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Bertelmann C, Mock M, Schmid A, Bühler B. Efficiency aspects of regioselective testosterone hydroxylation with highly active CYP450-based whole-cell biocatalysts. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14378. [PMID: 38018939 PMCID: PMC10832557 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hydroxylations belong to the industrially most relevant reactions catalysed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) due to the pharmacological relevance of hydroxylated derivatives. The implementation of respective bioprocesses at an industrial scale still suffers from several limitations commonly found in CYP450 catalysis, that is low turnover rates, enzyme instability, inhibition and toxicity related to the substrate(s) and/or product(s). Recently, we achieved a new level of steroid hydroxylation rates by introducing highly active testosterone-hydroxylating CYP450 BM3 variants together with the hydrophobic outer membrane protein AlkL into Escherichia coli-based whole-cell biocatalysts. However, the activity tended to decrease, which possibly impedes overall productivities and final product titres. In this study, a considerable instability was confirmed and subject to a systematic investigation regarding possible causes. In-depth evaluation of whole-cell biocatalyst kinetics and stability revealed a limitation in substrate availability due to poor testosterone solubility as well as inhibition by the main product 15β-hydroxytestosterone. Instability of CYP450 BM3 variants was disclosed as another critical factor, which is of general significance for CYP450-based biocatalysis. Presented results reveal biocatalyst, reaction and process engineering strategies auguring well for industrial implementation of the developed steroid hydroxylation platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Mock
- Department of Solar MaterialsLeipzigGermany
- Present address:
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material SciencesGeorg Agricola University of Applied SciencesBochumGermany
| | | | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar MaterialsLeipzigGermany
- Department of Microbial BiotechnologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH–UFZLeipzigGermany
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2
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Paquin A, Fortin L, Girouard J, Reyes-Moreno C, Sevrioukova IF, Bérubé G. Investigating a new C2-symmetric testosterone dimer and its dihydrotestosterone analog: Synthesis, antiproliferative activity on prostate cancer cell lines and interaction with CYP3A4. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115222. [PMID: 36848848 PMCID: PMC10246735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a 17α-linked C2-symmetric testosterone dimer and its dihydrotestosterone analog is reported. The dimers were synthesized using a short five-step reaction sequence with 28% and 38% overall yield for the testosterone and dihydrotestosterone dimer, respectively. The dimerization reaction was achieved by an olefin metathesis reaction with 2nd generation Hoveyda-Grubbs catalyst. The dimers and their corresponding 17α-allyl precursors were tested for the antiproliferative activity on androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and androgen-independent (PC3) prostate cancer cell lines. The effects on cells were compared with that of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (CPA). The results showed that the dimers were active on both cell lines, with an increased activity towards androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. However, the testosterone dimer (11) was fivefold more active than the dihydrotestosterone dimer (15), with an IC50 of 11.7 μM vs. 60.9 μM against LNCaP cells, respectively, and more than threefold more active than the reference drug CPA (IC50 of 40.7 μM). Likewise, studies on the interaction of new compounds with drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) showed that 11 was a fourfold stronger inhibitor than 15 (IC50 of 3 μM and 12 μM, respectively). This suggests that changes in the chemical structure of sterol moieties and the manner of their linkage could largely affect both the antiproliferative activity of androgen dimers and their crossreactivity with CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Paquin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Chimie Médicinale (LRCM) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec é Trois-Riviéres, C.P. 500, Trois-Riviéres, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Laurie Fortin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Oncologie et Immunobiologie (LROI) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Julie Girouard
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Oncologie et Immunobiologie (LROI) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Carlos Reyes-Moreno
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Oncologie et Immunobiologie (LROI) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Irina F Sevrioukova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States.
| | - Gervais Bérubé
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Chimie Médicinale (LRCM) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec é Trois-Riviéres, C.P. 500, Trois-Riviéres, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
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3
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Tao H, Mori T, Chen H, Lyu S, Nonoyama A, Lee S, Abe I. Molecular insights into the unusually promiscuous and catalytically versatile Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenase SptF. Nat Commun 2022; 13:95. [PMID: 35013177 PMCID: PMC8748661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-heme iron and α-ketoglutarate-dependent (Fe/αKG) oxygenases catalyze various oxidative biotransformations. Due to their catalytic flexibility and high efficiency, Fe/αKG oxygenases have attracted keen attention for their application as biocatalysts. Here, we report the biochemical and structural characterizations of the unusually promiscuous and catalytically versatile Fe/αKG oxygenase SptF, involved in the biosynthesis of fungal meroterpenoid emervaridones. The in vitro analysis revealed that SptF catalyzes several continuous oxidation reactions, including hydroxylation, desaturation, epoxidation, and skeletal rearrangement. SptF exhibits extremely broad substrate specificity toward various meroterpenoids, and efficiently produced unique cyclopropane-ring-fused 5/3/5/5/6/6 and 5/3/6/6/6 scaffolds from terretonins. Moreover, SptF also hydroxylates steroids, including androsterone, testosterone, and progesterone, with different regiospecificities. Crystallographic and structure-based mutagenesis studies of SptF revealed the molecular basis of the enzyme reactions, and suggested that the malleability of the loop region contributes to the remarkable substrate promiscuity. SptF exhibits great potential as a promising biocatalyst for oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Heping Chen
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuang Lyu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shoukou Lee
- Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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4
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Persoons E, Kerselaers S, Voets T, Vriens J, Held K. Partial Agonistic Actions of Sex Hormone Steroids on TRPM3 Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13652. [PMID: 34948452 PMCID: PMC8708174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormone steroidal drugs were reported to have modulating actions on the ion channel TRPM3. Pregnenolone sulphate (PS) presents the most potent known endogenous chemical agonist of TRPM3 and affects several gating modes of the channel. These includes a synergistic action of PS and high temperatures on channel opening and the PS-induced opening of a noncanonical pore in the presence of other TRPM3 modulators. Moreover, human TRPM3 variants associated with neurodevelopmental disease exhibit an increased sensitivity for PS. However, other steroidal sex hormones were reported to influence TRPM3 functions with activating or inhibiting capacity. Here, we aimed to answer how DHEAS, estradiol, progesterone and testosterone act on the various modes of TRPM3 function in the wild-type channel and two-channel variants associated with human disease. By means of calcium imaging and whole-cell patch clamp experiments, we revealed that all four drugs are weak TRPM3 agonists that share a common steroidal interaction site. Furthermore, they exhibit increased activity on TRPM3 at physiological temperatures and in channels that carry disease-associated mutations. Finally, all steroids are able to open the noncanonical pore in wild-type and DHEAS also in mutant TRPM3. Collectively, our data provide new valuable insights in TRPM3 gating, structure-function relationships and ligand sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Persoons
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 611, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.P.); (K.H.)
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.K.); (T.V.)
| | - Sara Kerselaers
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.K.); (T.V.)
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.K.); (T.V.)
| | - Joris Vriens
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 611, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.P.); (K.H.)
| | - Katharina Held
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 611, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.P.); (K.H.)
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 Box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.K.); (T.V.)
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5
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Jeremy M, Gurusubramanian G, Roy VK, Kharwar RK. Co-treatment of testosterone and estrogen mitigates heat-induced testicular dysfunctions in a rat model. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:106011. [PMID: 34688845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The two gonadal steroid hormones, testosterone and estrogen, regulate spermatogenesis by proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of testicular cells. It has been reported that heat stress or increased scrotal temperature impairs spermatogenesis in many mammals. Moreover, testicular heat stress has also been shown to suppress testosterone and estrogen biosynthesis. Furthermore, it is well known that testosterone and estrogen are important for testicular activity. Therefore, we hypothesised that exogenous testosterone and estrogen, alone or in combination, might alleviate the testicular activity in a heat-stressed rat model. To the best of our knowledge, this will be the first report of the exogenous treatment of both testosterone and estrogen in the heat-stressed rat. Our results showed that a combined testosterone and estrogen treatment significantly increased sperm concentration. The histopathological analysis also exhibited a normal histoarchitecture in the combined treatment group along with decreased oxidative stress. The improved spermatogenesis in the combined treatment group was also supported by the increase in PCNA, GCNA, tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height, and Johnsen score in the combined treatment group. Furthermore, the combined treatment also increased the expression of Bcl2, pStat3, and active caspase-3 and decreased expression of Bax. Thus, increased proliferation, apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers, along with improved histology in the combined treatment group suggest that estrogen and testosterone synergistically act to stimulate spermatogenesis by increasing proliferation and differentiation of germ cells and may also remove the heat-induced damaged germ cells by apoptosis. Overall, the final mechanism of testosterone- and estrogen-mediated improvement of testicular activity could be attributed to amelioration of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vikas Kumar Roy
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, Mizoram, India.
| | - Rajesh Kumar Kharwar
- Department of Zoology, Kutir Post Graduate College, Chakkey, Jaunpur, 222 146, India.
