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Multi-Level Optimization and Strategies in Microbial Biotransformation of Nature Products. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062619. [PMID: 36985591 PMCID: PMC10051863 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuously growing demand for natural products with pharmacological activities has promoted the development of microbial transformation techniques, thereby facilitating the efficient production of natural products and the mining of new active compounds. Furthermore, due to the shortcomings and defects of microbial transformation, it is an important scientific issue of social and economic value to improve and optimize microbial transformation technology in increasing the yield and activity of transformed products. In this review, the aspects regarding the optimization of fermentation and the cross-disciplinary strategy, leading to the microbial transformation of increased levels of the high-efficiency process from natural products of a plant or microbial origin, were discussed. Additionally, due to the increasing craving for targeted and efficient methods for detecting transformed metabolites, analytical methods based on multiomics were also discussed. Such strategies can be well exploited and applied to the production of more efficient and more natural products from microbial resources.
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Wolf S, Warnecke S, Ehrit J, Freiberger F, Gerardy-Schahn R, Meier C. Chemical synthesis and enzymatic testing of CMP-sialic acid derivatives. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2605-15. [PMID: 23129454 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The cycloSal approach has been used in the past for the synthesis of a range of phosphorylated bioconjugates. In those reports, cycloSal nucleotides were allowed to react with different phosphate nucleophiles. With glycopyranosyl phosphates as nucleophiles, diphosphate-linked sugar nucleotides were formed. Here, cycloSal-nucleotides were used to prepare monophosphate-linked sugar nucleotides successfully in high anomeric purity and high chemical yield. The method was successfully used for the synthesis of three nucleotide glycopyranoses as model compounds. The method was then applied to the syntheses of CMP-N-acetyl-neuraminic acids (CMP-Neu5NAc) and of four derivatives with different modifications at their amino functions (N-propanoyl, N-butanoyl, N-pentanoyl and N-cyclopropylcarbonyl). The compounds were used for initial enzymatic studies with a bacterial polysialyltransferase (polyST). Surprisingly, the enzyme showed marked differences in terms of utilisation of the four derivatives. The N-propanoyl, N-butanoyl, and N-pentanoyl derivatives were efficiently used in a first transfer with a fluorescently labelled trisialo-acceptor. However, elongation of the resulting tetrasialo-acceptors worsened progressively with the size of the N-acyl chain. The N-pentanoyl derivative allowed a single transfer, leading to a capped tetramer. The N-cyclopropylcarbonyl derivative was not transferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Wolf
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Zheng ZY, Wang SZ, Li GS, Zhan XB, Lin CC, Wu JR, Zhu L. A new polysialic acid production process based on dual-stage pH control and fed-batch fermentation for higher yield and resulting high molecular weight product. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2405-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mizanur RM, Pohl NL. Bacterial CMP-sialic acid synthetases: production, properties, and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:757-65. [PMID: 18716769 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are abundant nine-carbon sugars expressed terminally on glycoconjugates of eukaryotic cells and are crucial for a variety of cell biological functions such as cell-cell adhesion, intracellular signaling, and in regulation of glycoproteins stability. In bacteria, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) polymers are important virulence factors. Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (CMP)-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase (CSS; EC 2.7.7.43), the key enzyme that synthesizes CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid, the donor molecule for numerous sialyltransferase reactions, is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic systems. Herein, we emphasize the source, function, and biotechnological applications of CSS enzymes from bacterial sources. To date, only a few CSS from pathogenic bacterial species such as Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, group B streptococci, Haemophilus ducreyi, and Pasteurella hemolytica and an enzyme from nonpathogenic bacterium, Clostridium thermocellum, have been described. Overall, the enzymes from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria share common catalytic properties such as their dependency on divalent cation, temperature and pH profiles, and catalytic mechanisms. The enzymes, however, can be categorized as smaller and larger enzymes depending on their molecular weight. The larger enzymes in some cases are bifunctional; they have exhibited acetylhydrolase activity in addition to their sugar nucleotidyltransferase activity. The CSSs are important enzymes for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of various sialooligosaccharides of significance in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahman M Mizanur
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Dudziak G, Fey S, Hasbach L, Kragl U. Nanofiltration for Purification of Nucleotide Sugars. J Carbohydr Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309908543977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Dudziak
- a Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- b Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- c Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- d Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sven Fey
- a Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- b Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- c Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- d Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Lutz Hasbach
- a Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- b Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- c Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- d Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Udo Kragl
