschungsinstitut Ökonomie und demographischerWandel (MEA), Universität Mannheim, L 13, 17, D-68131 Mannheim
| | - Michaela Kreyenfeld
- Max-Planck-Institut für demografische Forschung, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 1, D-18057 Rostock
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Balbo N, Billari FC, Mills M. Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research: La fécondité dans les sociétés avancées: un examen des recherches. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2013; 29:1-38. [PMID: 23440941 PMCID: PMC3576563 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a review of fertility research in advanced societies, societies in which birth control is the default option. The central aim is to provide a comprehensive review that summarizes how contemporary research has explained ongoing and expected fertility changes across time and space (i.e., cross- and within-country heterogeneity). A secondary aim is to provide an analytical synthesis of the core determinants of fertility, grouping them within the analytical level in which they operate. Determinants are positioned at the individual and/or couple level (micro-level), social relationships and social networks (meso-level); and, by cultural and institutional settings (macro-level). The focus is both on the quantum and on the tempo of fertility, with a particular focus on the postponement of childbearing. The review incorporates both theoretical and empirical contributions, with attention placed on empirically tested research and whether results support or falsify existing theoretical expectations. Attention is also devoted to causality and endogeneity issues. The paper concludes with an outline of the current challenges and opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Balbo
- Department of Sociology (ICS), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Melinda Mills
- Department of Sociology (ICS), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Begall K, Mills M. The Impact of Subjective Work Control, Job Strain and Work-Family Conflict on Fertility Intentions: a European Comparison. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2011; 27:433-456. [PMID: 22131613 PMCID: PMC3208813 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-011-9244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The link between employment and fertility is often only examined by focussing on women's labour market status or the impact of part- versus full-time employment. This study introduces a new explanation by extending research to examine how women's subjective perceptions of control or autonomy over work, job strain and work-family conflict influence fertility intentions. National-level measures of childcare enrolment under the age of three and the occurrence of part-time work are also included to examine their relation to fertility intentions and their interplay with perceptions of work. Using data from 23 countries from the 2004/5 European Social Survey (ESS), multilevel logistic regression models of fertility intentions are estimated separately for women without children and women with one child. Women with higher levels of work control are significantly more likely to intend to have a second child. Higher levels of job strain (time pressure) significantly lower fertility intentions for mothers in contexts where childcare availability is low. The prevalence of part-time work amongst the female work force significantly predicts the intention to become a mother but has different effects for women who work part-time themselves compared with full-time employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Begall
- Department of Sociology/ICS, University of Groningen, Grote Rozenstraat 31, 9712 TG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melinda Mills
- Department of Sociology/ICS, University of Groningen, Grote Rozenstraat 31, 9712 TG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Rindfuss RR, Guilkey DK, Morgan SP, Kravdal Ø. Child-care availability and fertility in Norway. POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW 2010; 36:725-48. [PMID: 21174867 PMCID: PMC3099220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The child-care and fertility hypothesis has been in the literature for a long time and is straightforward: As child care becomes more available, affordable, and acceptable, the antinatalist effects of increased female educational attainment and work opportunities decrease. As an increasing number of countries express concern about low fertility, the child-care and fertility hypothesis takes on increased importance. Yet data and statistical limitations have heretofore limited empirical tests of the hypothesis. Using rich longitudinal data and appropriate statistical methodology, We show that increased availability of child care increases completed fertility. Moreover, this positive effect of child-care availability is found at every parity transition. We discuss the generalizability of these results to other settings and their broader importance for understanding variation and trends in low fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Rindfuss
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and East-West Center, Honolulu
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16
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Gábos A, Gál RI, Kézdi G. The effects of child-related benefits and pensions on fertility by birth order: A test on Hungarian data. Population Studies 2009; 63:215-31. [DOI: 10.1080/00324720903215293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Family Policies and Fertility in Norway. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10680-009-9190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gauthier AH. The impact of family policies on fertility in industrialized countries: a review of the literature. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11113-007-9033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rindfuss RR, Guilkey D, Morgan SP, Kravdal O, Guzzo KB. Child care availability and first-birth timing in Norway. Demography 2007; 44:345-72. [PMID: 17583309 PMCID: PMC2917182 DOI: 10.1353/dem.2007.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Both sociological and economic theories posit that widely available, high-quality, and affordable child care should have pronatalist effects. Yet to date, the empirical evidence has not consistently supported this hypothesis. We argue that this previous empirical work has been plagued by the inability to control for endogenous placement of day care centers and the possibility that people migrate to take advantage of the availability of child care facilities. Using Norwegian register data and a statistically defensible fixed-effects model, we find strong positive effects of day care availability on the transition to motherhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Rindfuss
- Sociology Department, University of North Carolina and East-West Center, 123 West Franklin Street, Campus Box 8120, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-2524, USA.
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Gordon RA, Chase-Lansdale PL. Availability of child care in the United States: a description and analysis of data sources. Demography 2001; 38:299-316. [PMID: 11392914 DOI: 10.1353/dem.2001.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lack of high-quality, affordable, and accessible child care is an often-cited impediment to a manageable balance between work and family. Researchers, however, have been restricted by a scarcity of data on the availability of child care across all U.S. communities. In this paper we describe and evaluate several indicators of child care availability that have been released by the U.S. Census Bureau over the last 15 years. Using community- and individual-level analyses, we find that these data sources are useful for indicating child care availability within communities, even though they were collected for other purposes. Furthermore, our results generally suggest that the data on child care availability are equally valid across communities of different urbanicity and average income levels, although it appears that larger geographic areas more accurately capture the child care market of centers than that of family day care providers. Our analyses indicate that center child care is least available in nonmetropolitan, poor communities, and that family day care is most available in nonmetropolitan, mixed-income communities. We discuss the benefits and limitations of the data sources, and point to directions for future data developments and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Gordon
- Department of Sociology and Institute of Government and Public Affairs, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, mc 312, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Jain SK, McDonald PF. Fertility of Australian birth cohorts: Components and differentials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03029485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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