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Newell-Price J, Huatan H, Quirke J, Porter J, Daniel E, Mumdzic E, Voet B, Keevil B, Whitaker MJ, Ross RJ. An oral lipidic native testosterone formulation that is absorbed independent of food. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 185:607-615. [PMID: 34379604 PMCID: PMC8558846 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is no licensed oral native testosterone (NT) because of challenges in the formulation. Licensed oral formulations of the ester, testosterone undecanoate (TU), require a meal for absorption and generate supraphysiological dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels. OBJECTIVE To develop an oral NT formulation. DESIGN AND METHODS A lipid-based formulation of native testosterone filled into soft-gelatin capsules at 40 mg per capsule was designed with 2 years of stability at ambient temperature. Pharmacokinetic comparison studies of this oral lipidic NT formulation to oral TU were conducted in dogs and hypogonadal men. RESULTS In dogs, 40 mg NT was well absorbed under fasted conditions whereas 40 mg TU required a high-fat meal: for NT, the mean fed/fasted AUC ratio was 1.63 and for TU 7.05. In hypogonadal men, fed and fasted NT had similar pharmacokinetics: Cmax mean 26.5 vs 30.4 nmol/L (769 vs 882 ng/dL), AUC0-10 h 87 vs 88.6 h nmol/L. NT (fed state) showed a testosterone AUC increase of 45% between 120 and 200 mg, and NT 200 mg gave a similar mean AUC0-10 h to TU 80 mg: 87 vs 64.8 h nmol/L. Serum TU levels were variable and on a molar basis were ~ten-fold higher than serum testosterone levels after TU 80 mg fed. The DHT: testosterone AUC0-10 h ratio was more physiological for NT than TU being 0.19 vs 0.36. There were no emerging safety concerns with NT. CONCLUSION This novel oral lipidic native testosterone formulation has potential advantages over oral TU of dosing independently of food and a lower risk of supraphysiological DHT levels. Significance statement There is no licensed oral testosterone because of challenges in formulation, and the oral formulations of the ester, testosterone undecanoate, require a fatty meal for absorption and generate supraphysiological dihydrotestosterone levels. We have overcome the design challenges and formulated an oral native testosterone that can be taken with or without food and provides physiological levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in hypogonadal men. This formulation, DITEST, has the potential advantage of being oral for patients who do not tolerate injections and less risk of adverse events that might theoretically be associated with elevated dihydrotestosterone levels. Future studies will need to define the dosing regimen for replacement in hypogonadal men.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Newell-Price
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | - Eleni Daniel
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Brian Keevil
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Richard J Ross
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to R J Ross Email
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Abstract
We have successfully characterized the structure of testosterone, one of the essential steroids, through high-resolution rotational spectroscopy. A single conformer has been detected, and a total of 404 transitions have been fitted, allowing a precise determination of the rotational constants. It allowed us to unravel that the isolated structure of testosterone adopts an extended disposition. The results obtained in this work highlight how using laser ablation techniques in combination with Fourier transform microwave techniques allow the study of large biomolecules or common pharmaceuticals. It is an important step toward studying relevant biomolecules and developing new analytical techniques with unprecedented sensitivity and resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker León
- Grupo
de Espectrocopía Molecular (GEM), Edificio Quifima, Laboratorios
de Espectroscopia y Bioespectroscopia, Unidad
Asociada CSIC, Parque Científico UVa, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Elena R. Alonso
- Instituto
Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of
the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Santiago Mata
- Grupo
de Espectrocopía Molecular (GEM), Edificio Quifima, Laboratorios
de Espectroscopia y Bioespectroscopia, Unidad
Asociada CSIC, Parque Científico UVa, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - José L. Alonso
- Grupo
de Espectrocopía Molecular (GEM), Edificio Quifima, Laboratorios
de Espectroscopia y Bioespectroscopia, Unidad
Asociada CSIC, Parque Científico UVa, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Zelleroth S, Nylander E, Örtenblad A, Stam F, Nyberg F, Grönbladh A, Hallberg M. Structurally different anabolic androgenic steroids reduce neurite outgrowth and neuronal viability in primary rat cortical cell cultures. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 210:105863. [PMID: 33677017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) among adolescents and young adults is a major concern due to the unknown and unpredictable impact of AAS on the developing brain and the consequences of this on mental health, cognitive function and behaviour. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of supra-physiological doses of four structurally different AAS (testosterone, nandrolone, stanozolol and trenbolone) on neurite development and cell viability using an in vitro model of immature primary rat cortical cell cultures. A high-throughput screening image-based approach, measuring the neurite length and number of neurons, was used for the analysis of neurite outgrowth. In addition, cell viability and expression of the Tubb3 gene (encoding the protein beta-III tubulin) were investigated. Testosterone, nandrolone, and trenbolone elicited adverse effects on neurite outgrowth as deduced from an observed reduced neurite length per neuron. Trenbolone was the only AAS that reduced the cell viability as indicated by a decreased number of neurons and declined mitochondrial function. Moreover, trenbolone downregulated the Tubb3 mRNA expression. The adverse impact on neurite development was neither inhibited nor supressed by the selective androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, flutamide, suggesting that the observed effects result from another mechanism or mechanisms of action that are operating apart from AR activation. The results demonstrate a possible AAS-induced detrimental effect on neuronal development and regenerative functions. An impact on these events, that are essential mechanisms for maintaining normal brain function, could possibly contribute to behavioural alterations seen in AAS users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Zelleroth
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Erik Nylander
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Axel Örtenblad
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Frida Stam
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Fred Nyberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Barnard L, Schiffer L, Louw du-Toit R, Tamblyn JA, Chen S, Africander D, Arlt W, Foster PA, Storbeck KH. 11-Oxygenated Estrogens Are a Novel Class of Human Estrogens but Do not Contribute to the Circulating Estrogen Pool. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6042237. [PMID: 33340399 PMCID: PMC7814299 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are the obligatory precursors of estrogens. In humans, classic androgen biosynthesis yields testosterone, thought to represent the predominant circulating active androgen both in men and women. However, recent work has shown that 11-ketotestosterone, derived from the newly described 11-oxygenated androgen biosynthesis pathway, makes a substantial contribution to the active androgen pool in women. Considering that classic androgens are the obligatory substrates for estrogen biosynthesis catalyzed by cytochrome P450 aromatase, we hypothesized that 11-oxygenated androgens are aromatizable. Here we use steroid analysis by tandem mass spectrometry to demonstrate that human aromatase generates 11-oxygenated estrogens from 11-oxygenated androgens in 3 different cell-based aromatase expression systems and in human ex vivo placenta explant cultures. We also show that 11-oxygenated estrogens are generated as a byproduct of the aromatization of classic androgens. We show that 11β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol binds and activates estrogen receptors α and β and that 11β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol and the classic androgen pathway-derived active estrogen, 17β-estradiol, are equipotent in stimulating breast cancer cell line proliferation and expression of estrogen-responsive genes. 11-oxygenated estrogens were, however, not detectable in serum from individuals with high aromatase levels (pregnant women) and elevated 11-oxygenated androgen levels (patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia or adrenocortical carcinoma). Our data show that while 11-oxygenated androgens are aromatizable in vitro and ex vivo, the resulting 11-oxygenated estrogens are not detectable in circulation, suggesting that 11-oxygenated androgens function primarily as androgens in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Renate Louw du-Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Jennifer A Tamblyn
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Women’s & Newborn Health, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women’s & Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California USA
| | - Donita Africander
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Correspondence: Karl-Heinz Storbeck, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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10
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Wang R, Hartmann MF, Wudy SA. Targeted LC-MS/MS analysis of steroid glucuronides in human urine. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 205:105774. [PMID: 33172831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation with glucuronic acid is one of the major metabolic reactions in human steroid hormone catabolism. Recently, increasing interest has been raised concerning the biological roles of steroid glucuronides. We have therefore developed and validated a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of 15 urinary steroid hormone glucuronides in human urine: androsterone glucuronide (An-G), etiocholanolone glucuronide (Etio-G), epiandrosterone glucuronide (epiAn-G), dihydrotestosterone glucuronide (DHT-G), dehydroepiandrosterone glucuronide (DHEA-G), testosterone glucuronide (T-G), epitestosterone glucuronide (epiT-G), estrone glucuronide (E1-3 G), 17β-estradiol 17-glucuronide (E2-17 G), 17β-estradiol 3-glucuronide (E2-3 G), estriol 16-glucuronide (E3-16 G), pregnenolone glucuronide (Preg-G), tetrahydro-11-deoxycorticosterone 3-glucuronide (THDOC-3 G), cortisol 21-glucuronide (F-G) and pregnanediol glucuronide (PD-G). Sample workup included protein precipitation and solid phase extraction. Internal standards were used to correct for the loss of analytes during sample preparation and analysis. The method showed good linearity (R2≥0.99) and recovery ranged from 89.6 % to 113.8 %. Limit of quantification ranged from 1.9 nmol/L for F-G to 21.4 nmol/L for An-G. Intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision were below 15 % for all quality controls. The method was successfully applied to 67 urine samples from children and adolescents in whom total concentrations of free and conjugated steroids had been previously determined by GC-MS after enzymatic hydrolysis. Free and sulfated steroids were also measured by LC-MS/MS. In general, the sums of the respective glucuronidated, sulfated and free forms of an analyte corresponded well with its total amount determined after enzymatic hydrolysis by GC-MS. Regarding the most prominent steroid metabolites, the total mean levels of androsterone and etiocholanolone showed an increase up to 5820.0 nmol/L and 4017.8 nmol/L in the group of 15-20 year-old children, respectively. Glucuronide conjugates (4374.3 nmol/L and 3588.5 nmol/L, respectively) dominated. DHEA was excreted mostly as sulfate (0-1 month of age: 184.5 nmol/L; 15-20 years of age: 1618.4 nmol/L) in all age groups. Cortisol was present predominantly as sulfate (mean: 173.8 nmol/L) in newborns. Levels of sulfated cortisol decreased with age, its glucuronidated form increased. The levels of free cortisol were relatively constant throughout childhood. Sex hormones were preferably excreted as glucuronides. In general, steroid hormone metabolites were conjugated to various extents with glucuronic acid or sulfuric acid and their ratio changed over lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatric Endocrinology& Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatric Endocrinology& Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - S A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatric Endocrinology& Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
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11
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Kratena N, Pfeffer S, Enev VS, Gmeiner G, Gärtner P. Synthesis of human long-term metabolites of dehydrochloromethyltestosterone and oxymesterone. Steroids 2020; 164:108716. [PMID: 32860782 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the synthesis of the long-term metabolites "M4" (IUPAC: 4-chloro-17-hydroxymethyl-17-methyl-18-norandrosta-4,13-dien-3-ol) of dehydrochloromethyl-testosterone (DHCMT, Oral Turinabol) and "Oxy M9" (4-hydroxy-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-norandrosta-4,13-dien-3-one) of oxymesterone (Oranabol). Both compounds were derived from a common synthetic route starting from dehydroepiandrosterone acetate. Four different stereoisomers were evaluated for metabolite M4. The previously assigned structure could be corrected regarding the C-3 and C-17 stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kratena
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Pfeffer
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Valentin S Enev
