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de Carvalho CCCR, Fernandes P. Biocatalysis of Steroids by Mycobacterium sp. in Aqueous and Organic Media. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2704:221-229. [PMID: 37642847 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3385-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium sp. can convert steroids such as β-sitosterol, campesterol, and cholesterol, by selective side-chain cleavage and oxidation of the C3 hydroxyl group to a ketone, into key intermediates that can be easily functionalized to yield commercially interesting pharmaceutical products. In aqueous systems, the biocatalysis is limited by the low solubility of the steroids in water. Several strategies have been introduced to tackle this limitation, e.g., formation of cyclodextrin-steroid complexes and generation of aqueous microdispersions with steroid particle size in the range of hundreds of nanometers. Still, the introduction of an organic phase acting as a substrate and/or product reservoir is a well-established and relatively easy to implement strategy to overcome the sparing water solubility of steroid molecules. However, the organic phase has to be carefully chosen to prevent tampering with the activity/viability of microbial cells.In this chapter, we describe the methodology for the biocatalysis of β-sitosterol to 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD) and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD), both in aqueous and organic:aqueous systems. In the latter case, both traditional organic solvents and green solvents are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C C R de Carvalho
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Fernandes
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- DREAMS and Faculty of Engineering, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
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Tekucheva DN, Nikolayeva VM, Karpov MV, Timakova TA, Shutov AV, Donova MV. Bioproduction of testosterone from phytosterol by Mycolicibacterium neoaurum strains: "one-pot", two modes. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:116. [PMID: 38647765 PMCID: PMC10992188 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The main male hormone, testosterone is obtained from cheap and readily available phytosterol using the strains of Mycolicibacterium neoaurum VKM Ac-1815D, or Ac-1816D. During the first "oxidative" stage, phytosterol (5-10 g/L) was aerobically converted by Ac-1815D, or Ac-1816D to form 17-ketoandrostanes: androstenedione, or androstadienedione, respectively. At the same bioreactor, the 17-ketoandrostanes were further transformed to testosterone due to the presence of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the strains ("reductive" mode). The conditions favorable for "oxidative" and "reductive" stages have been revealed to increase the final testosterone yield. Glucose supplement and microaerophilic conditions during the "reductive" mode ensured increased testosterone production by mycolicibacteria cells. Both strains effectively produced testosterone from phytosterol, but highest ever reported testosterone yield was achieved using M. neoaurum VKM Ac-1815D: 4.59 g/l testosterone was reached from 10 g/l phytosterol thus corresponding to the molar yield of over 66%. The results contribute to the knowledge on phytosterol bioconversion by mycolicibacteria, and are of significance for one-pot testosterone bioproduction from phytosterol bypassing the intermediate isolation of the 17-ketoandrostanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria N Tekucheva
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Vera M Nikolayeva
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Karpov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Timakova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Andrey V Shutov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Marina V Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
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Sambyal K, Singh RV. Production aspects of testosterone by microbial biotransformation and future prospects. Steroids 2020; 159:108651. [PMID: 32360419 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In human males, TS plays a key role in maintaining health and sexual functioning. Cholesterol acts as a precursor molecule for its biosynthesis. The microbial biotransformation of cholesterol by numerous microbes like bacteria, fungi, yeasts, etc. has led to the synthesis of TS out of human body making it a great example for industrial steroid production due to its therapeutic properties. Biotransformation through microbes is more advantageous over chemical synthesis as it gives higher conversion rates, higher specificity; reaction goes under mild conditions like temperature and neutral pH, thus being an effective alternate to chemical route. Current review focuses on production aspects of TS by microbial biotransformation and its future prospects with recent advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishika Sambyal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Vikram Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Biocatalysis of Steroids with Mycobacterium sp. in Aqueous and Organic Media. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28710638 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7183-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Mycobacterium sp. can convert steroids such as β-sitosterol, campesterol, and cholesterol into commercially interesting products. In aqueous systems, the biocatalysis is limited by the low solubility of the steroids in water. This may be overcome by the introduction of an organic phase acting as a substrate and/or product reservoir.In this chapter, we describe the biocatalysis of β-sitosterol to 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD) and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD) both in aqueous and organic-aqueous systems. In the latter case, both traditional organic solvents and green solvents are proposed.
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Genetic Techniques for Manipulation of the Phytosterol Biotransformation Strain Mycobacterium neoaurum NRRL B-3805. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1645:93-108. [PMID: 28710623 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7183-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium neoaurum is a saprophytic, soil-dwelling bacterium. The strain NRRL B-3805 converts phytosterols to androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (androstenedione; AD), a precursor of multiple C19 steroids of importance to industry. NRRL B-3805 itself is able to convert AD to other steroid products, including testosterone (Ts) and androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (androstadienedione; ADD). However to improve this strain for industrial use, genetic modification is a priority. In this chapter, we describe a range of genetic techniques that can be used for M. neoaurum NRRL B-3805. Methods for transformation, expression, and gene knockouts are presented as well as plasmid maintenance and stability.
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Fernández-Cabezón L, Galán B, García JL. Engineering Mycobacterium smegmatis for testosterone production. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 10:151-161. [PMID: 27860310 PMCID: PMC5270716 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A new biotechnological process for the production of testosterone (TS) has been developed to turn the model strain Mycobacterium smegmatis suitable for TS production to compete with the current chemical synthesis procedures. We have cloned and overexpressed two genes encoding microbial 17β‐hydroxysteroid: NADP 17‐oxidoreductase, from the bacterium Comamonas testosteroni and from the fungus Cochliobolus lunatus. The host strains were M. smegmatis wild type and a genetic engineered androst‐4‐ene‐3,17‐dione (AD) producing mutant. The performances of the four recombinant bacterial strains have been tested both in growing and resting‐cell conditions using natural sterols and AD as substrates respectively. These strains were able to produce TS from sterols or AD with high yields. This work represents a proof of concept of the possibilities that offers this model bacterium for the production of pharmaceutical steroids using metabolic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Fernández-Cabezón
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Galán
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L García
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Sharma P, Slathia PS, Somal P, Mehta P. Biotransformation of cholesterol to 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD) by Nocardia species. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Transformation of C19-steroids and testosterone production by sterol-transforming strains of Mycobacterium spp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fernandes P, Cruz A, Angelova B, Pinheiro H, Cabral J. Microbial conversion of steroid compounds: recent developments. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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