- a Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- b Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- c Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- d Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Institut für Biotechnologie , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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Mizanur RM, Pohl NL. Cloning and characterization of a heat-stable CMP-N-acylneuraminic acid synthetase from Clostridium thermocellum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:827-34. [PMID: 17602221 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the cloning, recombinant expression, and biochemical characterization of a heat-stable CMP-N-acylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) synthetase from Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405. A high throughput electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)-based assay demonstrates that the enzyme has an absolute requirement for a divalent cation for activity and reaches maximum activity in the presence of 10 mM Mn(2+). The enzyme is active at pH 8-13 in Tris-HCl buffer and at 37-60 degrees C, and maximum activity is observed at pH 9.5 and 50 degrees C in the presence of 0.2 mM dithiothreitol. In addition to NeuAc, the enzyme also accepts the analog N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) as a substrate. The apparent Michaelis constants for cytidine triphosphate and NeuAc or NeuGc are 240 +/- 20, 130 +/- 10, and 160 +/- 10 microM, respectively, with corresponding turnover numbers of 3.33, 2.25, and 1.66 s(-1), respectively. An initial velocity study of the enzymatic reaction indicates an ordered bi-bi catalytic mechanism. In addition to demonstration of a thermostable and substrate-tolerant enzyme, confirmation of the biochemical function of a gene for CMP-NeuAc synthetase in C. thermocellum also opens the question of the biological function of CMP-NeuAc in such nonpathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahman M Mizanur
- Department of Chemistry and The Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Yu H, Yu H, Karpel R, Chen X. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of CMP-sialic acid derivatives by a one-pot two-enzyme system: comparison of substrate flexibility of three microbial CMP-sialic acid synthetases. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:6427-35. [PMID: 15556760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three C terminal His6-tagged recombinant microbial CMP-sialic acid synthetases [EC 2.7.7.43] cloned from Neisseria meningitidis group B, Streptococcus agalactiae serotype V, and Escherichia coli K1, respectively, were evaluated for their ability in the synthesis of CMP-sialic acid derivatives in a one-pot two-enzyme system. In this system, N-acetylmannosamine or mannose analogs were condensed with pyruvate, catalyzed by a recombinant sialic acid aldolase [EC 4.1.3.3] cloned from E. coli K12 to provide sialic acid analogs as substrates for the CMP-sialic acid synthetases. The substrate flexibility and the reaction efficiency of the three recombinant CMP-sialic acid synthetases were compared, first by qualitative screening using thin layer chromatography, and then by quantitative analysis using high performance liquid chromatography. The N. meningitidis synthetase was shown to have the highest expression level, the most flexible substrate specificity, and the highest catalytic efficiency among the three synthetases. Finally, eight sugar nucleotides, including cytidine 5'-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) and its derivatives with substitutions at carbon-5, carbon-8, or carbon-9 of Neu5Ac, were synthesized in a preparative (100-200 mg) scale from their 5- or 6-carbon sugar precursors using the N. meningitidis synthetase and the aldolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Liu Z, Zhang J, Chen X, Wang PG. Combined biosynthetic pathway for de novo production of UDP-galactose: catalysis with multiple enzymes immobilized on agarose beads. Chembiochem 2002; 3:348-55. [PMID: 11933236 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7633(20020402)3:4<348::aid-cbic348>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of sugar nucleotides is a critical step in the biosynthetic pathway for the formation of oligosaccharides. To alleviate the difficulties in the production of sugar nucleotides, we have developed a method to produce uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose). The combined biosynthetic pathway, which involves seven enzymes, is composed of three parts: i) the main pathway to form UDP-galactose from galactose, with the enzymes galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, and inorganic pyrophosphatase, ii) the uridine triphosphate supply pathway catalyzed by uridine monophosphate (UMP) kinase and nucleotide diphosphate kinase, and iii) the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration pathway catalyzed by polyphosphate kinase with polyphosphate added as an energy resource. All of the enzymes were expressed individually and immobilized through their hexahistidine tags onto nickel agarose beads ("super beads"). The reaction requires a stoichiometric amount of UMP and galactose, and catalytic amounts of ATP and glucose 1-phosphate, all inexpensive starting materials. After continuous circulation of the reaction mixture through the super-bead column for 48 h, 50 % of the UMP was converted into UDP-galactose. The results show that de novo production of UDP-galactose on the super-bead column is more efficient than in solution because of the stability of the immobilized enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Abstract
Previous syntheses of ganglioside GM3 (NeuAc alpha3Gal beta4Glc beta1Cer) are reviewed, and both chemoenzymatic and chemical total synthetic approaches were investigated. In a chemoenzymatic approach, (2S,3R,4E)-5'''-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl-(2''' --> 3'')-beta-galactopyranosyl-(1'' --> 4')-beta-glucopyranosyl-(1' <--> 1)-2-azido-4-octadecene-1,3-diol (azidoGM3) was readily prepared utilizing recombinant beta-Gal-(1'' --> 3'/4')-GlcNAc alpha-(2''' --> 3'')-sialyltransferase enzyme, and was evaluated as a synthetic intermediate to ganglioside GM3. The chemical total synthesis of ganglioside GM3 was performed on one of the largest scales yet reported. The highlights of this synthesis include minimizing the steps necessary to prepare the lactosyl acceptor as a useful anomeric mixture, which was present in excess for the highly regioselective and fairly stereoselective sialylation with a known neuraminyl donor to give the protected GM3 trisaccharide. The synthetic methodology maximized convergence by a subsequent glycosidic coupling of the well-characterized GM3 trisaccharide trichloroacetimidate derivative with protected ceramide. The ganglioside GM3 was nearly homogeneous as the two glycosidic couplings utilized preparative HLPC purifications, and variations in the sphingosine base and fatty acyl group were under 0.1 and 0.2%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Duclos
- Department of Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118-2526, USA.