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Matraszek-Zuchowska I, Wozniak B, Sielska K, Posyniak A. Determination of selected testosterone esters in blood serum of slaughter animals by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids 2020; 163:108723. [PMID: 32882255 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic hormones, which cause muscle growth, have been banned for anabolic purposes in animal husbandry in Europe since the 1980s. Control of hormones from the list of Annex I to Directive 96/23/EC is mandatory in the European Union. The presence of hormones in samples of animal origin may be due to their endogeneous nature or illegal use. One way to distinguish their origin is to study hormones, particularly steroids in the form of ester derivatives. In the body synthetic hormone esters could be only exogenous therefore their detection in animal tissues is the undisputed evidence of illegal administration. The analytical procedure involves the extraction of esters from serum with organic solvents, derivatisation with methoxyamine and detection by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The method was approved in accordance with the applicable legislative criteria and its effectiveness was verified in the proficiency test. The research material consisted of bovine serum samples officially taken. During the validation good apparent recovery, precision, decision limits and detection capabilities in the range 0.006-0.012 µg L-1 and 0.010-0.020 µg L-1 respectively were obtained. The developed method met the criteria for confirmation set out in Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Since the inclusion of serum in 2018 for testing for testosterone esters in the National Residue Control Program, 130 samples have been examined. In none of the serum samples, esters above the decision limits were found. The control of animals and food of animal origin for hormone esters will be continued to ensure the health and safety of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Matraszek-Zuchowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Barbara Wozniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Sielska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
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13
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Abstract
In human males, TS plays a key role in maintaining health and sexual functioning. Cholesterol acts as a precursor molecule for its biosynthesis. The microbial biotransformation of cholesterol by numerous microbes like bacteria, fungi, yeasts, etc. has led to the synthesis of TS out of human body making it a great example for industrial steroid production due to its therapeutic properties. Biotransformation through microbes is more advantageous over chemical synthesis as it gives higher conversion rates, higher specificity; reaction goes under mild conditions like temperature and neutral pH, thus being an effective alternate to chemical route. Current review focuses on production aspects of TS by microbial biotransformation and its future prospects with recent advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishika Sambyal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Vikram Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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14
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Calamari CV, Viau P, Nichi M, Martins GS, Sobral G, Mangueira Dias JH, Alvarenga de Oliveira C. Hair as an alternative noninvasive matrix: sources of variation in testosterone levels. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106477. [PMID: 32361421 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hair is one widely used alternative matrix for endocrine studies. Not only can it maintain hormone content during storage for long periods of time, but its collection also induces little to no stress. Noninvasive techniques have broadened the opportunities for endocrine research, particularly regarding wild animals. Despite its advantages, many sources of variation may affect the steroid concentration found in hair, such as body location harvested, fur color, reproductive status, and sex. Thus, domestic species, such as the dog, are an excellent and approachable model for understanding this variability. For such, we addressed diverse sources of variation in testosterone concentrations from 24 domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) of the Poodle breed of various colors and neuter status, and from both sexes. The variation comprised the comparison between 2 different matrices (blood vs hair); 2 different extraction storage methods (refrigerator vs freezer); 3 body regions (head, torso, and limbs); 3 coat colors (black, brown, and white); different neuter status (intact vs castrated males) and, finally, sex. Our results showed no correlation between blood and hair testosterone concentrations. Additionally, we did not find differences related to the storage method, body region, or coat color. There were differences in concentration between males and females, but not between females and castrated males. We discuss hair testosterone levels exhibited reasonable stability, and we present practical applications for both domestic and wildlife animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Calamari
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270 SP, Brazil
| | - P Viau
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270 SP, Brazil
| | - M Nichi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270 SP, Brazil
| | - G S Martins
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270 SP, Brazil.
| | - G Sobral
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270 SP, Brazil
| | - J H Mangueira Dias
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270 SP, Brazil
| | - C Alvarenga de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270 SP, Brazil
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15
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Li J, Tang Y, Li W, Tu Y. Mechanistic Insights into the Regio- and Stereoselectivities of Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone Hydroxylation Catalyzed by CYP3A4 and CYP19A1. Chemistry 2020; 26:6214-6223. [PMID: 32049373 PMCID: PMC7318132 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxylation of nonreactive C-H bonds can be easily catalyzed by a variety of metalloenzymes, especially cytochrome P450s (P450s). The mechanism of P450 mediated hydroxylation has been intensively studied, both experimentally and theoretically. However, understanding the regio- and stereoselectivities of substrates hydroxylated by P450s remains a great challenge. Herein, we use a multi-scale modeling approach to investigate the selectivity of testosterone (TES) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) hydroxylation catalyzed by two important P450s, CYP3A4 and CYP19A1. For CYP3A4, two distinct binding modes for TES/DHT were predicted by dockings and molecular dynamics simulations, in which the experimentally identified sites of metabolism of TES/DHT can access to the catalytic center. The regio- and stereoselectivities of TES/DHT hydroxylation were further evaluated by quantum mechanical and ONIOM calculations. For CYP19A1, we found that sites 1β, 2β and 19 can access the catalytic center, with the intrinsic reactivity 2β>1β>19. However, our ONIOM calculations indicate that the hydroxylation is favored at site 19 for both TES and DHT, which is consistent with the experiments and reflects the importance of the catalytic environment in determining the selectivity. Our study unravels the mechanism underlying the selectivity of TES/DHT hydroxylation mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP19A1 and is helpful for understanding the selectivity of other substrates that are hydroxylated by P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Li
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and BiologyKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyRoslagstullsbacken 1510691StockholmSweden
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug DesignEast China University of Science and TechnologyMeilong Road 130200237ShanghaiP.R. China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug DesignEast China University of Science and TechnologyMeilong Road 130200237ShanghaiP.R. China
| | - Yaoquan Tu
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and BiologyKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyRoslagstullsbacken 1510691StockholmSweden
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16
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Heng MP, Sim KS, Tan KW. Nickel and zinc complexes of testosterone N4-substituted thiosemicarbazone: Selective cytotoxicity towards human colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT 116 and their cell death mechanisms. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111097. [PMID: 32438269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two new Schiff base ligands (TE and TF) were prepared from conjugation of testosterone with 4-(4-ethylphenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide and 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide, respectively. Their nickel (NE and NF) and zinc (ZE and ZF) complexes were reported. X-ray crystallography revealed a distorted square planar geometry was adopted by NE. The compounds demonstrated excellent selectivity towards the colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT 116 despite their weak preferences towards the prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and LNCaP). Against HCT 116, all these compounds were able to arrest cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and induce apoptosis via mitochondria-dependent (TE, NE, and TF) and extrinsic apoptotic pathway (ZE, NF, and ZF). Moreover, only ZE was able to act as topoisomease I poison and halt its enzymatic reactions although all compounds presented excellent affinity towards DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mok Piew Heng
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kae Shin Sim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kong Wai Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia..
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17
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Cheon SY, Jin BR, Kim HJ, An HJ. Oleanolic Acid Ameliorates Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Regulating PCNA-Dependent Cell Cycle Progression In Vivo and In Vitro. J Nat Prod 2020; 83:1183-1189. [PMID: 32191471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a natural, biologically active pentacyclic triterpenoid found in Cornus officinalis. Although C. officinalis and OA have antiproliferative actions, the effects and mechanisms of OA in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are unclear. We examined the effect of OA in an animal model of testosterone-induced BPH. Male rats were injected with testosterone propionate with or without OA. The inhibitory effect of OA on BPH-1 cells was determined in vitro. Rats with BPH exhibited outstanding BPH symptoms, including prostatic enlargement, upregulated dihydrotestosterone and 5α-reductase 2 levels, and histological changes. Compared with the BPH group, the OA group showed fewer pathological alterations and regular androgen events. OA inhibited prostate cell proliferation by downregulating the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cell cycle markers in BPH-induced animals. This indicated that OA has superior therapeutic effect in the BPH animal model than finasteride. In vitro studies demonstrated upregulation of PCNA and cell cycle proteins, whereas OA clearly reduced this upregulation. Thus, OA may inhibit the development of BPH by targeting cell cycle progression markers. These suggest that OA is a potential agent for BPH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Yun Cheon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sang-ji University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26339, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine and Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sang-ji University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sang-ji University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sang-ji University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26339, Republic of Korea
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18
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Houshdaran S, Chen JC, Vallvé-Juanico J, Balayan S, Vo KC, Smith-McCune K, Greenblatt RM, Irwin JC, Giudice LC. Progestins Related to Progesterone and Testosterone Elicit Divergent Human Endometrial Transcriptomes and Biofunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072625. [PMID: 32283828 PMCID: PMC7177488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Progestins are widely used for the treatment of gynecologic disorders and alone, or combined with an estrogen, are used as contraceptives. While their potencies, efficacies and side effects vary due to differences in structures, doses and routes of administration, little is known about their effects on the endometrial transcriptome in the presence or absence of estrogen. Herein, we assessed the transcriptome and pathways induced by progesterone (P4) and the three most commonly used synthetic progestins, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), levonorgestrel (LNG), and norethindrone acetate (NETA), on human endometrial stromal fibroblasts (eSF), key players in endometrial physiology and reproductive success. While there were similar transcriptional responses, each progestin induced unique genes and biofunctions, consistent with their structural similarities to progesterone (P4 and MPA) or testosterone (LNG and NETA), involving cellular proliferation, migration and invasion. Addition of estradiol (E2) to each progestin influenced the number of differentially expressed genes and biofunctions in P4 and MPA, while LNG and NETA signatures were more independent of E2. Together, these data suggest different mechanisms of action for different progestins, with progestin-specific altered signatures when combined with E2. Further investigation is warranted for a personalized approach in different gynecologic disorders, for contraception, and minimizing side effects associated with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Houshdaran
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.H.); (J.V.-J.); (S.B.); (K.C.V.); (K.S.-M.); (J.C.I.)
| | | | - Júlia Vallvé-Juanico
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.H.); (J.V.-J.); (S.B.); (K.C.V.); (K.S.-M.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Shayna Balayan
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.H.); (J.V.-J.); (S.B.); (K.C.V.); (K.S.-M.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Kim Chi Vo
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.H.); (J.V.-J.); (S.B.); (K.C.V.); (K.S.-M.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Karen Smith-McCune
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.H.); (J.V.-J.); (S.B.); (K.C.V.); (K.S.-M.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Ruth M. Greenblatt
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacy, Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Juan C. Irwin
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.H.); (J.V.-J.); (S.B.); (K.C.V.); (K.S.-M.); (J.C.I.)
| | - Linda C. Giudice
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (S.H.); (J.V.-J.); (S.B.); (K.C.V.); (K.S.-M.); (J.C.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-4154762039
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Viljanto MJ, Kicman AT, Walker CJ, Parkin MC, Wolff K, Pearce CM, Scarth J. Elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of boldenone in the equine testis. Steroids 2019; 146:79-91. [PMID: 30951760 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Boldenone is an anabolic-androgenic steroid that is prohibited in equine sports. Urine from the uncastrated male horse contains boldenone that is thought to be of endogenous origin and thus a threshold ('cut-off') concentration has been adopted internationally for free and conjugated boldenone to help distinguish cases of doping from its natural production. The testis is likely to be a source of boldenone. Qualitative analysis was performed on extracts of equine testicular homogenates (n = 3 horses) incubated non-spiked and in the presence of its potential precursors using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and LC high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Samples were analysed both underivatised and derivatised to increase the certainty of identification. In addition to previously reported endogenous steroids, analysis of non-spiked testicular tissue samples demonstrated the presence of boldenone and boldienone at trace levels in the equine testis. Incubation of homogenates with deuterium or carbon isotope labelled testosterone and androstenedione resulted in the matching stable isotope analogues of boldenone and boldienone being formed. Additionally, deuterium and carbon labelled 2-hydroxyandrostenedione was detected, raising the possibility that this steroid is a biosynthetic intermediate. In conclusion, boldenone and boldienone are naturally present in the equine testis, with the biosynthesis of these steroids arising from the conversion of testosterone and androstenedione. However, additional work employing larger numbers of animals, further enzyme kinetic experiments and pure reference standards for 2-OH androstenedione isomers would be required to better characterize the pathways involved in these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana J Viljanto
- LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK; Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK.
| | - Andrew T Kicman
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Christopher J Walker
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Mark C Parkin
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK; Eurofins Forensic Services, Teddington, London, UK
| | - Kim Wolff
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK
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20
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Ye X, Peng T, Feng J, Yang Q, Pratush A, Xiong G, Huang T, Hu Z. A novel dehydrogenase 17β-HSDx from Rhodococcus sp. P14 with potential application in bioremediation of steroids contaminated environment. J Hazard Mater 2019; 362:170-177. [PMID: 30236938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Steroids are endocrine disrupting compounds in human and are distributed in various environments. Our previous study showed that a marine bacterium Rhodococcus sp. P14 was able to efficiently degrade one typical steroid estradiol. In this study, we showed that P14 could also use other steroids, including estriol and testosterone, as sole carbon source for growth. Two dehydrogenation products, 16-hydroxestrone and androst-4-ene-3, 17-dione, were detected during estriol and testosterone degradation, respectively. By screening the genome, a short chain dehydrogenase gene was identified and named as 17β-HSDx. Expression of 17β-HSDx was induced in P14 when estriol, estradiol or testosterone was used as single carbon source. In addition, 17β-HSDx was shown to have dehydrogenation ability of transforming estriol to 16-hydroxestrone, estradiol to estrone and testosterone to androst-4-ene-3, 17-dione. This is the first short chain dehydrogenase identified in bacteria with dehydrogenation ability on various steroids substrates. Overall, this study reveals that 17β-HSDx has potential application in the bioremediation of steroids contaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Ye
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Jiarong Feng
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Amit Pratush
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Guangming Xiong
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, 24103, Germany
| | - Tongwang Huang
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Zhong Hu
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
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Zhu Z, Chung YM, Sergeeva O, Kepe V, Berk M, Li J, Ko HK, Li Z, Petro M, DiFilippo FP, Lee Z, Sharifi N. Loss of dihydrotestosterone-inactivation activity promotes prostate cancer castration resistance detectable by functional imaging. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17829-17837. [PMID: 30262668 PMCID: PMC6240862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are a critical driver of prostate cancer progression. Cancer resistance to androgen deprivation therapies ensues when tumors engage metabolic processes that produce sustained androgen levels in the tissue. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this resistance process are unclear, and functional imaging modalities that predict impending resistance are lacking. Here, using the human LNCaP and C4-2 cell line models of prostate cancer, we show that castration treatment-sensitive prostate cancer cells that normally have an intact glucuronidation pathway that rapidly conjugates and inactivates dihydrotestosterone and thereby limits androgen signaling, become glucuronidation deficient and resistant to androgen deprivation. Mechanistically, using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene ablation, we found that loss of UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B15 (UGT2B15) and UGT2B17 is sufficient to restore free dihydrotestosterone, sustained androgen signaling, and development of castration resistance. Furthermore, loss of glucuronidation enzymatic activity was also detectable with a nonsteroid glucuronidation substrate. Of note, glucuronidation-incompetent cells and the resultant loss of intracellular conjugated dihydrotestosterone were detectable in vivo by 18F-dihydrotestosterone PET. Together, these findings couple a mechanism with a functional imaging modality to identify impending castration resistance in prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhu
- From the Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute
| | - Yoon-Mi Chung
- From the Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute
| | | | | | - Michael Berk
- From the Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute
| | - Jianneng Li
- From the Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute
| | - Hyun-Kyung Ko
- From the Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute
| | - Zhenfei Li
- From the Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute
| | - Marianne Petro
- From the Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute
| | | | - Zhenghong Lee
- Departments of Radiology; Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44124
| | - Nima Sharifi
- From the Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute; Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.