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Öhrlein R. Glycosyltransferase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Non-Natural Oligosaccharides. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-68116-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Abstract
The present review gives a survey on the biosynthetic pathways of nucleotide sugars which are important for the in vitro synthesis of mammalian glycoconjugates. With respect to the use of these enzymes in glycotechnology the availability as recombinant enzymes from different sources, the large-scale synthesis of nucleotide sugars and their in situ regeneration in combination with glycosyltransferases are summarized and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bülter
- Institute of Enzyme Technology, University of Düsseldorf, Research Center, Jülich, Germany
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Abstract
A series of methyl hexopyranosiduronic acids are coupled to type I disaccharide amines to give 'trisaccharides' which have the natural N-acetyl group of the type I disaccharides replaced by uronic acids (-->saccharopeptides). These saccharopeptides are surprisingly good substrates for alpha-2,3,-sialyltransferase and fucosyltransferase III. The enzymes transfer N-acetylneuraminic acid and fucose, respectively, onto these acceptor substrates, despite the far reaching alterations, regio- and stereospecifically in the expected manner to yield sialyl-Lewis(a)-saccharopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Baisch
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basle, Switzerland
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Baisch G, Ohrlein R. Glycosyl-transferase catalyzed assemblage of sialyl-Lewis(x)-saccharopeptides. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:1673-82. [PMID: 9838999 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of glycohexopyranuronic acids are coupled to glucosamines to give 'disaccharides' which have the natural N-acetyl group of the glcNAc-moiety replaced by various sugar acids (-->saccharopeptides). These saccharopeptides are surprisingly good substrates for beta(1-4)galactosyl-transferase, alpha(2-3)sialyl-transferase, and fucosyl-transferase VI. The enzymes transfer successively galactose, sialic acid, and fucose from the corresponding donors onto these acceptor substrates--despite the far reaching alterations--regio- and stereospecifically in the expected manner to yield a new class of compounds, the sialyl-Lewis(x)-saccharopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Baisch
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basle, Switzerland
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Öhrlein R, Baisch G, Katopodis A, Streiff M, Kolbinger F. Transferase-catalyzed synthesis of non-natural oligosaccharide-libraries (SLea- and SLex-analogues). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(98)00015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Baisch G, Ohrlein R, Streiff M. Enzymatic alpha(2-3)sialylation of non-natural type-I (Lewisc) disaccharides with recombinant sialyl-transferase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:157-60. [PMID: 9871645 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)10201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant alpha(2-3)sialyl-transferase from rat liver is used to sialylate a series of type-I (Lewisc) disaccharides on a preparative scale. The enzyme tolerates a broad array of N-acetyl replacements of the N-glucosamine subunit ranging from small and large lipophilic groups to charged and heterocyclic amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Baisch
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basle, Switzerland
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Elling L. Glycobiotechnology: enzymes for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 58:89-144. [PMID: 9103912 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex carbohydrates, as constituting part of glycoconjugates such as glycoproteins, glycolipids, hormones, antibiotics and other secondary metabolites, play an active role in inter- and intracellular communication. The aim of "glycobiotechnology" as an upcoming interdisciplinary research field is to develop highly efficient synthesis strategies, including in vivo and in vitro approaches, in order to bring such complex molecules into analytical and therapeutic studies. The enzymatic synthesis of glycosidic bonds by Leloir-glycosyltransferases is an efficient strategy for obtaining saccharides with absolute stereo- and regioselectivity in high yields and under mild conditions. There are, however, two obstacles hindering the realization of this process on a biotechnological scale, namely the production of recombinant Leloir-glycosyltransferases and the availability of enzymes for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars (the glycosyltransferase donor substrates). The present review surveys some synthetic targets which have attracted the interest of glycobiologists as well as recombinant expression systems which give Leloir-glycosyltransferase activities in the mU and U range. The main part summarizes publications concerned with the complex pathways of primary and secondary nucleotide sugars and the availability and use of these enzymes for synthesis applications. In this context, a survey of our work will demonstrate how enzymes from different sources and pathways can be combined for the synthesis of nucleotide deoxysugars and oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Elling
- Institut für Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
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Kragl U, Klein T, Vasic-Racki D, Kittelmann M, Ghisalba O, Wandrey C. Reaction engineering aspects of activated sugar production. CMP-Neu5Ac as an example. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 799:577-83. [PMID: 8958114 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb33260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Kragl
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
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Baisch G, Öhrlein R. Chemo-enzymatische Synthese von Sialyl-Lewisx-Glycopeptiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961081617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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