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22
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Kakita VMR, Bharatam J. Real-time homonuclear broadband decoupled pure shift COSY. Magn Reson Chem 2018; 56:963-968. [PMID: 29230883 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present manuscript reports development and applications of real-time homonuclear broadband decoupled pure shift version of in-phase zero-quantum filtered COSY (PS-IPZF-COSY) and clean in-phase COSY (PS-CLIP-COSY) pulse schemes. In contrast to the conventional COSY schemes, these pure shift versions provide enhanced spectral resolution and simplify the chemical shift correlation analysis of scalar coupled spins in complex organic molecules, which are exemplified for erythromycin A, estradiol, and a mixture of estradiol and testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Mohana Rao Kakita
- Centre for NMR and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
- UM-DAE-Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Kalina Campus, Santa Cruz, Mumbai, 400 098, India
| | - Jagadeesh Bharatam
- Centre for NMR and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
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23
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Kakita VMR, Jerripothula KM, Vemulapalli SPB, Bharatam J. Selective measurement of 1 H- 1 H scalar couplings from crowded chemical shift regions: Combined pure shift and spin-echo modulation approach. Magn Reson Chem 2018; 56:941-946. [PMID: 29488247 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
JHH scalar couplings carry rich structural information and their measurements are fundamental in the 1 H NMR based elucidation of small and medium molecules, which, however, are hampered in the presence of large J-coupling network. Further, enhanced spectral resolution is often essential for precise determination of a specific set of 1 H-1 H J-couplings among the complex J-multiplets. In the light of the recent advancements in homodecoupling pure shift strategies, here, we report absorption mode, band-selective refocused pure shift spin-echo method, which helps in determining 1 H-1 H J-couplings from crowded spectral regions. The importance of the present band-selective refocused pure shift spin-echo experiment is exemplified for 2 steroid molecules, estradiol and testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Mohana Rao Kakita
- Centre for NMR & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Kalina Campus, Santa Cruz, Mumbai, 400098, India
| | - Kanaka Mahalakshmi Jerripothula
- Centre for NMR & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Sahithya Phani Babu Vemulapalli
- Centre for NMR & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India
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24
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Zolottsev VA, Ponomarev GV, Taratynova MO, Morozevich GE, Novikov RA, Timofeev VP, Solyev PN, Zavialova MG, Zazulina OV, Tkachev YV, Misharin AY. Conjugates of 17-substituted testosterone and epitestosterone with pyropheophorbide a differing in the length of linkers. Steroids 2018; 138:82-90. [PMID: 30033342 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conjugates of 17α-substituted testosterone (1 and 2) and 17β-substituted epitestosterone (3 and 4) with pyropheophorbide a were synthesized. The scheme consisted of synthesis of 17α-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-oic and 17β-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-oic acids, and their coupling with pyropheophorbide a by means of either ethylene diamine, or 1,5-diamino pentane linkers. Mutual influence of steroidal and macrocyclic fragments in conjugates molecules was dependent on configuration of C17 and length of linker, that was established by analysis of 1H NMR spectra and molecular models of conjugates. Studies of interaction of conjugates with prostate carcinoma cells revealed that their uptake and internalization were independent on the androgen receptor activity, but dependent on the structure of conjugates, decreasing in the following row: 3 > 4 ≥ 1 > 2. Conjugates significantly decreased the LNCaP and PC-3 cells growth at 96 h incubation. Epitestosterone derivatives 3 and 4 also showed superior anti-proliferative activity versus testosterone ones. Conformationally more rigid conjugates 1 and 3, comprising short linkers, were more active than those with long linkers; conjugate 3 was the most potent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roman A Novikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Pavel N Solyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Olga V Zazulina
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Jabeen M, Choudhry MI, Miana GA, Rahman KM, Rashid U, Khan HU, Sadiq A. Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and docking studies of progesterone and testosterone derivatives as anticancer agents. Steroids 2018; 136:22-31. [PMID: 29772243 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroidal hormones progesterone and testosterone play a vital role in breast and prostate cancers. In this research, we have synthesized and characterized a total of thirty-one (31) new nitrogenous derivatives of progesterone and testosterone. The synthesized derivatives (1-31) were screened for their anti-cancer potential against MCF-7 and PC-3 cell lines of breast using MTT assay. The compounds 1-31exhibited significant inhibitory potentials against MCF-7 and PC-3 cell lines. In MCF-7 assay, compound 17 displayed IC50 value of 04 ± 0.02 μM while compound 18 was leading in PC-3 assay with IC50 of 03.14 ± 0.4 μM. Tamoxifen was used as positive control which exhibited an IC50of 0.12 ± 0.03 and 0.26 ± 0.01 μM against MCF-7 and PC-3 respectively. The compounds also showed good anti-inflammatory activity according to oxidative burst inhibition by chemiluminescence technique where ibuprofen was used as positive control with 73.2 ± 1.4% ROS inhibition. The compounds showed the percent ROS inhibition between 23.2 ± 0.2 and -3.2 ± 4.1. The results of the compounds were compared with the positive control ibuprofen. Molecular docking correlations suggest that the compounds exerted their inhibitory activity by binding to the active of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muafia Jabeen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhry
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas Miana
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Umer Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hidayat-Ullah Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18000 Dir (L), KP, Pakistan.
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van Rijn S. Salivary testosterone in relation to social cognition and social anxiety in children and adolescents with 47,XXY (Klinefelter syndrome). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200882. [PMID: 30036387 PMCID: PMC6056033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 1 in 650 boys are born with an extra X chromosome. Boys and men with 47,XXY (Klinefelter syndrome) are at risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and specific cognitive impairments. This study was focused on social anxiety and social cognition. The aim was to assess if these aspects of the phenotype are related to testosterone deficiency, which is typically seen in 47,XXY from puberty onwards. Methods In the study 20 boys with 47,XXY and 25 non-clinical controls between 8 and 19 years participated. None had ever used testosterone supplements. Cognitive tests measuring the labeling of facial expressions and perspective taking (Theory of Mind) were administered. Self-report questionnaires were used to assess social anxiety. Testosterone was measured in saliva. Results Within the 47,XXY group lower levels of salivary testosterone were significantly associated with higher levels of social anxiety. The correlation was strong, andindependent of age and pubertal development. However, salivary levels of testosterone were uncorrelated to social cognitive skills. Discussion These findings point out that lower testosterone levels might contribute to high social anxiety in 47,XXY, suggesting that anxiety should be monitored in pubertal boys with XXY presenting with testosterone deficiency. This should be done in addition to exploring cognitive behavioral therapy or psychopharmacologic treatments targeting anxiety, which are more evidence based. In contrast, testosterone levels were not associated with social cognitive functioning, suggesting that other mechanisms are driving vulnerabilities in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie van Rijn
- Leiden University, Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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27
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Abstract
Cytochrome P450 aromatase (AROM) catalyzes the biosynthesis of estrogen from androgen. Previously crystal structures of human AROM in complex with the substrate androstenedione, and inhibitors exemestane, as well as the newly designed steroidal compounds, have been reported. Here we report the first crystal structure of testosterone complex of human placental AROM. Testosterone binds at the androgen-specific heme distal pocket. The polar and hydrophobic interactions with the surrounding residues resemble the interactions observed for other ligands. The heme proximal region comprises the intermolecular interface in AROM, and also the putative interaction surface of its redox partner cytochrome P450 reductase. Unreported previously, the proximal region is characterized by a large surface cavity, unlike most known P450's. Using five best X-ray data sets from androstenedione and testosterone complexes of AROM, we now unequivocally show the presence of an unexplained ligand electron density inside the proximal cavity. The density is interpreted as ordered five ethylene glycol units of polyethylene glycols used as a solvent for steroids and also in crystallization. Interestingly, polyethylene glycol exhibits weak inhibition of AROM enzyme activity in a time dependent manner. Besides its critical role in the redox partner coupling and electron transfer process, the proximal cavity possibly serves as the interaction site for other molecules that may have regulatory effects on AROM activity. In addition, the new data also reveal a previously unidentified water channel linking the active site to the lipid interface. The channel could be the predicted passage for water molecules involved in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210 United States.
| | - Chinaza Egbuta
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210 United States
| | - Jessica Lo
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210 United States
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28
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Gao K, Wang X, Liu Q, Chen W, Wang G, Zhang D, Liu L. Evaluation of osteoblast differentiation and function when cultured on mesoporous bioactive glass adsorbed with testosterone. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5222-5232. [PMID: 29240236 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG), a kind of porous materials with great osteoconductive and osteoinductive ability, shows promising application in bone tissue engineering due to its high specific surface area, orderly channel structure, and large pore volume. Here we reported that the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization were promoted in MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on MBG which adsorbed with testosterone (MBG/T). We found that transcriptional activity of Runx2 which is a critical transcription factor is increased in MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on MBG/T. Intriguingly, we observed that ERK phosphorylation was enhanced in MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on MBG/T. We showed that activated Runx2 in MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on MBG/T is through Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Consistent with this result, we also found that the expression of osteoblastic marker genes were increased. Therefore, we concluded that osteoblast differentiation and mineralization was enhanced after cells cultured on MBG/T through Erk1/2-activated Runx2 pathway. Our findings provided that MBG/T is a potential material in the process of bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Gan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Dongyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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Durairaj R, Pageat P, Bienboire-Frosini C. Another cat and mouse game: Deciphering the evolution of the SCGB superfamily and exploring the molecular similarity of major cat allergen Fel d 1 and mouse ABP using computational approaches. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197618. [PMID: 29771985 PMCID: PMC5957422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian secretoglobin (SCGB) superfamily contains functionally diverse members, among which the major cat allergen Fel d 1 and mouse salivary androgen-binding protein (ABP) display similar subunits. We searched for molecular similarities between Fel d 1 and ABP to examine the possibility that they play similar roles. We aimed to i) cluster the evolutionary relationships of the SCGB superfamily; ii) identify divergence patterns, structural overlap, and protein-protein docking between Fel d 1 and ABP dimers; and iii) explore the residual interaction between ABP dimers and steroid binding in chemical communication using computational approaches. We also report that the evolutionary tree of the SCGB superfamily comprises seven unique palm-like clusters, showing the evolutionary pattern and divergence time tree of Fel d 1 with 28 ABP paralogs. Three ABP subunits (A27, BG27, and BG26) share phylogenetic relationships with Fel d 1 chains. The Fel d 1 and ABP subunits show similarities in terms of sequence conservation, identical motifs and binding site clefts. Topologically equivalent positions were visualized through superimposition of ABP A27:BG27 (AB) and ABP A27:BG26 (AG) dimers on a heterodimeric Fel d 1 model. In docking, Fel d 1-ABP dimers exhibit the maximum surface binding ability of AG compared with that of AB dimers and the several polar interactions between ABP dimers with steroids. Hence, cat Fel d 1 is an ABP-like molecule in which monomeric chains 1 and 2 are the equivalent of the ABPA and ABPBG monomers, respectively. These findings suggest that the biological and molecular function of Fel d 1 is similar to that of ABP in chemical communication, possibly via pheromone and/or steroid binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Durairaj
- Department of Behavioral and Physiological Mechanisms of Adaptation (D-MPCA), Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), APT, France
| | - Patrick Pageat
- Department of Semiochemicals Identification and Analogs Design (D-ISCA), Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), APT, France
| | - Cécile Bienboire-Frosini
- Department of Behavioral and Physiological Mechanisms of Adaptation (D-MPCA), Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), APT, France
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Grosser G, Bennien J, Sánchez-Guijo A, Bakhaus K, Döring B, Hartmann M, Wudy SA, Geyer J. Transport of steroid 3-sulfates and steroid 17-sulfates by the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT (SLC10A6). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:20-25. [PMID: 28951227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT/Soat shows highly specific transport activity for sulfated steroids. SOAT substrates identified so far include dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, estrone-3-sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate, and androstenediol sulfate. Apart from these compounds, many other sulfated steroids occur in mammals. Therefore, we aimed to expand the substrate spectrum of SOAT and analyzed the SOAT-mediated transport of eight different sulfated steroids by combining in vitro transport experiments in SOAT-transfected HEK293 cells with LC-MS/MS analytics of cell lysates. In addition, we aimed to better understand the structural requirements for SOAT substrates and so selected structural pairs varying only at specific positions: 3α/3β-sulfate, 17α/17β-sulfate, mono-sulfate/di-sulfate, and 17α-hydroxylation. We found significant and sodium-dependent SOAT-mediated transport of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone sulfate, 17β-estradiol-17-sulfate, androsterone sulfate, epiandrosterone sulfate, testosterone sulfate, epitestosterone sulfate, and 5α-dihydrotestosterone sulfate. However, 17β-estradiol-3,17-disulfate was not transported by SOAT. IN CONCLUSION SOAT substrates from the group of sulfated steroids are characterized by a planar and lipophilic steroid backbone in trans-trans-trans conformation of the rings and a negatively charged mono-sulfate group at positions 3' or 17' with flexibility for α- or β- orientation. Furthermore, 5α-reduction, 16α-hydroxylation, and 17α-hydroxylation are acceptable for SOAT substrate recognition, whereas addition of a second negatively charged sulfate group seems to abolish substrate binding to SOAT, and so 17β-estradiol-3,17-disulfate is not transported by SOAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Grosser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Josefine Bennien
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Bakhaus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Barbara Döring
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Michaela Hartmann
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
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Saaka Y, Allen DT, Luangwitchajaroen Y, Shao Y, Campbell RA, Lorenz CD, Lawrence MJ. Towards optimised drug delivery: structure and composition of testosterone enanthate in sodium dodecyl sulfate monolayers. Soft Matter 2018; 14:3135-3150. [PMID: 29629469 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01893b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface tension and specular neutron reflectivity measurements have been used, for the first time to systematically study both the interfacial structure and composition of monolayers of the soluble surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate containing a low-dose, poorly water soluble drug, testosterone enanthate. Modelling of the specular neutron reflectivity data suggests that the hydrophobic testosterone enanthate was adsorbed in the C12 hydrophobic tail region of the surfactant monolayer, regardless of the concentration of surfactant at the interface and whether or not additional drug was added to the interface. The location of the hydrophobic drug in the tail region of the surfactant monolayer is supported by the results of classical, large-scale molecular dynamics simulations. The thickness of the surfactant monolayer obtained, in the presence and absence of drug, using molecular dynamics simulations was in good agreement with the corresponding values obtained from the specular neutron reflectivity measurements. The stoichiometry of surfactant:drug at the air-water interface at sodium dodecyl sulfate concentrations above the critical micelle concentration was determined from specular neutron reflectivity measurements to be approximately 3 : 1, and remained constant after the spreading of further testosterone enanthate at the interface. Significantly, this stoichiometry was the same as that obtained in the micelles from bulk solubilisation studies. Important insights into the preferred location of drug in surfactant monolayers at the air-water interface as well as its effect on the structure of the monolayer have been obtained from our combined use of experimental and simulation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yussif Saaka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Westlund P, Isazadeh S, Yargeau V. Investigating the androgenic activity of ozonation transformation products of testosterone and androstenedione. J Hazard Mater 2018; 342:492-498. [PMID: 28881273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of ozonation on the concentration of two androgen steroid hormones, testosterone and androstenedione, and on androgenic activity as measured using the YAS assay. While these compounds are remarkably similar in chemical structure and showed comparable removal profiles in the presence and absence of a hydroxyl scavenger (isopropanol), large differences between percent removal of target compounds using chemical analysis and percent removal of bioactivity was observed when small ozone doses were applied. The dynamic change and initial increase in bioactivity during ozonation can be attributed to transformation products. These results demonstrate the importance of combining chemical analysis and bioanalytical techniques not only to perform a comprehensive assessment of environmental risks but also as a tool to optimize treatment technologies proposed as a mean to mitigate the impact of contaminants of emerging concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Westlund
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A0C5, Canada
| | - Siavash Isazadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A0C5, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A0C5, Canada.
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Trimble JO, Light B. Effect of Penetration Enhancers on the Percuaneous Delivery of Hormone Replacement Actives. Int J Pharm Compd 2017; 21:530-535. [PMID: 29220342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal compositions for hormone replacement are comprised of exogenous hormones that are biochemically similar to those produced endogenously by the ovaries or elsewhere in the body. In this work, estradiol, estriol, and testosterone were loaded in transdermal vehicles, prepared using one of three selected penetration enhancer mixtures: Vehicle 1 (olive oil and oleic acid), Vehicle 2 (isopropyl palmitate and lecithin), and Vehicle 3 (isopropyl myristate and lecithin). The influence of penetration enhancers on transdermal delivery was evaluated using Franz-type diffusion cells and Normal Human 3D Model of Epidermal Tissue. Results showed that drug delivery is affected by the penetration enhancer used in the transdermal composition.
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Tagliavini M, Engel F, Weidler PG, Scherer T, Schäfer AI. Adsorption of steroid micropollutants on polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC). J Hazard Mater 2017; 337:126-137. [PMID: 28549305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Removal and interaction mechanisms of four different steroid micropollutants, estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) were determined for different types of polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC). Higher than 90% removal and significantly faster kinetics compared to conventional granular activated carbon (GAC) were observed, while performance was comparable with powdered activated carbon (PAC). No influence of pH in the range 2-12 was determined, while the presence of humic acid (HA) reduced both the removal and the kinetic by up to 20%. PBSAC was characterized in terms of morphology and material properties. The low oxygen content was identified as the main cause for the high performance observed. This was attributed to the enhancement of the hydrophobic effect between PBSAC and hormones and the reduced interactions between PBSAC and water. The ratio of micropollutant size (∼0.8nm) and average pore size (1-2nm) proved ideal for both micropollutant adsorption and HA exclusion. The homogenous size, spherical shape and surface smoothness of PBSAC did not influence adsorption negatively and make PBSAC a very promising sorbent for a vast range of applications, in particular for the removal of micropollutants in water treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tagliavini
- Membrane Technology Department, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Fabio Engel
- Membrane Technology Department, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Peter Georg Weidler
- Chemistry of Oxydic and Organic Interfaces Department, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Torsten Scherer
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanostructuring, Karlsruhe Nano- & Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrea Iris Schäfer
- Membrane Technology Department, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Guercia C, Cianciullo P, Porte C. Analysis of testosterone fatty acid esters in the digestive gland of mussels by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Steroids 2017; 123:67-72. [PMID: 28502861 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that up to 70% of the total steroids detected in molluscs are in the esterified form and that pollutants, by modifying the esterification of steroids with fatty acids, might act as endocrine disrupters. However, despite the strong physiological significance of this process, there is almost no information on which fatty acids form the steroid esters and how this process is modulated. This study (a) investigates the formation of fatty acid esters of testosterone in digestive gland microsomal fractions of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis incubated with either palmitoly-CoA or CoA and ATP, and (b) assesses whether the endocrine disruptor tributyltin (TBT) interferes with the esterification of testosterone. Analysis of testosterone esters was performed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). When microsomal fractions were incubated with testosterone and palmitoly-CoA, the formation of testosterone palmitate was detected. However, when microsomes were incubated with CoA and ATP, and no exogenous activated fatty acid was added, the synthesis of 16:0, 16:1, 20:5 and 22:6 testosterone esters was observed. The presence of 100µM TBT in the incubation mixture did not significantly alter the esterification of testosterone. These results evidence the conjugation of testosterone with the most abundant fatty acids in the digestive gland microsomal fraction of mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Guercia
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Cinta Porte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ruamyod K, Watanapa WB, Shayakul C. Testosterone rapidly increases Ca 2+-activated K + currents causing hyperpolarization in human coronary artery endothelial cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 168:118-126. [PMID: 28223151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone has endothelium-dependent vasodilatory effects on the coronary artery, with some reports suggesting endothelial ion channel involvement. This study employed the whole-cell patch clamp technique to investigate the effect of testosterone on ion channels in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and the mechanisms involved. We found that 0.03-3μM testosterone significantly induced a rapid, concentration-dependent increase in total HCAEC current (EC50, 71.96±1.66nM; maximum increase, 59.13±8.37%; mean±SEM). The testosterone-enhanced currents consisted of small- and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ currents (SKCa and BKCa currents), but not Cl- and nonselective cation currents. Either a non-permeant testosterone conjugate or the non-aromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) could increase HCAEC currents as well. The androgen receptor antagonist flutamide prevented this testosterone, testosterone conjugate, and DHT effect, while the estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant did not. Incubating HCAECs with pertussis toxin or protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 largely inhibited the testosterone effect, while pre-incubation with phospholipase C inhibitor U-73122, prostacyclin inhibitor indomethacin, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME or cytochrome P450 inhibitor MS-PPOH, did not. Finally, testosterone application induced HCAEC hyperpolarization within minutes; this effect was prevented by SKCa and BKCa current inhibitors apamin and iberiotoxin. This is the first electrophysiological demonstration of androgen-induced KCa current increase, leading to hyperpolarization, in any endothelial cell, and the first report of SKCa as a testosterone target. Our data show that testosterone rapidly increased whole-cell HCAEC SKCa and BKCa currents via a surface androgen receptor, Gi/o protein, and protein kinase A. This mechanism may explain rapid testosterone-induced coronary vasodilation seen in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katesirin Ruamyod
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Wattana B Watanapa
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Chairat Shayakul
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Frey AJ, Park BY, Schriver ER, Feldman DR, Parry S, Croen LA, Fallin DM, Hertz-Picciotto I, Newschaffer CJ, Snyder NW. Differences in testosterone and its precursors by sex of the offspring in meconium. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 167:78-85. [PMID: 27871978 PMCID: PMC5292277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal metabolism exerts profound effects on development. The first stool of the newborn, meconium, provides a window into the prenatal metabolic environment. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of meconium as a novel matrix to quantify prenatal steroid levels. We quantified parameters of analytical interest regarding the use of meconium, including sample stability. We hypothesized that meconium steroid content would differ by sex, prompting analysis of meconium to test effects of prenatal steroid metabolism. Meconium from 193 newborns enrolled in the Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation (EARLI) study, including 107 males, and 86 females, were analyzed by isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (ID-LC-HRMS) while blinded to identity for testosterone (T), androstenedione (AD), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Steroid levels were compared by sex, and investigations of potential trends resulting from sample storage or processing was conducted. The unconjugated steroid content of meconium in ng/g (mean, standard deviation) was for males: T (2.67, 8.99), AD (20.01, 28.12), DHEA (13.96, 23.57) and for females: T (0.82, 1.63), AD (22.32, 24.38), DHEA (21.06, 43.49). T was higher in meconium from males (p=0.0333), and DHEA was higher in meconium from females (p=0.0202). 6 female and 3 male T values were below the limit of detection. No extreme variability in hydration or trend in steroid levels by storage time was detected. Sexually dimorphic levels of hormones may reflect gestational differentiation, and future studies should consider meconium analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Frey
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bo Y Park
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, HH884 Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily R Schriver
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel R Feldman
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samuel Parry
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 2000 Courtyard Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lisa A Croen
- Autism Research Program, Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | - Daniele M Fallin
- Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, HH 850, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Craig J Newschaffer
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Wu Q, Wang M, Zhu D, Ma Y. Regio- and stereoselective reduction of 17-oxosteroids to 17β-hydroxysteroids by a yeast strain Zygowilliopsis sp. WY7905. Steroids 2017; 118:17-24. [PMID: 27864020 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of 17-oxosteroids to 17β-hydroxysteroids is one of the important transformations for the preparation of many steroidal drugs and intermediates. The strain Zygowilliopsis sp. WY7905 was found to catalyze the reduction of C-17 carbonyl group of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) to give testosterone (TS) as the sole product by the constitutive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD). The optimal conditions for the reduction were pH 8.0 and 30°C with supplementing 10g/l glucose and 1% Tween 80 (w/v). Under the optimized transformation conditions, 0.75g/l AD was reduced to a single product TS with >90% yield and >99% diastereomeric excess (de) within 24h. This strain also reduced other 17-oxosteroids such as estrone, 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one and norandrostenedione, to give the corresponding 17β-hydroxysteroids, while the C-3 and C-20 carbonyl groups were intact. The absence of by-products in this microbial 17β-reduction would facilitate the product purification. As such, the strain might serve as a useful biocatalyst for this important transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Yanhe Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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Loh SY, Giribabu N, Gholami K, Salleh N. Effects of testosterone on mean arterial pressure and aquaporin (AQP)-1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 expressions in the kidney of orchidectomized, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 614:41-49. [PMID: 28024836 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that higher blood pressure in males than females could be due to testosterone effects on aquaporin (AQP) expression in kidneys. METHODS Orchidectomized adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received seven days subcutaneous testosterone treatment (125 μg/kg/day or 250 μg/kg/day), with or without flutamide or finasteride. Following completion of treatment, MAP was determined in rats under anaesthesia via carotid artery cannulation. In another cohort of rats, kidneys were removed following sacrifice and AQP-1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 protein and mRNA levels were determined by Western blotting and Real-time PCR respectively. Distribution of AQP subunits' protein in the nephrons were visualized by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Testosterone caused MAP, AQP-1, 2, 4, 6 and 7 protein and mRNA levels in kidneys to increase while AQP-3 protein and mRNA levels in kidneys to decrease (p < 0.05). AQP-1 and 7 were found to be distributed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) while AQP-2, 3, 4 and 6 were found to be distributed in the collecting ducts (CD). Effects of testosterone were antagonized by flutamide and finasteride. CONCLUSIONS Elevated expression of AQP-1, 2, 4, 6 and 7 under testosterone influence in kidneys could lead to increase H2O reabsorption which eventually lead to increase in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yi Loh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nelli Giribabu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khadijeh Gholami
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Naguib Salleh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Frey AJ, Wang Q, Busch C, Feldman D, Bottalico L, Mesaros CA, Blair IA, Vachani A, Snyder NW. Validation of highly sensitive simultaneous targeted and untargeted analysis of keto-steroids by Girard P derivatization and stable isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Steroids 2016; 116:60-66. [PMID: 27743906 PMCID: PMC5127713 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A multiplexed quantitative method for the analysis of three major unconjugated steroids in human serum by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was developed and validated on a Q Exactive Plus hybrid quadrupole/Orbitrap mass spectrometer. This quantification utilized isotope dilution and Girard P derivatization on the keto-groups of testosterone (T), androstenedione (AD) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to improve ionization efficiency using electrospray ionization. Major isomeric compounds to T and DHEA; the inactive epimer of testosterone (epiT), and the metabolite of AD, 5α-androstanedione (5α-AD) were completely resolved on a biphenyl column within an 18min method. Inter- and intra-day method validation using LC-HRMS with qualifying product ions was performed and acceptable analytical performance was achieved. The method was further validated by comparing steroid levels from 100μL of serum from young vs older subjects. Since this approach provides high-dimensional HRMS data, untargeted analysis by age group was performed. DHEA and T were detected among the top analytes most significantly different across the two groups after untargeted LC-HRMS analysis, as well as a number of other still unknown metabolites, indicating the potential for combined targeted/untargeted analysis in steroid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Penn SRP Center and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Christine Busch
- Penn SRP Center and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | - Lisa Bottalico
- Penn SRP Center and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Clementina A Mesaros
- Penn SRP Center and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Ian A Blair
- Penn SRP Center and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Anil Vachani
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
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Chanphai P, Agudelo D, Vesper AR, Bérubé G, Tajmir-Riahi HA. Testosterone and its dimers alter tRNA morphology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 134:269-274. [PMID: 27930994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of tRNA was studied upon conjugation with testosterone and its aliphatic and aromatic dimers, using multiple spectroscopic methods, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular modeling. Structural analysis showed that testosterone binds tRNA through A62, A64, C60, C61, C63, G51, U50 and U59 bases. The binding affinity was testosterone dimer-aromatic>testosterone dimer-aliphatic>testosterone. The steroid loading efficacy was 35-45%. Transmission electron microscopy showed major changes in tRNA morphology upon testosterone interaction with an increase in the diameter of the tRNA aggregate, indicating encapsulation of testosterone by tRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chanphai
- Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - D Agudelo
- Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - A R Vesper
- Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - G Bérubé
- Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - H A Tajmir-Riahi
- Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry and Physics, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada.
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Chang JY, Carollo KD, Lin SC, Wu YY, Tzou DLM. NMR investigation of magnesium chelation and cation-induced signal shift effect of testosterone. Steroids 2016; 115:18-25. [PMID: 27477887 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that testosterone (Tes) is able to interact with magnesium chloride dissolved in methanol. In this study, we have applied 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies to a series of Tes solutions containing Mg2+ at various concentrations. High-resolution 13C NMR spectra of Tes/Mg2+ revealed well-resolved 13C signals, and the intensities of those arising from C3, C5, C16, and C17 decreased linearly with increasing Mg2+ concentration. The magnitude of the chelation affinity could be deduced from the slopes of the 13C intensity variations; typically, the greater the slope the higher the chelation affinity. The results revealed Tes/Mg2+ chelation to be mediated by the oxygen atom attached to C3 in ring A, and the hydroxyl group attached to C17 in ring D. With regard to the chelation specificity, we showed that Tes chelates Mg2+, but not Ca2+ or Zn2+. We also explored the cation-induced signal shift effects of Tes in the presence of Mg2+, Ca2+, or Zn2+. We demonstrate that high-resolution 13C NMR spectroscopy provides a better probe than 1H NMR for the detection of cation chelation and cation-induced signal shift effects for steroid compounds such as Tes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yu Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kathleen D Carollo
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Su-Ching Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Yann Wu
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Der-Lii M Tzou
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Vesper AR, Lacroix J, C-Gaudreault R, Tajmir-Rihai HA, Bérubé G. Synthesis of novel C 2-symmetric testosterone dimers and evaluation of antiproliferative activity on androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cell lines. Steroids 2016; 115:98-104. [PMID: 27553724 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 7α-linked testosterone dimers were made and tested for biological activity on both androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and androgen-independent (DU-145 and PC3) prostate cancer cell lines. The synthesis proceeds through the formation of a trans-4-(17β-acetoxy-4-androsten-3-one-7α-yl)-but-2-enoic acid 4-hydroxy-alkyl ester intermediate of various length (7a-d) followed by the final dimerization step. The dimers showed interesting biological activity in comparison to the ω-hydroxyalkyl ester intermediates 7a-d. The most active dimer 8a (n=1) showed IC50 of 3.8, 1.4 and 1.8μM, respectively on LNCaP, DU-145 and PC3 cancer cell lines. On these cell lines, this dimer is about 12, 70 and 47 times more powerful than cyproterone acetate (CPA) the reference antiandrogen. Furthermore, dimers 8b-d (n=2, 3, 4) were less active than 8a but showed selective activity on androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells. This indicates possible application for the treatment of androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Rose Vesper
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Jacques Lacroix
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, 10, rue de l'Espinay, Québec G1L 3L5, Canada.
| | - René C-Gaudreault
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, 10, rue de l'Espinay, Québec G1L 3L5, Canada.
| | - Heidar-Ali Tajmir-Rihai
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Gervais Bérubé
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada.
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Tschirren B, Ziegler AK, Pick JL, Okuliarová M, Zeman M, Giraudeau M. Matrilineal inheritance of a key mediator of prenatal maternal effects. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20161676. [PMID: 27629040 PMCID: PMC5031669 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-linkage is predicted to evolve in response to sex-specific or sexually antagonistic selection. In line with this prediction, most sex-linked genes are associated with reproduction in the respective sex. In addition to traits directly involved in fertility and fecundity, mediators of maternal effects may be predisposed to evolve sex-linkage, because they indirectly affect female fitness through their effect on offspring phenotype. Here, we test for sex-linked inheritance of a key mediator of prenatal maternal effects in oviparous species, the transfer of maternally derived testosterone to the eggs. Consistent with maternal inheritance, we found that in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) granddaughters resemble their maternal (but not their paternal) grandmother in yolk testosterone deposition. This pattern of resemblance was not due to non-genetic priming effects of testosterone exposure during prenatal development, as an experimental manipulation of yolk testosterone levels did not affect the females' testosterone transfer to their own eggs later in life. Instead, W chromosome and/or mitochondrial variation may underlie the observed matrilineal inheritance pattern. Ultimately, the inheritance of mediators of maternal effects along the maternal line will allow for a fast and direct response to female-specific selection, thereby affecting the dynamics of evolutionary processes mediated by maternal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tschirren
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Kathrin Ziegler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joel L Pick
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Okuliarová
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Zeman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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Abstract
Background: In response to a report that the Abbott Architect direct testosterone immunoassay was affected by dehydroepiandrostenedione sulphate (DHEAS) cross-reactivity, this study investigated the effect of DHEAS on other testosterone methods using a UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme (UK NEQAS) for steroid hormones special distribution. Methods: Separate male and female matrix pools of normal human serum were prepared and divided into three portions. Two portions from each matrix were spiked with 10.07 and 20.14. μmol/L DHEAS, respectively. Aliquots of these pools were distributed to participants in UK NEQAS for male and female testosterone at distribution 319 (July 2006). Median testosterone results for each method group were examined for an increase in testosterone concentration. Results: In the female matrix, the effect on Abbott Architect was confirmed and shown also for Roche Elecsys, Roche E170 Modular and Beckman Access (includes some Beckman DxI users). In the male matrix, the effect on Abbott Architect, Roche Elecsys and Roche E170 Modular was similar in magnitude to that in the female matrix, but was smaller for Beckman Access/DxI. However, the effect on Immulite 2000 (includes some Immulite 2500 users) was greater in the male matrix. Indications of interference in other methods, used by only a few laboratories (notably Tosoh AIA and Wallac Delfia), were also observed. Conclusions: DHEAS interference in testosterone assays is a feature of many routine testosterone methods, and occurs in both male and female matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Middle
- UK NEQAS, Wolfson EQA Laboratory, PO Box 3909, Birmingham B15 2UE, UK.
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46
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Abstract
Progestins are a broad class of progestational agents widely differing in their chemical structures and pharmacological properties. Despite emerging data suggest that progestins, besides their action as endometrial protection, can also have multiple nonreproductive functions, much remains to be discovered regarding the actions exerted by these molecules in the nervous system. Here, we report the role exerted by different progestins, currently used for contraception or in postmenopausal hormone replacement therapies, in regulating cognitive functions as well as social behavior and mood. We provide evidence that the effects and mechanisms underlying their actions are still confusing due to the use of different estrogens and progestins as well as different doses, duration of exposure, route of administration, baseline hormonal status and age of treated women. We also discuss the emerging issue concerning the relevant increase of these substances in the environment, able to deeply affect aquatic wildlife as well as to exert a possible influence in humans, which may be exposed to these compounds via contaminated drinking water and seafood. Finally, we report literature data showing the neurobiological action of progestins and in particular their importance during neurodegenerative events. This is extremely interesting, since some of the progestins currently used in clinical practice exert neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in the nervous system, opening new promising opportunities for the use of these molecules as therapeutic agents for trauma and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesCenter of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesCenter of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Pesaresi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesCenter of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Efficient procedures based on the use of iodine for the aromatization of a series of terpenoids possessing diene and homoallylic or allylic alcohol functionalities are described. Different examples are reported as a proof-of-concept study. Furthermore, iodine also proved to mediate the dehydrogenation of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoriano Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada , Avenida Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Consuelo Prieto
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada , Avenida Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Lucia Silva
- FibEnTech-Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais, Department of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior , Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6200 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jesús M L Rodilla
- FibEnTech-Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais, Department of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior , Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6200 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José F Quílez del Moral
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada , Avenida Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro F Barrero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada , Avenida Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
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48
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Arnon L, Hazut N, Tabachnik T, Weller A, Koren L. Maternal testosterone and reproductive outcome in a rat model of obesity. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1042-1047. [PMID: 27125699 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Global sex differences in obesity rates are persistent, suggesting the involvement of sex steroids. In addition, adipose tissue is a metabolic site for steroidogenesis. Here, we compared female reproductive parameters in a rat model of obesity, with the same parameters in its lean control strain, and tested for an association with integrated measures of corticosterone and testosterone. Steroids were extracted and quantified from 17 Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF; an animal model for obesity) and 13 Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO; the lean control strain) hair samples that were collected after weaning offspring. The obese OLETF mothers had higher hair testosterone levels than the control LETO strain. Overall, testosterone, but not corticosterone, predicted litter sex ratios. Younger mothers with large litters and older mothers with small litters tended to have the highest sex ratios (i.e., male-biased litters). In the lean LETO strain, but not in the obese OLETF, maternal testosterone was positively associated with litter size and number of male pups. Corticosterone did not differ between the two strains and was not associated with testosterone or with reproductive parameters. This study suggests that long-term circulating testosterone is associated with female reproduction in multiple ways. The possible trade-off between litter size and sex ratio may be mediated by testosterone and influenced by body fat and composition, which influence the individual's well-being. Exploring the multiple roles of testosterone in females may also help explain the complex relationship between obesity and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Arnon
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Noa Hazut
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Tzlil Tabachnik
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Aron Weller
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Lee Koren
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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Engi SA, Planeta CS, Crestani CC. Effect of Voluntary Ethanol Consumption Combined with Testosterone Treatment on Cardiovascular Function in Rats: Influence of Exercise Training. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146974. [PMID: 26760038 PMCID: PMC4711937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of voluntary ethanol consumption combined with testosterone treatment on cardiovascular function in rats. Moreover, we investigated the influence of exercise training on these effects. To this end, male rats were submitted to low-intensity training on a treadmill or kept sedentary while concurrently being treated with ethanol for 6 weeks. For voluntary ethanol intake, rats were given access to two bottles, one containing ethanol and other containing water, three 24-hour sessions per week. In the last two weeks (weeks 5 and 6), animals underwent testosterone treatment concurrently with exercise training and exposure to ethanol. Ethanol consumption was not affected by either testosterone treatment or exercise training. Also, drug treatments did not influence the treadmill performance improvement evoked by training. However, testosterone alone, but not in combination with ethanol, reduced resting heart rate. Moreover, combined treatment with testosterone and ethanol reduced the pressor response to the selective α1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine. Treatment with either testosterone or ethanol alone also affected baroreflex activity and enhanced depressor response to acetylcholine, but these effects were inhibited when drugs were coadministrated. Exercise training restored most cardiovascular effects evoked by drug treatments. Furthermore, both drugs administrated alone increased pressor response to phenylephrine in trained animals. Also, drug treatments inhibited the beneficial effects of training on baroreflex function. In conclusion, the present results suggest a potential interaction between toxic effects of testosterone and ethanol on cardiovascular function. Data also indicate that exercise training is an important factor influencing the effects of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A. Engi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleopatra S. Planeta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos C. Crestani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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50
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Denisov IG, Mak PJ, Grinkova YV, Bastien D, Bérubé G, Sligar SG, Kincaid JR. The use of isomeric testosterone dimers to explore allosteric effects in substrate binding to cytochrome P450 CYP3A4. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 158:77-85. [PMID: 26774838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 is the main drug-metabolizing enzyme in the human liver, being responsible for oxidation of 50% of all pharmaceuticals metabolized by human P450 enzymes. Possessing a large substrate binding pocket, it can simultaneously bind several substrate molecules and often exhibits a complex pattern of drug-drug interactions. In order to better understand structural and functional aspects of binding of multiple substrate molecules to CYP3A4 we used resonance Raman and UV-VIS spectroscopy to document the effects of binding of synthetic testosterone dimers of different configurations, cis-TST2 and trans-TST2. We directly demonstrate that the binding of two steroid molecules, which can assume multiple possible configurations inside the substrate binding pocket of monomeric CYP3A4, can lead to active site structural changes that affect functional properties. Using resonance Raman spectroscopy, we have documented perturbations in the ferric and Fe-CO states by these substrates, and compared these results with effects caused by binding of monomeric TST. While the binding of trans-TST2 yields results similar to those obtained with monomeric TST, the binding of cis-TST2 is much tighter and results in significantly more pronounced conformational changes of the porphyrin side chains and Fe-CO unit. In addition, binding of an additional monomeric TST molecule in the remote allosteric site significantly improves binding affinity and the overall spin shift for CYP3A4 with trans-TST2 dimer bound inside the substrate binding pocket. This result provides the first direct evidence for an allosteric effect of the peripheral binding site at the protein-membrane interface on the functional properties of CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia G Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Piotr J Mak
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, United States.
| | - Yelena V Grinkova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Dominic Bastien
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Gervais Bérubé
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Stephen G Sligar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - James R Kincaid
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, United States.
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